iosr-JECE   Volume-3 ~ Issue-3

Abstract: The paper described the design and performance analysis of log periodic dipole antenna at frequency 1800MHz -2500MHz (Ultra High Frequency Band), the antenna has been modeled using ADS layout and the S parameter was presented. A good impedance match in a wide frequency range has been achieved by a suitable choice of the antenna feeder impedance. The radiation pattern, Directivity, Return loss, Voltage Standing Wave Ratio (VSWR) and Gain are in accordance with the desired valuesare presented.
Keywords:LPDA (Log Periodic Diploe Antenna), Agilent.

[1] Agilent Software Inc.(Advance Design System 2009).
[2] Frantisek, H.Jan.B, Vladimir. "Design and investigation of a Log Periodic Antenna for DCS,PCS and UMTS mobile
Communications Band"
[3] Nowwatzky, D. Logarithimisch periodische Antennen.Technische Milleilungen des RFZ, Jahrg.7/Heft2, June 1963, pp.77-80, and
Jahrg,7/Heft3,Sept.1963,pp.127-133.(http://home.t-online.de/home/Dieter.Nowatzky/doc.htm)
[4] Severns,R.,Beezly,B.,Hare,E.,Log Periodic Arrays .In the ARRL.Antenna Book[CD-ROM].The American Radio Relay
League,Inc.Newington,CT06111-1494.
[5] Banic ,B.,Hajach,P.,"Design and Simulation of Properties of Log Periodic Dipole Antenna.In Radioelekrionika 2000,Brastslava,12-
16,Sept,20000,pp108-109.

Abstract :Significance of ICTs for sustainable development was examined arising from the fact that it has been put into the mainstream of development in Nigeria. It is a known fact that Information and Communication Technology (ICT) is an indispensible part of the contemporary World, therefore its revolutionary potentials cannot be over-estimated. In recent years, developing Countries like Nigeria and International development communities have started taking concrete actions to incorporate Information and Communication technologies (ICTs) into their economic policies and development goals.
Key words: Information, Communication, Technology, Sustainable and Development

[1] ANYASI, F.I, OBIAZI, A.M.O AND EVBOGBAI, M.J.E "INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING"
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RESEARCH AND CAPACITY BUILDING"15TH TO 16TH SEPTEMBER, 2011. PAGE
133. UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, EAST LEGON, ACCRA GHANA.
[2] UNDP. (2001). Human Development Report. http://www.undp.org/hdr 2001/.
[3] M.C, ANAEKWE, " Information Technology: A tool for Sustainable Development in Science Education. Global Communicator,
2008. 1(1):32.
[4] A.U, NWABUEZE AND R.E, OZIOKO, R.E. "Information and Communication Technology for Sustainable Development in
Nigeria", 2011.
[5] F.P, OLISE, F.P. "Information and Communication Technologies (ICTs) and Sustainable Development in Africa": Mainstreaming
the Millenium Development Goals (MDGs) into Nigeria‟s Development Agenda, 2010.
[6] G. MARCELLE,. "‟Gender Justice and ICTs‟‟ 2000.http://www.un.org/womenwatch daw/csw/marcello.htm.
[7] L.A, OGUNSOLA, AND W.A, ABOYADE, "Information and Communication Technology in Nigeria": Revolution or Evolution.
2005. PP.7-14.
[8] G, Kennedy AND B, Davis, " Electronics and Communication Systems" 1999 (p.1).
[9] A.M, Hasna, " Dimensions of Sustainability. Journal of Engineering for Sustanable Developoment": Energy, Environment and
Health . 2007. 2(1): 47-57.
[10] D, SOUTER,. "The Role of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Democratic Development. Journal of Policy
Regulation and Strategy for Telecommunication Information and Media, 1999. 1:8;408.

Abstract:Interest involves the review of information technology in engineering for sustainable development. This takes a look at the relevance of information technology in Engineering with reference to the several form of information exchange between two or more computers through any of the several methods of interconnections. In modern global economy like Nigeria, I.T are intensively utilized for electronic transactional processing and in supporting various fields like banking, governance, engineering, health, education research fields and education in accomplishing their global and economic task across the nation. The emergence of the global information infrastructure presents extra opportunities challenges for the country. The use of mobile phone in the banking industry, its economic implications, and in general a systematic look into the various forms of mobile banking with emphasis on the security measures that makes the whole process safe for adoption will be outlined with reference to the technology being discussed.
Key words: I.T Technology, Engineering, and sustainable development.

