iosr-JECE   Volume-18 ~ Issue-2 ~ Mar. - Apr. 2023

Abstract:Cognitive Radio system is a smart wireless communication system that can sense the radio spectrum and detect unused spectrum holes. CR is an application of SDR. CR involves four stages i.e., spectrum sensing, spectrum decision, spectrum sharing and spectrum mobility. In this project Matched filter, Energy detection and Compressive sensing are implemented. These techniques are coded in MATLAB Software. Energy detection method is one of the most commonly used signal sensing methods in spectrum sensing due to its low implementation complexity. It is a simple technique as it does not require prior knowledge about the primary user signal. The primary goal of spectrum sensing is to identify empty spectrum gaps across broad frequency ranges so that secondary users can use them to fulfil their needs. However, sensing process requires a great deal of time, compressive sensing is used to speed up the spectrum sensing..

Keywords: Cognitive radio, Spectrum sensing, Matched filter, Energy Detection, Compressive spectrum sensing, Threshold, SNR, PFA, PD.

[1]. Yanqueleth Molina-Tenorio, Alfonso Prieto-Guerrero and Rafael Aguilar-Gonzalez, "Real-Time Implementation of Multiband Spectrum Sensing Using SDR Technology". IEEE Access 2021.
[2]. Youness Arjoune and Naima Kaabouch, "Wideband Spectrum Sensing: A Bayesian Compressive Sensing Approach" 2018.
[3]. Ashish Ranjan, Anurag and Balwinder singh, "Design and Analysis of Spectrum Sensing in Cognitive Radio based on Energy Detection" 2016.
[4]. Ulversoy, "Software Defined Radio: Challenges and Opportunities". IEEE Commun. Surv. Tutor. 2010, 12, 531–550

Abstract: Reduction of computational costs can be achieved effectively by approximate computing. With this approach, the circuit's power use, latency, and area are traded off against computational precision. For various applications, the accuracy requirements could change, never the less. In some circumstances, precise outcomes are necessary. In order to compute accurate or approximate results, we used the construction of the radix-4 adder using domino logic. As we take reference circuit of radix-4 adder with 2 2 bit adders are to be added. This circuit includes the combination of AND gates, OR gates, NOR gates and XOR gates. This reference circuit has three outputs and five.......

Key Word: Domino Logic, Radix 4 Adder, Approximate Computing, Computational costs, Precision

[1]. Dr. Savita Sonoli, Basavarajeshwari K V, "A low power accuracy- configurable radix-4 adder using 8T XOR gate",vol7, IJRTI, ISSN:2456-3315, May 2022
[2]. V. Gupta, D. Mohapatra, A. Raghunathan and K. Roy, "Low-power digital signal processing using approximate adders", IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Design Integr. Circuits Syst., vol. 32, no. 1, pp. 124-137, May.2016.
[3]. Mariano Aguirre-Hernandez and Monico Linares-Aranda, "CMOS Full-Adders for EnergyEfficient Arithmetic Applications", IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, vol. 19, no. 4, pp. 718-721, Apr. 2011.
[4]. B. Ramkumar and Harish M. Kittur, "Low-Power and Area-Efficient Carry Select Adder", IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, vol. 20, no. 2, pp. 371-375, Feb. 2012.
[5]. Shahzad Asif and Mark Vesterbacka, "Performance analysis of radix-4 adders", Integration the VLSI Journal, vol. 45, no. 2, pp. 111-120, Mar. 2012.

Abstract: Background: Nonlinear functions like the discrete wavelet transform (DWT) and discrete cosine transform (DCT) are frequently used in digital signal processing techniques. The speed of addition and multiplication operations has a significant impact on the speed and accuracy of these calculations. The critical path of the entire system may be impacted by multipliers, which typically have the longest delay among basic operational blocks. The modified radix-4 Booth's algorithm (MBA) is frequently used to achieve high-speed multiplication. These designs and algorithms can be used in application with the Xilinx 12.3i tool as well as the Verilog language. Booth recoding is a strategy for reducing the amount of incorrect products.......

Key Word: Booth recoding, partial products, XOR-based implementation, Fused add multiply operator, carry select adder, Xilinx 12.3i, Verilog

[1]. A.Amaricai,M.Vladutiu,andO.Boncalo,"Designissuesandimplementations for floating-point divide-add fused," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst.
[2]. E. E. Swartzlander and H. H. M. Saleh, "FFT implementation with fused floating-pointoperations," IEEE Trans. Comput.
[3]. J.J.F.Cavanagh,DigitalComputerArithmetic.
[4]. S.Nikolaidis,E.Karaolis,andE.D.Kyriakis-Bitzaros,"Estimationof signal transition activity in FIR filters implemented by a MAC archi- tecture," IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided Des. Integr. Circuits Syst.
[5]. O.Kwon,K.Nowka,andE.E.Swartzlander,"A16-bitby16-bitMAC designusingfast5:3compressorcells,"J.VLSISignalProcess.
[6]. L.-H.Chen,O.T.-C.Chen,T.-Y.Wang,andY.-C.Ma,"Amultiplica-tion-accumulation computation unit with optimized compressors and minimizedswitchingactivities,"inProc.IEEEInt,Symp.Circuitsand Syst..

