iosr-JECE   Second International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering' 2013

Abstract: In the present work we have made an effort to provide help and rescue the cardiac affected patients, by building a system that enables transmission of patient's ECG, in the real-time, to be diagnosed by an expert cardiologist, through wireless means. It helps cardiac patients, in getting the medical help just in time, under emergency. It can also be used for the patients who have been discharged from the hospital, or on those patients, who have been kept on observation, to send ECG signals on a regular basis to alert the concerned doctor or the other medical staff. One of most important advantage of ECG monitoring by this system is, it detects serious emergency condition before they prove dangerous. It supports 24 hours patient care and saves the time required for transporting the patient to the hospital.

1 Khandpur , " Handbook of Biomedical Instrumentation " TMH edition, New Delhi
2 G M Patil , " Embedded Microcontroller based Digital telemonitoring For ECG " Journal Instrumentation Society of India
3 Nihal Gular , " Wireless Transmission Of ECG Signal" Springer Publications 2006
4 Thulsi Bai , " Design Of Portable Telemedicine System For Cardiac Patients " World Academy of science , Engineering , Technology , 2006

Abstract: In this paper in-depth literature review on different techniques used for FACTS controller coordination in restructure multi-machine power system. It also reviews various techniques used allocation of FACTS controller in existing restructure power system it also gives idea regarding various applications of FACTS controllers in deregulated multi-machine power system. In this paper, author also listed practical installation of various FACTS controllers worldwide.

Keywords - FACTS devices, optimization techniques, power system stability, multi-machine system, Coordination Control.

[1] N. G. Hingorani and L. Gyugyi, "Understanding FACTS: Concepts and Technology of Flexible AC Transmission Systems", New York: IEEE Press, 2000.
[2]M.J.Gibbard, D.J.Vowles, and P.Pourbeik,"Interaction between and Effectiveness of Power System Stabilizers and FACTS Controllers in Multi-Machine System,"IEEE Trans.on Power System,15,No.2 pp.748-755 May 2000.
[3] Kundur p.,"Inter-area Oscillations in Power System", IEEE Power Engineering Society, pp.13 -16, October 1994. [4] Y. N. Yu," Electric Power System Dynamics', Academic Press, 1983.
[5]J. Paserba, "Analysis and Control of Power System Oscillations" CIGRE Final Report, Task Force 07, Advisory Group 01, Study Committee 38, 1996.
[6] A. H. M. A. Rahim and S. G. A. Nassimi, "Synchronous Generator Damping Enhancement through Coordinated Coordinated Control of Exciter and SVC", IEE Proc. Genet. Transm. Distrib., 143(2)(1996), pp. 211-218.
[7]Yong Li,Christian Rehtanz, Sven Rüberg, Longfu Luo, and Yijia Cao,"Wide-Area Robust Coordination Approach of HVDC and FACTS Controllers for Damping MultipleInterarea Oscillations,"IEEE Transactions On Power Delivery, Vol. 27, No. 3, July 2012.
[8]W.L.Fang and H.W. Ngan. "Optimising location of unified power flow controllers using the method of augmented Lagrange multipliers". IEE Proc.-Gener. Transm. Distri,Vol. 146, No. 5, September 1999.
[9] W.Zhang, F.L,and Leon M.Tolbert."Optimal Allocation of Shunt Dynamic VAR Source SVC and STATCOM:A Survey," IEEE Trans.on Power System,22, No.3,Oct-2007.
[10] R.P.kalyani,M.L.Crew ,and D.R. Tauritz. "Optimal Placement and control of UPFC devices Using Evoutionary Computing and Sequential Quadratic Programming,"Power System Conference and Exposition 2006,PSCE'06,2006 IEEE PES, 29 Oct.,2006 -
1Nov.,2006,pp 959-964.