[1] F.I, ANYASI, A.M.O, OBIAZI, AND M.J.E, EVBOGBAI. "INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY IN ENGINEERING"
INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RESEARCH AND CAPACITY BUILDING"15TH TO 16TH SEPTEMBER, 2011. PAGE
133. UNIVERSITY OF GHANA, EAST LEGON, ACCRA GHANA.
[2] F.I, ANYASI AND A.L, IMOIZE L "INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND THE BUSINESS COMMUNITIES: A CASE
STUDY OF SMALL-SCALE BUSINESS ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA" RESEARCH JOURNAL OF APPLIED SCIENCE
ENGINEERING AND TECHNOLOGY (RJASET) 2010 Volume: 2, Issue: 1, Page no: 45-49. . INDIA.
[3] Full Issue available at the following link http://www.maxwellsci.com/archives.php?jid=RJASET
[4] Full text available at the following link. http://www.maxwellsci.com/print/rjaset/v2-45-49.pdf
[5] F.I, ANYASII AND P.A, OTUBU. "RELEVANCE OF INFORMATION AND TELECOMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY IN
NIGERIA ECONOMY" INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT: VOL 2, NO 3 (2009) 15 -20.
ACCRA GHANA.
[6] F.I, ANYASI. AND P.A, OTUBU. "MOBILE PHONE TECHNOLOGY IN BANKING SYSTEM: IT‟S ECONOMIC EFFECT.
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PURE AND APPLIED SCIENCE: VOL 2, NO 2 (2009) 1-6. ACCRA GHANA.
[7] A.N, ANIEKWE AND F.N, OGBEIDE,F.N, "Information Technology And Technological Development in Africa" Journal of
Engineering Science and Applications. Vol 3(2): 2003. Pp 77-88.
[8] L.A, OGUNSOLA, AND W.A, ABOYADE, "Information and Communication Technology in Nigeria": Revolution or Evolution.
2005. PP.7-14.www.nigeriabussiness info.com/telecoms(www.Ask.com)
[9] A.U, NWABUEZE, AND R.E, OZIOKO, "Information and Communication Technology for Sustainable Development in Nigeria"
2011.
[10] A, MAIYE AND K, Mc GRATH, " ICTs and sustainable development: a capability Perspective; AMCIS 2010 proceedings,
paper 541. Available at http://aisel-aisnet.org/amcis2010/541

Abstract: Electromyography (EMG) is a test used to discern primary muscle conditions from muscle weakness caused by neurological disorders. EMG recordings are frequently contaminated by noise. The objective of this research was to remove or reduce the two main noises which disturb the EMG signal with help of filtering. The most common noises which are present in the EMG signal are the electrocardiogram (ECG) and the power line interference (PLI). The butter worth filter is proposed to cancel the ECG noise ,and notch filter for removal of PLI artifacts from the main EMG signal and artificial neural network (ANN) which give the error signal (i.e. difference between the actual and target values ) and enhance the signal-to-noise ratio of the output signal. The performance evaluation of the proposed technique is done in terms of signal- to- noise ratio, mean square error, and convergence time
Key words:Artificial neural network, Digital Filters, Electromyogram (EMG), ECG artifact, PLI.

[1] S. Usui and I. Amidor, Digital low-pass differentiation for biological signal processing", IEEE Trans. on Biomedical Engineering,
Vol. 29, No. 10, pp. 686-693, 1982.
[2] M.S Redfern, R.E. Hughe and D.B Chaffin, High-pass filtering to remove electrocardiographic interference from torso EMG
recordings, Journal of Clinical Biomechanics, Vol.8,No.1, pp. 44-48, 1993.
[3] R.V Baratta, M. Solomonow, B.H Zhou and M. Zhu, Methods to reduce the variability of EMG power spectrum estimates, Journal
of Electromyography and Kinesiology, Vol.8, No.5, pp. 279-85, 1998.
[4] D.T. Mewett, K.J. Reynolds, H. Nazeran, Reducing power line interference in digitised electromyogramrecordings by spectrum
interpolation, Med. Biol. Eng. Comput. 42 (2004) 524–531.
[5] C. Kezi Selva Vijila, C.Ebbie Selva Kumar, Cancellation of ECG in Electromyogram Using Back Propagation Network,
International Conference on Advances in Recent Technologies in Communication and Computing, pp. 630-634, 2009.
[6] Bassam Rhou, Mohamad Sawan, Tommy Desilets and François Bellemare, Real-time filtering technique to remove ECG
interference from recorded EMG, IEEE Trans. on Biomedical Circuits and System, pp. 21-24, 2008.
[7] Mojtaba Malboubi, Farbod Razzazi, Mahdi Aliyari. Sh, Elimination of Power Line Noise from EMG Signals Using an Efficient
Adaptive Laguerre Filter, ICSEs Trans. on Signals and Electronic Systems, pp. 49-52, 2010.
[8] Yong Hu, XH Li, XB Xie, LY Pang, Yuzhen Cao ,KDK Luk, Applying Independent Component Analysis on ECG Cancellation
Technique for the Surface Recording of Trunk Electromyography , IEEE Trans. on Engineering in Medicine and Bilology Society,
pp. 646-649, 2007.
[9] Joseph N.F.Mak, Yong Hu, KDK Luk, ICA-based ECG removal from Surface Electromyography and its effect on Low Back Pain
Assessment, IEEE Trans. on conference on Neural Engineering, pp. 646-649, 2007.
[10] B. Azzerboni, M. Carpentieri, F. La Foresta and F.C Morabito, Neural-ICA and wavelet transform for artifacts removal in surface
EMG, IEEE International Joint Conference on Neural Networks, Vol. 4, pp. 3223-3228, 2004.