Abstract: In this project we proposed a microwave polarizer constructed on a FR4 substrate. The polarizer is made up of Frequency Selective Surface (FSS) with U- shaped resonator and working in the low frequency applications is proposed. The proposed polarizer gives a response of dual linear polarization filtering at 2.45GHz and 5GHz. The polarizer has a structure consisting of single layer with unit elements of varying sizes. In the single layer of the polarizer is a U-shaped resonator serving as the unit element. The microwave polarizer that will be used for this project will be mounted on a FR4 substrate that is cost effective and has excellent mechanical properties. The proposed design has several advantages, such as easy to.......

Key Word: Frequency Selective Surface, Polarizer, U-shaped resonator

[1]. A. -M. Silaghi, A. De Sabata and L. Matekovits, "Single-Layered Frequency Selective Surface for Polarization Processing by Transmission Through Elementary Simple Structure Unit Cell Array," IEEE Access, vol. 9, pp. 30615-30625, 2021
[2]. P. Fei, Z. Shen, X. Wen, and F. Nian, "A single-layer circular polarizer based on hybrid meander line and loop configuration," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 63, no. 10, pp. 4609–4613, Oct. 2015.
[3]. B.A. Munk, Frequency-Selective Surfaces—Theory and Design, New York, NY, USA: Wiley, 2000.
[4]. L. Young, L. Robinson, and C. Hacking, "Meander-line polarizer," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. AP-21, no. 3, pp. 376–378, May 1973.
[5]. R. Orr, G. Goussetis, V. Fusco, and E. Saenz, "Linear-to-circular polarization reflector with transmission band," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 63, no. 5, pp. 1949–1956, May 2015.

Abstract: One of the most important sense organs is the eye. Consider crossing a street without being distracted by obstacles. Yet, some blind people require the assistance of another person or a reliance object in order to avoid hazards. Taking this into account, we created a jacket and knee module. The main objective of the project is to design a system that makes blind people's lives easier and better. The developed system makes them move with confidence and speed in society. We propose an ultrasonic sensor that operates on the SONAR principle, which works by transmitting ultrasound and then reading the reflected rays to estimate the object distance for tracking the observer's journey. The jacket's flame sensor detects thermal radiation and alerts the blind person. As a result, a vibrating motor for the knee modules and an audio device for the jacket were deployed to alert the user.

Key Word: SONAR, Ultrasonic sensor, Flame sensor, Obstacle detection, Voice message.

[1] "Vision impairment and blindness," Oct 2020. [Online]. Available: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/blindness-and-visual-impairent.
[2] A. Bhowmick, and S. M. Hazarika, "An insight into assistive technology for the visually impaired and blind people: state-of-the-art and future trends," J. Multimodal User Interfaces, Vol. 11, no. 2, pp. 149–172, 2017.
[3] Yuan, D. Manduchi, R.; "Dynamic environment exploration using a virtual white cane", in Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition, 2005. CVPR 2005 IEEE Computer Society Conference.
[4] G. A. Fishman, "When your eyes have a wet nose: the evolution of the use of guide dogs and establishing the seeing eye", Survey of Ophthalmology, vol. 48, no. 4, pp. 452–458, Jul. 2003.

Abstract:Electric Vehicles are the new growing sector of the automobile industry in today's era. Electric vehicles (EVs) use electricity as their primary fuel or to improve the efficiency of conventional vehicle designs. ● Coming into existence in the mid-19th century, when electricity was introduced as a preferred method for motor vehicles propulsion, providing a fresh level of comfort and ease of operation. ● Internal combustion engines were the dominant propulsion methods for on-road automobiles like cars and trucks for almost a century......

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Abstract:The primary objective of this research is to investigate the impact of harmonics on household generators. To achieve this, harmonic tests were conducted using resistive, capacitive, and inductive loads on an alternating current source connected in series. The methodology involves designing an interface circuit, commonly referred to as a soundcard, to capture the generator output, which was connected to the software scope via a laptop. Additionally, a filter circuit was designed to reduce the harmonic content of the generator output.
The research includes an analysis of data from tests using resistive, inductive, and capacitive loads to determine the impacts of harmonics on a household generator set. Furthermore, the study investigates techniques for eliminating harmonics in a household generator's power supply.