Abstract: In the current internet community, secure data transfer is limited due to its attack made on data communication. So more robust methods are chosen so that they ensure secured data transfer. One of the solutions which came to the rescue is the audio Steganography. Commonly used techniques for audio steganography are temporal domain and transform domain techniques, where the frequency domain techniques and wavelet domain techniques come under transform domain.. Among the techniques studied wavelet domain shows high hiding capacity and transparency. In wavelet domain different techniques are applied on the wavelet coefficients to increase the hiding capacity and perceptual transparency. Leaning towards designing a system that ensures high capacity or robustness and security of embedded data has led to great diversity in the existing steganographic techniques. In this paper, we present a current state of art literature in digital audio steganographic techniques. We explore their potentials and limitations to ensure secure communication. A comparison and an evaluation for the reviewed techniques is also presented in this paper.

Keywords - Digital data security, audio steganography, information hiding, ,stego signal, Embedding

1] Kekre, H.B. , " Increasing the Capacity of the Cover Audio Signal by Using Multiple LSBs for Information Hiding" ,
3rd International Conference on Emerging Trends in Engineering and Technology (ICETET), 2010.
[2] Muhammad Asad, Junaid Gilani, Adnan Khalid , " An enhanced least significant bit modification technique for audio steganography ", International Conference on Computer Networks and Information Technology (ICCNIT), 2011.

[3] Fatiha Djebbar, Beghdad Ayady, Habib Hamamzand Karim Abed-Meraim, "A view on latest audio stegnography", International Conference on Innovations in Information Technology, 2011, pages 409-414.

[4] Jayaram P. , Ranganatha H R. , Anupama H S, " Information hiding using audio steganography – a survey" , International Journal of Multimedia & its applications ,Vol.3, No.3, August 2011.

[5] K. Gopalan and S. Wenndt, "Audio steganography for covert data transmission by imperceptible tone insertion", Proceedings of Communications Systems and Applications, IEEE, 2004.

[6] M. Nutzinger and J. Wurzer, "A novel phase coding technique for steganography in auditive media", 2011 Sixth International Conference on Availability, Reliability and Security (ARES), IEEE, 2011.

[7] Prof. Samir Kumar, BandyopadhyayBarnali, Gupta Banik, "Lsb modification and phase encoding technique of audio teganography revisited", International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Engineering Vol. 1, Issue 4, June 2012

[8] Kaliappan Gopalan, "A Unified Audio and Image Steganography by Spectrum Modification", International Conference on Industrial Technology, 2009, Page(s):1,5

[9] F. Djebbar, H. Hamam, K. Abed-Maraim, D. Guerchi, "Controlled Distortion for High Capacity Data-in-speech Spectrum Steganography", 6th International Conference on Intelligent Information Hiding and Multimedia Signal Processing (IIH-MSP'06), Germany, Oct 2010.

[10] K. Saktisudan, P. Prabhu, "Secure audio stegnography for hiding secret information", International Journal of Computer Applications, 2012. GSM/DCS/PCS/UMTS operation in the mobile phone," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. 57, pp. 2541-2547, 2009.

Abstract: Recent investigations have shown the advantages of keeping multiple hypotheses during visual tracking. In this paper we explore an alternative method, which presents the concepts of histogram matching technique and absolute frame subtraction to implement a robust automated object tracking system. The object is later tracked using discrete kalman filter technique. Such a tracking system reduces the computation time by a factor of 10 w.r.t. using other methods of segmentation.

Keywords - Object tracking, absolute frame subtraction, and histogram matching, discrete kalman filter.