Abstract:The present article reviews the various features of nano fluid as an alternative fluid in pulsating heat pipe(PHP) which has high thermal performance required in cooling technologies of electronics engineering along with the factors affecting the performance of PHP with nano fluids. The need of nano fluid in heat pipes is discussed. Effect of nanofluid on heat transport capability of PHP/OHP is covered. Reasons for improved heat transfer with nano fluids are discussed. Effects of nano fluids on various parameters like Rwall, Ri-v,Revap&Rcond, flow pattern, startup of a PHP & thermal resistance are included. Results of experiment performed to study the effect of nano fluid concentration on thermal resistance of PHP have also been discussed. It is concluded that nano fluids are potential fluids to be used as working fluid in PHP.
Key words: pulsating heat pipe/oscillating heat pipe, nanofluids, working fluids, heat transfer enhancement, thermal resistance, startup of PHP.

[1] H.B.Ma, M.A.Hanlon, CL. Chen, An investigation of oscillating motions in a miniature pulsating heat pipe, Microfluidics and
Nanofluidics, 2(2) ,2005, 171-179.
[2] Akachi H., Polášek F. and Štulc P., Pulsating Heat Pipes, Proc. 5th Int. Heat Pipe Symp., Melbourne, 1996, 208 -217.
[3] Sameer Khandekar , Manfred Groll, P.Charoensawan, S. Rittidech, P.Terdtoon, Closed and open loop Pulsating Heat pipes, Proc
13th International Heat Pipe Conference, Shanghai, China, September 21-25, 2004.
[4] YulongJi, HongbinMaa, Fengmin Su, Guoyou Wang, Particle size effect on heat transfer performance in an oscillating heat pipe,
Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 35 ,2011, 724–727.
[5] Sarit Kumar Das , Stephen U. S. Choi &Hrishikesh E. Patel , Heat Transfer in Nanofluids—A Review, Heat Transfer
Engineering, 27(10), 2006, 3-19.
[6] Y. Xuan and Q.Li, Heat Transfer enhancement of nanofluids, International Journal of Heat and fluid Flow, 21,2000,58-64.
[7] D. Wen, Y. Ding, Effect of particle migration on heat transfer in suspensions of nanoparticles flowing through minichannels,
Microfluidic. Nanofluidic.1 ,2005,183-189.
[8] H.B.Ma, C.Wilson, B. Borgmeyer, K.Park and Q.Yu, Effect of nanofluid on the heat transport capability in an oscillating heat
pipe, Applied Physics letters 88,2006,143116 1-3.
[9] S.W.Kang, W.C.Wei, S.H.Tsai, C.C.Huang, Experimental investigation of Nanofluids on sintered heat pipe thermal performance,
Applied Thermal Engineering 29 ,2009, 973-979.
[10] Guo-Shan Wang, Bin Song, Zhen-Hua Liu, Operation characteristics of cylindrical miniature grooved heat pipe using aqueous
CuONanofluids, Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 34,2010, 1415-1421.

Abstract: The 3rd Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) along with European Telecommunication Standard Institute (ETSI) recommended new speech coding scheme, called Adaptive Multi Rate (AMR) in 2000 and 2001. The proposed scheme has two variants: AMR-Narrowband (AMR-NB) and AMR-WB (AMRWideband). The speech quality of AMR-WB in GSM systems is remarkably high compared with that of AMR-NB speech codec because it encompasses wider bandwidth of the speech signal, 50-7000 Hz, instead of 200-3400 Hz in AMR-NB. But there are always possibilities for improvement. This paper investigates the salient features of AMR-WM codec and various possibilities for further enhancement in its speech quality. Two algorithms are recommended for incorporation into the standard AMR-WB to achieve this goal.y
Key words: ACELP, AMR, AMR-NB, AMR-WB, GSM, Speech Codecs, Speech Quality