KEYWORDS: Harmonics, Generator, Loads, Total Harmonic Distortion (THD)

[1]. M.H.J. Bollen (2003) What is power quality, ELSEVIER Volume 66, Issue 1.
[2]. Daniel Fallows, Stefano Nuzzo, Alessandro Costabeber, Michael Galea (2018) Harmonic reduction methods for electrical generation, IET Generation, Transmission and Distribution
[3]. Qiu Hongbo, Yi Ran, Li Weili, and Jin Nan (2015) Influence of Rectifiers on High-Speed Permanent Magnet Generator Electromagnetic and Temperature Fields in Distributed Power Generation Systems. IEEE Transactions on Energy Conversion, Vol. 30, No. 2.).
[4]. Machida T., Owen E. L., Ferrero A, and Sasdelli R, (2011), IEEE Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonics Control in Electrical Power Systems. IEEE Std. 519-1992, IEEE – Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, USA.).
[5]. Sumit Kanwar, Om Prakash Mahela and Devendra Mittal, 2013, Power Quality Improvement in Faulty Conditions using Tuned Harmonic Filters‟, IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering, eISSN: 2278-1676,p-ISSN: 2320-3331, Volume 6, Issue 5..

Abstract: Wireless technology has been adopted for use with automobiles as part of the connected car network. Particularly, V2X is a crucial piece of linked car technology.In recent years, there has been an increase in demand for antennas that are smaller and smaller due to the continually diminishing size of personal communication devices. In this paper, the size and functionality of antennas are discussed. In this study, a square micro strip patch antenna operating at 3.60 GHz for V2x communications is designed and modelled. The antenna achieves a decent gain while offering a radiation pattern that covers a large beam angle. Using the HFSS technique, the square micro strip patch antenna was evaluated.........

KEYWORDS: Square Micro strip antenna, Return loss, Gain, Slot

[1]. Abdul Rahim, Praveen Kumar Malik," Analysis and design of fractal antenna for efficient communication network in vehicular model", Sustainable Computing: Informatics and Systems 31 100586, 2021
[2]. Tapas Mondal, Sandip Maity, Member, IEEE, Rowdra Ghatak and Sekhar Ranjan Bhadra Chaudhuri, Senior, "Compact Circularly Polarized Wide Beam Width Fern Fractal Shaped Micro Strip Antenna for Vehicular Communication", Transactions on Vehicular Technology IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. XX, NO. XX, XXX, 2018
[3]. B T P Madhav, T Anilkumar, Sarat K Kotamraju," Transparent and Conformal Wheel-shaped Fractal Antenna for Vehicular
Communication Applications", International Journal of Electronics and Communications, 2018.
[4]. Iohannis P. Gravas_, Nikandros F. Sifakisy, Zaharias D. Zaharias, Pavlos I. Lazaridisx, Thomas D. Xenos," Optimal Fractal
Antenna for In-Vehicle Entertainment Application", WTS 2020 1570623818,2020.
[5]. B. T. P. Madhav, T. Anilkumar," Design and study of multiband planar wheellike fractal Antenna for vehicular communication applications", 2018.

Abstract: The wireless communication system modulation technique known as OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing) involves breaking up the available bandwidth into a number of narrowband subcarriers, each of which is modulated with data. MIMO (Multiple Input, Multiple Output) systems use numerous transmitting and receiving antennas to increase the wireless communication system performance. The channel estimate is the process of determining the properties of the wireless channel between the transmitter and receiver in a communication system. In OFDM-MIMO systems, it is necessary to approximate the channel response for every subcarrier and antenna in order to decode the sent data properly. In this instance, deep learning techniques were applied..........

KEYWORDS: Channel Estimation, MIMO-OFDM system, Least Square (LS), Minimum Mean Square Error (MMSE), Long Short Term Memory (LSTM), Deep Learning

[1]. Ha An Le ; Trinh Van Chien ; Tien Hoa Nguyen ; Hyunseung Choo; Van Duc Nguyen; Machine Learning-Based 5G-and-Beyond Channel Estimation for MIMO-OFDM Communication Systems ; Sensors 2021, 21(14), 4861; https://doi.org/10.3390/s21144861
[2]. Eren Balevi; Akash Doshi; Jeffrey G. Andrews; Massive MIMO Channel Estimation With an Untrained Deep Neural Network ; IEEE Volume: 19 Issue: 3 [3]. J.-J. van de Beek, O. Edfors, M. Sandell, S. Wilson and P. Borjesson, "On channel estimation in OFDM systems", Proc. IEEE VTC, vol. 2, pp. 815-819, Mar. 1995.
[4]. Yushi Shen, Eduardo F. Martinez; Channel Estimation in OFDM Systems; Corpus [5]. Harmandar Kaur; Mamta Khosla; R.K. Sarin ; Channel Estimation in MIMO-OFDM System: A Review ; 2018 Second International Conference on Electronics, Communication and Aerospace Technology (ICECA)