Technology Journal, vol. 9, no. 02, 2005.
[2]F Porikli and O Tuzel, "Human body tracking by adaptive background models and mean-shift analysis," IEEE Int. W. on
Performance Evaluation of Tracking and Surveillance, 2003
[3]P.F Gabriel, J.G Verly, J.H Piater, and A Genon, "The state of the art in multiple object tracking under occlusion in video
sequences," Advanced Concepts for Intelligent Vision Systems,pp. 166-173, 2003.
[4]Jaime Gallego, Montse Pardas, Jose-Luis Landabaso, "Segmentation and tracking of static and moving objects in video
surveillance scenarios," In Proc. IEEE International Conference on Image Processing (ICIP), San Diego (California, USA),
October 2008.
[5]Jianbo Shi and Jitendra Malik, "Normalized Cuts and Image Segmentation," IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and
Machine Intelligence (PAMI), 2000
[6]A. Elgammal, D. Harwood, and L. Davis. Non-parametric model for background subtraction. In ECCV, pages 751-757, 2000
[7]Carsten Rother, Vladimir Kolmogorov, Andrew Blake. "GrabCut" -Interactive Foreground Extraction using Iterated Graph
Cuts, In proceedings SIGGRAPH 2004
[8]Kar-Han Tan, Narendra Ahuja, "Selecting Objects With Freehand Sketches," In Proceedings IEEE Computer Society
Conference on Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition. 2001.
[9] Eric N. Mortensen1, William A. Barrett2, "Intelligent Scissors for Image Composition." Proceedings of the 22nd annual
conference on Computer graphics and interactive techniques, pages: 191 - 198,
[10] E. N. Mortensen and W. A. Barrett, "Interactiv

Abstract: Impulse noise in image is present due to bit errors in transmission or induced during the signal acquisition stage. There are two types of impulse noise, like salt and pepper noise and random valued noise. Salt and pepper noise can corrupt the images where the corrupted pixel takes either maximum or minimum gray level. Several non-linear filters have been established as reliable method to remove the salt pepper noise without damaging the edge details. Survey of non-linear Median Filters for the removal of high density salt pepper noise is presented in this paper. The basic non linear filter i.e. standard median filter (MF) and different variants such as adaptive median filters (AMF), and decision based median filters (DBMF) are described in this paper.

Key Words- Adaptive Median Filter (AMF), Decision Based Algorithm (DBA), Salt and pepper noise, Standard Median Filter (SMF), Unsymmetric trimmed median filter.

[1]R.C.Gonzalez, R.E.Woods "Digital Image Processing" 3rd edition, Prentice Hall Publication.
[2]S. Esakkirajan, T. Veerakumar and C. H. PremChand "Removal of high density salt and pepper noise through modified decision based unsymmetric trimmed median filter" IEEE Signal Processing Letters, vol. 18, no. 5, pp. 287-290, 2011.
[3]H. Hwang and R. A. Haddad, "Adaptive median filter: New algorithms and results," IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 4, no. 4, pp.499-502, Apr. 1995.
[4]N.C.Gallagher, Jr. and G.L.Wise, "A Theoretical Analysis of the Properties of Median Filters," IEEE Trans. Acoust, Speech and Signal, vol.ASSP-29, pp.1136-1141, Dec.1981.
[5] K. S. Srinivasan and D. Ebenezer, "A new fast and efficient decision based algorithm for removal of high density impulse noise," IEEE Signal Process. Lett. vol. 14, no. 3, pp. 189-192, Mar. 2007.
[6] K. Aiswarya, V. Jayaraj, and D. Ebenezer,"A new and efficient algorithm for the removal of high density salt and pepper noise in images and videos," in Second Int. Conf. Computer Modeling and Simulation, 2010, pp. 409-413.
[7] S. Zhang and M. A. Karim, "A new impulse detector for switching median filters," IEEE Signal Process. Lett., vol. 9, no. 11, pp. 360-363, nov. 2002.
[8]Dodda Shekhar, Rangu Srikanth, "Removal of High Density Salt & Pepper Noise in Noisy Images Using Decision Based Unsymmetric Trimmed Median Filter (DBUTM)" International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology- volume2 Issue1- 2011, pp.109-114.