[1] "AMR Speech Codec: General Description", 3GPP TS 26.071.
[2] "AMR Wideband Speech Codec: General Description", 3GPP TS 26.171.
[3] "AMR Wideband Speech Codec: Transcoding", 3GPP TS 26.190.
[4] "AMR Wideband Speech Codec: Link Adaption", 3GPP TS 45.009.
[5] B. Bessette, R. Salami, R. Lefebvre, M. Jelinek, J. Rotola-Pukkila, J. Vainio, H. Mikkola, and K. Jarvinen, "The Adaptive Multirate
Wideband Speech Codec (AMR-WB)", IEEE Transaction on Speech and Audio Processing, Vol 10, No 8, 2002, pp. 620-636.
[6] C. Erdmann, P. Vary, K. Fischer, Wen Xu, M. Marke, T. Fingscheidt, I. Varga, M. Kaindl, C. Quinquis, B. Kovesi, and D.
Massaloux,"A Candidate Proposal For 3GPP Adaptive Multi-Rate Wideband Speech Codec", Proceedings of IEEE International
Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing (ICASSP), (Salt Lake City, Utah, USA), Vol. 2, May 2001, pp. 757–760.
[7] A. Uvliden, S. Bruhn, and R. Hagen," Adaptive Multi-Rate: A Speech Service Adapted to Cellular Radio Network Quality", Thirty-
Second Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems and Computers, California, 1998, pp. 343-347.
[8] R. Salami, B. Bessette, R. Lefebvre, M. Jelinek, J. Rotola-Pukkila, J. Vainio, H. Mikkola, and K. Jarvinen, "The Adaptive Multirate
Wideband Codec: History and Performance", Speech Coding, 2002, IEEE Workshop Proceedings, Oct. 2002, pp. 144-146.
[9] E. Paksoy, D. Martin, A. McCree, G. Gerlach, A. Anandakumar, W. Lai, and V Viswanathan," An Adaptive Multi -Rate Speech
Coder For Digital Cellular Telephony", IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, Phoenix, AZ,
Vol.1,1999, pp. 193 - 196.
[10] C. Erdmann, P. Vary, K. Fischer, J. Stegmann, C. Quinquis, , D. Massaloux, and B. Kovesi,"An Adaptive Multi Rate Wideband
speech codec With adaptive Gain Re-Quantization", Proceedings of IEEE Workshop on Speech Coding (SCW), Delavan,
Wisconsin, USA, September 2000, pp. 145-147.

Abstract:In this paper Adaptive beam forming using KLMS, CGM and KRLS algorithm has been proposed. In CGM algorithms has reduced the interference and convergence is better when number of antennas increased. In CGM algorithm the weight of antenna arrays can be adjusted to form certain amount of adaptive beam to track corresponding users automatically and at the same time to minimize interference arising from other users by introducing nulls in their directions. The experimental results show that the different algorithms of array factors, mean square error and performance of different antennas on each algorithm. The CGM algorithm has better convergence, low computational complexity and minimizing interference compare to other algorithms.
Key words:Antenna Arrays, Adaptive Algorithms, Beam-forming, Interference, Smart antenna, Signal Nulling

[1] S.F. Shaukat, Mukhtarul Hassan, R. Farooq, H.U. Saeed and Z. Saleem, "Sequential Studies Beamforming Algorithms for smart
Antenna Systems", World Applied Sciences Journal Vol. 6, pp.754-758, ISSN 1818-4952, 2009.
[2] Frank Gross, "Smart Antenna for Wireless Communication", McGraw-hill, September 14, 2005.
[3] AnuragShivam Prasad, SandeepVasudevan , Selvalakshmi R, Sree Ram K, Subhashini G, Sujitha S, "Analysis of Adaptive
Algorithms for Digital Beamforming in Smart Antennas", IEEE-International Conference on Recent Trends in Information
Technology (ICRTIT), pp. 64-68, ISSN 978-1-4577-0590- 8/11/$26.00, 2011 IEEE.
[4] Ch. Santhi Rani, P. V. Subbaiah, K. Chennakesava Reddy and S. Sudha Rani, "LMS and RLS Algorithms for Smart Antennas in a
W-CDMA Mobile Communication Environment", Asian Research Publishing Network (ARPN) Journal of Engineering and
Applied Sciences, Vol. 4, pp. 78-88, ISSN 1819-6608, August 2009.
[5] SymonHaykin, "Adaptive filter theory", Forth edition, Pearson Education, Asia, 2002.
[6] KhyatiR.Zalawadia, Twinkle V. Doshi ,Dr U D Dalal, "Adaptive Beam Former Design using RLS Algorithm for Smart Antenna
System", International Conference on Computational Intelligence and Communication Systems,pp. 102-106, 2011.
[7] Lal Chand Godara, "Smart Antennas",CRC Press LLC, 2004.
[8] Constantine A.Balanis, "Antenna-Theory, Analysis and Design", Edition 2, JOHN WILEY & SONS,INC, 2009.
[9] Frank B. Gross, "Smart Antennas for Wireless Communications with MATLAB", McGraw-hill, 2005.
[10] Mousa, F.M., "Weights vector adaptation of smart antenna system using conjugate gradient method" International Conference Next
Generation Information Technology (ICNIT), pp. 6-9, 2011.