Abstract: Due the intensive use of power converters and other non-linear loads in industry and by consumers in general, it can be observed an increasing deterioration of the power systems voltage and current waveforms .The presence of harmonics in the power lines results in greater power losses in distribution, interference problems in communication systems and, sometimes, in operation failures of electronic equipments, which are more and more sensitive since they include microelectronic control systems, which work with very low energy levels. Because of these problems, the issue of the power quality delivered to the end consumers is, more than ever, an object of great concern. International standards concerning electrical power quality (IEEE- 519, IEC 61000, EN 50160, among others)impose that electrical equipments and facilities should not produce harmonic contents greater than specified values, and also specify distortion limits to the supply voltage. Meanwhile, it is mandatory to solve the harmonic problems caused by those equipments already installed. Passive filters have been used as a solution to solve harmonic current problems, but they present several disadvantages, namely: they only filter the frequencies they were previously tuned for; their operation cannot be limited to a certain load; resonances can occur because of the interaction between the passive filters and other loads, with unpredictable results. To cope with these disadvantages, recent efforts have been concentrated in the development of active filters.

Keywords - Voltage source inverter, Shunt active filter, PWM..

[1] Joachim Holtz, "Pulse width Modulation-A Survey," IEEE Trans.Industrial Electronics, Vol.39, NO.5, Dec1992, pp-410-420.

[2] Hirofumi akagi, fellow, ieee " Active Harmonic Filters", Authorized licensed use limited to: IEEE Xplore. Downloaded on March 24, 2009 at 04:08 from IEEE Xplore..

[3] Boys, J.T., and Handley, P.G.: "Harmonic analysis of space vector modulated PWM waveforms‟, IEEE Proc. Electr. Power Appl., 1990, 137,(4), pp. 197–204.

[4] J.W. Dixon, J. J. Garcia, and L. Moran, "Control system for three-phase active power filter which simultaneously compensates power factor and unbalanced loads," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 42, no.6, pp. 636–641, Dec. 1995.

[5] Subhash Joshi, Aby Joseph and Gautam Poddar, "Active power factor correction for highly fluctuating industrial load" in Proc. Of NPEC-2003, held at IIT, Bombay.

[6] Takeshi Furuhashi,shigeru Okuma and Yoshiki Uchikawa. "A Study on the Theory of Instantaneous Reactive Power", IEEE Trans,Industrial Electronics,Vol 37,No1, February 1990,pp-86-90.

[7] Hyosung Kim and Hirofumi Akagi. "The Instantaneous Power Theory on the Rotating p-q-r Reference Frames" IEEE, International conference, Power Electronics and Drive Systems, July 1999,pp-422-427.

[8] Vasco Soares , Pedro Verdelho and Gil Marques. "An Instantaneous Active and Reactive Current Component Method for Active Filters."IEEE Trans,vol 15, No 4,July2000 ,pp- 660-669.

[9] Ambrish Chandra, Bhim Singh, B. N. Singh and Kamal Al-Haddad. "An Improved Control Algorithm of Shunt Active Filter for Voltage Regulation, Harmonic Elimination, Power-Factor Correction, and Balancing of Nonlinear Loads" IEEE Trans, Power Electronics, Vol. 15, No. 3, May 2000,pp- 495-507.

[10] Souvik Chattopadhyay, V.Ramanarayanan "Phase Angle Balance Control for Harmonic Filtering of A Three Phase Shunt Active Filter System" IEEE Proc,APEC,Vol 2,Marc 2002,pp-1087-1093.arbon Nanotubes and Their Application as
Super-Capacitor Electrodes,'' Nature Materials, vol. 5, no. 12, 2006, pp. 987-994.

Abstract: In this paper we describe a straight forward technique for tracking a human hand based on images acquired by an active stereo camera system. We demonstrate the implementation of this method on an anthropomorphic assistance robot as part of a multi-modal man-machine interaction system: detecting the hand-position, the robot can interpret a human pointing gesture as the specification of a target object to grasp.

Keywords - Image processing, man-machine interaction, robot control, tracking.

[1] T. Bergener and P. Dahm. A framework for dynamic man-machine interaction implemented on anautonomous mobile robot. In Proceedings of the IEEE International Symposium on Industrial Electronics, ISIE'97, 1997.
[2] C. Curio, J. Edelbrunner, T. Kalinke, C. Tzomakas, and W. von Seelen. Walking Pedestrian Recognition. In ITSC, pages 292–297, Tokyo, Japan, 1999. IEEE.
[3] Percy Dahm. Beiträge zu Anthropomorphen Robotorarmen (Ph.D. thesis). Ruhr UniversitätBochum, Institut für Neuroinformatik, Lehrstuhl für Theoretische Biologie, 1999.
[4] U. Handmann, T. Kalinke, C. Tzomakas, M. Werner, and W. von Seelen. An Image Processing System for Driver Assistance. Image and Vision Computing (Elsevier), 18(5):367 – 376, 2000.
[5] D.P. Huttenlocher, G.A. Klanderman, and W.J.Rucklidge. Comparing Images Using the Hausdorff Distance. IEEE Trans. on PAMI, PAMI 15- 9:850–863, 1993.

Abstract: Now a day's there is a rapid development in urban residential area, whereas in case of water distribution system they are using traditional method, which is not atomized. Along with this another problem in the water supply system is that public is using suction pumps to suck the water directly from the home street pipeline. The best way to improve the water distribution system is by using industrial PLC and PC system, which includes all network components like flow sensor, GSM modules, pH sensor etc. The water theft can be best monitored by the flow variations given by the flow sensors mounted on the channels. The system includes Remote Terminal Units (RTU), flow transducers and actuators distributed on a wide geographical area, control and power panels for the pump stations etc. The reliable instrumentation connected to PLC or RTU assure real time monitoring of the main technological parameters of large water distribution networks. The data acquired of SCADA system (Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition) represent the support for optimization of the process and data- driven Decision Support System (DSS).

[1] Gouthaman.J, Bharathwajanprabhu.R & Srikanth.A "Automated urban drinking water supply control and water theft identification system"
Proceeding of the 2011 IEEE Students' Technology Symposium14-16 January, 2011, IIT Kharagpur.
[2] Stancil, Stoian,and kovacs "Urban water supply distributed system",Vol.3,pp.316-321,May.2008.
[3] Siemens system manual "S7-1200 Programmable controller"
[4] ProMinent Group, "Process Overview Water Supply",vol.1,pp.26-43,2007.
[6] Westermo Handbook 5.0, "Industrial data communication theoretical and general application ",pp 64-98

Abstract: The paper proposes the testing method of control panels which automates the tedious manual checking method of panels. It gives implementation of testing system for control panel of medium voltage switchgear using MATLAB and PIC. The system checks 'Normally closed' and 'Normally open' status of pin pairs of control panel mentioned in the wiring diagram. The input to MATLAB is wiring or ladder diagram which is in the jpeg format. This jpeg image of ladder diagram is used for getting the information, like which pin pairs are 'NO' which are 'NC' and the components connected between those pins. After finding such information from the jpeg image, it can be saved in text file for further reference. The external hardware is needed for actual connection to socket of control panel and it is also used to sense the status of pins. The necessary information is transferred to external hardware by serial communication which is controlled by MATLAB. This external hardware can be any microcontroller. Here we have preferred PIC family. The PIC shows the result on LCD display connected to it.

Keywords—checking, control panel, MATLAB, PIC controller, NO-NC status, socket.

[1] V. Kasmat, and S. Ganesan, "An efficient implementation of the Hough transform for detecting vehicle license plates using DSP‟s," IEEE International Conference on Real-Time Technology and Application Symposium, Chicago, USA, pp. 58-59, 2005.

[2] Y. Zheng, H. Li, D. Doermann, "Machine printed text and handwriting identification in noisy document Images," IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 26(3), 2004, pp. 337-353.

[3] R. Kandan, Nirup Kumar Reddy, K. R. Arvind, and A. G. Ramakrishnan, "A robust two level classification algorithm for text localization in documents," Proc. 3rd International Conference on Advances in Visual Computing (ISVC'07),Vol. 2. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, Heidelberg, 2007, pp. 96-105

[4] Character Recognition Systems, A Guide for Students and Practitioners, John Wiley & Sons Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey, 2007

[5] Muhammad Tahir Qadri, Muhammad Asif "Automatic number plate recognition system for vehicle identification using optical character recognition", International Conference on Education Technology and Computer, pp. 335-338, 2009.

Abstract: Image inpainting is the technique of reconstruction of the damaged image in an undetectable form. The goals and application of this technique are numerous, from the restoration of old damaged paintings and photograph to the removal or replacement of selected object in an image. This paper implements three algorithms for digital image inpainting. In this algorithm user selects the regions to be restored or filled and the algorithm automatically fills in these regions with information surrounding them. In method1 the pyramids of the image are generated to the level where all the damaged pixels are fully eliminated. Then the damaged pixels are filled in from the bottom of the pyramid to the top. In pyramid image at level i, the damaged pixels are filled in from the expanded pyramid image at level i − 1, and so on up to the level 0 pyramid. In method 2 the algorithm is iterative. In the first iteration, median value of known pixels' in each direction is calculated, and then, a damaged pixel is replaced by the median of the obtained values. In latter iterations, median of all pixels' values in each direction is calculated then median of obtained values is copied in place of the damaged pixel. The above algorithms are tested by applying different images and performance compared by using Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR).

Keywords -Image Inpainting, Image Restoration, Image Reconstruction, Median Filter

[1] Somayeh Hesabi, Mansour Jamzad, Nezam Mahdavi-Amiri, "Structure and Texture Image Inpainting", IEEE International Conference on Signal and Image Processing 2010,pages119-125.

[2] Hongying Zhang, Bin Wu, Liping Zhang, "Uniform Gray based Arbitrary Scratches Detection for Image Inpainting"

[3] Ru Zhang, Qiujiang Chen, Zhenjiang Miao, Zhen Tang, " Image Inpainting Based on Image Segmentation",Wireless, Mobile and Multimedia Networks (ICWMNN 2010), IET 3rd International Conference on 26-29 Sept. 2010 pages 315 – 318

[4] Ching-Tang Hsieh1, ,Kuo-Ming Hunt ,Min-Nan Hsiao1 And Cheng- Hsiang Yeh1," Watermarking-Based Inpainting Under Data Transition Environment", IEEE, International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems (lSPACS 2010) December 6-8,2010,

[5] Martin Köppel, Dimitar Doshkov, and Patrick Ndjiki-Nya, " Fully Automatic Inpainting Method For Complex Image Content", IEEE 2009pages 189-193

Abstract: In this paper, a circular microstrip patch antenna with Defected Ground Structure (DGS) has been analyzed and simulated for the WLAN applications. The proposed antennas have been simulated at 2.45 GHz frequency using co-axial feeding technique. Actually, we design two circular microstrip antennas i.e. conventional CMSA and CMSA with L-shape DGS. These antennas are simulated by the High Frequency Structure Simulator (HFSS). For study purpose we analyze the proposed antennas and simulated results compared on bandwidth, return loss, VSWR and radiation pattern. The resultant antenna with Lshape DGS has improved in parameter performance mostly in enhancement in Bandwidth (B.W.).

Keywords: Circular Microstrip Antenna (CMSA), Defected Ground Structure (DGS), High Frequency Structure imulator (HFSS) v 11.

[1] Ashwini K. Arya, M. V. Kartikeyan, A .Patnaik, "Defected Ground Structure in the perspective of Microstrip antenna," Frequenz, Vol.64, Issue5-6, pp.79-84 , Oct 2010.

[2] Rajeshwar Lal Dua, Himanshu Singh, Neha Gambhir" 2.45 GHz Microstrip Patch Antenna with Defected Ground Structure forBluetooth"Vol-1,Issue-6 ,pp 262-265,Jan.2012.

[3] Sonali Jain,Rajesh Nema "Review Paper for circular Microstrip Patch Antenna" , Vol.1, Issue 3, pp.123-126.

[4] C. A. Balanis, "Antenna Theory and Analysis," Second Edition, John Wiley & Sons, 1997

[5] Girish Kumar & K.P.Ray"Broadband Microstrip Antennas" [6] Microstrip patch antenna," www. electronicshome.com

Abstract: In this paper we illustrate the application of sliding mode controller (SMC) approach for level control of coupled tank system, which is non-linear and dynamic in nature. For the design of SMC constant relay gain approach (Signum function) is used. Mcoathematical model of coupled tank system is computed using material balance equation approach. Performances of the SMC and conventional PID controller are compared for theoretical analysis,

Keywords -Coupled tank system, Modelling, Nonlinear system, PID, SMC

[1] V. Utkin, G. Guldner, and J. Shi, Sliding Mode Control in Electromechanical Systems, Taylor & Francis, 1999. Note that the journal title, volume number and issue number are set in italics

[2]V.I. Utkin. First stage of VSS: people and events. In Xinghuo Yu and Jian-Xin Xu, editors, Variable structure systems: towards the 21st century, volume 274 of Lecture Notes in Control and Optimization, pages 1.32. Springer, London, 2002.

[3] V.I. Utkin. Variable structure systems with sliding mode. IEEE Trans. on Automatic Control, AC-22:212.222, 1977.

[4] C. Edwards and S. Spurgeon, Sliding mode control: Theory and Applications. Taylor & Francis, 1998.

[5]Slotine JJ, Li W. Applied nonlinear control. Englewood Cliffs (New Jersey): Prentice Hall Inc.; 1991.

[6] Eker •, Ak_nal .A. Sliding mode control with integral augmented sliding surface: design and experimental application to an electromechanical system. Electr Eng 2008;90:189_97.

[7]Utkin VI. Sliding modes in optimization and control problems. New York: Springer-Verlag; 1992.

[8] M. Khan, and S. Spurgeon, Robust MIMO water level control in interconnected twin-tanks using second order sliding mode control, Control Engineering Practice 14, 375-386, 2006.

[9] H. Delavari, R. Ghaderi, A. Ranjbar, and S. Momani, Fuzzy fractional order sliding mode controller for nonlinear systems, Commun Nonlinear Sci Numer Simulat 15, 963-978, 2010.

Abstract: A novel low-power and high-performance Standard Ternary Inverter (STI) for CMOS technology is proposed in this paper. This inverter could be used as a fundamental block for designing other ternary basic logic gates. This circuit consists of only MOS transistors and capacitors without any area consuming resistors in its structure. Another great advantage of this design in comparison with the other designs, introduced before, is the leads to less power consumption. The proposed design has been simulated, using Tanner tool with 250nm CMOS technology. The simulation results demonstrate the superiority of the presented design with respect to other conventional designs in terms of power consumption and performance.

Keywords—Multivalued logic, ternary logic, Standard ternary inverter

1] Akbar Doostaregan, Mohammad Hossein Moaiyeri, Keivan Navi and Omid Hashemipour "On the Design of New Low-Power CMOS Standard Ternary Logic Gates"
[2] S. L. Hurst, "Multiple-valued logic – its status and future," IEEE Trans. Comput., vol. 33, pp. 1160–1179, 1984.
[3] E. Dubrova, "Multiple-valued logic in VLSI: challenges and E. Dubrova, "Multiple-valued logic in VLSI: challenges and 340-350.
[4] Z. G. Vranesic and V. C. Hamacher, "Ternary logic in parallel multipliers," The Computer Journal, vol. 15, no. 3, pp. 254-258, Aug. 1972.
[5] Y. Berg, Ø. Næss, S. Aunet, I. Lomsdalen, and M. Høvin, "A novel floating-gate binary signal to multiple-valued signal converter for multiple-valued CMOS logic," In Proc. IEEE international Conference on Electronics. Circuits and Systems (ICECS), Dubrovnik, Sep. 2002, pp. 579-582.
[6] Y. Berg, S. Aunet, O. Mirmotahari, and M. Høvin, "Novel rechargeable semi-floating-gate CMOS logic for multiple-valued systems," In Proc. IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems (ISCAS), May 2003, pp. V-193-V-196.
[7] H. Gundersen and Y. Berg, "Fast addition using balanced ternary counters designed with CMOS semi-floating gate devices," In Proc. 37th International Symposium on Multiple-Valued Logic (ISMVL'07), May 2007, pp. 30.
[8] H. T. Mouftah and K.C. Smith, "Injected voltage low-power CMOS for 3-valued logic," IEE Proc. G, vol. 129, no. 6, pp. 270-272, Dec. 1982.
[9] Hueng and H. T. Mouftah, "Depletion/enhancement CMOS for a low power family of three-valued logic circuits," IEEE J. of Solid-State Circuits, vol. 20, n

Abstract: Banana is the premier fruit of Asia and the Pacific. Banana also occupy an important position in the agricultural economies of India, Australia, Malaysia, Taiwan, Sri Lanka, and southern China. Banana agriculture is subject to many natural calamities, but diseases constitute a major problem. Biotic factors caused by pests and diseases present constant threats to banana farmers. Our main aim is not only to detection of bio-aggressors on plant leaves but as early as possible. Now days the techniques of machine vision and digital image Processing are extensively applied to agricultural science and it has great perspective especially in the plant protection field, which ultimately leads to crops management. The paper proposes a software prototype system for pest detection on the infected images of Banana leaf. Images of the infected leaf are captured by digital camera and processed using image growing, image segmentation techniques to detect infected parts of the particular plants. Then the detected part is been processed for further feature extraction which gives general idea about pests. This paper proposes automatic detection and calculating area of infection on leaves of a Black Sigatoka (Mycosphaerella fijiensis) at a mature stage on a Banana Tree.

Keywords - Black Sigatoka, early pest detection, feature extraction, image processing, machine vision

[1] Laaksonen, J.Koskela, M.Oja, E. , "Self-organizing maps for content-based image retrieval," International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, vol.4, pp.2470-2473 ,1999.

[2] T.F.Burks, S.A.Shearer and F.A. Payne, "Classification of weed species using color texture features and discriminant analysis," Trans. ASAE, vol.43, no.2, pp.441–448, Apr. 2000.

[3] B.Cunha."Application of Image Processing in Characterisation of Plants." IEEE Conference on Industrial Electronics.2003.

[4] P.Sanyal, U.Bhattacharya and S.K. Bandyopadhyay. "Color Texture Analysis of Rice Leaves Diagnosing Deficiency in the Balance of Mineral Levels Towards Improvement of Crop Productivity," 2007 IEEE 10th International Conference on Information Technology, pp. 85-90, 2007 Z. Qin,

[5] R.M. Haralick, K. Shanmugam and I.Dinstein, "Textual features for image classification," IEEE Trans. Syst. Man Cybern., vol.3, no.6, pp. 610–621, Nov. 1973

[6] Martin,V.Thonnat,."A Learning Approach For Adaptive Image Segmentation." In Proceedings of IEEE Trans.Computers and Electronics in Agriculture.2008.

[7] Santanu Phadikar, Jaya Sil."Rice Disease Identification Using Pattern Recognition Techniques." IEEE 10th International Conference On I.T.E.2007

[8] Rafael C. Gonzalez, Richard E. Woods. "Digital Image Processing'',2nd edition, Pearson education (singapore) pte.ltd.2003.

[9] R.Pydipati, T.F. Burks and W.S. Lee, "Identification of citrus disease using color texture features and discriminant analysis," Comput. Electron. Agric., vol.52, no.1, pp.49-59, June 2006.

[10] T.F.Burks, S.A.Shearer and F.A. Payne, "Classification of weed species using color texture features and discriminant analysis," Trans. ASAE, vol.43, no.2, pp.441–448, Apr. 2000.