iosr-JECE   Volume-3 ~ Issue-4

Abstract: An Improved Bernsen Algorithm approaches for License Plate Recognition (LPR) applied to the intelligent transportation system. LPR is an image processing technology used to identify the vehicles by their license plates. License plate recognition is mainly based on two methods. One is License plate detection method which is based on Improved Bernsen Algorithm and the other is license plate character recognition method. The proposed LPR algorithm consists of three modules: 1) Locating the license plates; 2) Segmenting the characters; and 3) Identifying the license characters. The algorithm was tested with 100 images, such as an Indian vehicle images using different backgrounds. The experimental results show the algorithm can divide the character of plate effectively.
Keywords: Bernsen algorithm, character recognition, feature extraction, License Plate Recognition.

[1] Ying Wen, Yue Lu, IEEE, Jingqi Yan, Zhenyu Zhou, Karen M. von Deneen, and Pengfei Shi, " An Algorithm for License Plate
Recognition Applied to Intelligent Transportation System" IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON INTELLIGENT TRANSPORTATION
SYSTEMS, VOL. 12, NO. 3, SEPTEMBER 2011
[2] Jing-Ming Guo and Yun-Fu Liu "License Plate location and character segmentation with Feedback self learning and Hybrid
Binarization techniques", IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY, VOL. 57, NO. 3, MAY 2008
[3] Q. Zuo and Z. Shi, "A real-time algorithm for license plate extraction based on mathematical morphology," J. Image Graph., vol. 8,
no. 3, pp 281–285, 2003.
[4] Halina Kwasnicka and Bartosz Wawrzyniak, "License plate localization and r ecognition in camera pictures", AI-METH 2002,
November 13-15, 2002.
[5] Y. P. Huang, C. H. Chen, Y. T. Chang, and F. E Sandnes, "An intelligent strategy for checking the annual inspection status of
motorcycles based on license plate recognition," Expert Syst. Appl., vol. 36, no. 5, pp. 9260–9267, Jul. 2009.
[6] D. N. Zheng, Y. N. Zhao, and J. X. Wang, "An efficient method of license plate location," Pattern Recognit. Lett., vol. 26, no. 15,
pp. 2431–2438, Nov. 2005.
[7] J. B. Jiao, Q. X. Ye, and Q. M. Huang, "A configurable method for multi-style license plate recognition," Pattern Recognit., vol.
42, no. 3, pp. 358–369, Mar. 2009.
[8] V. Abolghasemi and A. Ahmadyfard, "An edge based color-aided methodfor license plate detection," Image Vis. Comput., vol. 27,
no. 8, pp. 1134–1142, Jul. 2009.
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Abstract :The On/Off faults are among the most prominent hazards observed in antenna arrays. They behave like a catalyst towards steady degradation of the circuit's performance. This paper is regarding fault monitoring in the microstrip patch antenna array [1][6]. The fault modeling, included here is single and double fault models of the patch antenna array of 8 elements. There is a marked deviation in the parametric properties of the array because of On/Off faults. By observation and analysis of these trends, the detection of fault in the array is simplified to a great extent. We aim at identification of On/Off faults in a faulty array structure by observation of its characteristic properties (like S- parameters and Radiation Pattern) and their analysis using Matrix Comparison Method and Scaled Conjugate Gradient Back Propagation Algorithm in Artificial Neural Network.
Key words: Patch antenna, patch array antenna feed, S-parameter, radiation pattern, characteristic impedance, neural network.

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Abstract:A rectangular MSA and ring slot MSA with circular polarization radiation. The antenna has a high return loss, where the return loss is compare with its experimental value. The experimental results of both antennas compared with each others, the proposed antenna is able to achieve the return loss above -10db.t.

[1] Thomas A. Milligan "2nd addition Modern antenna design"pp: 318-354.
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Abstract:This paper discusses the comparative study of bandwidth (BW) enhancement technique of Microstrip Patch Antenna (MSA) using various geometries. A simple Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna (RMSA) was designed and simulated using Zeland's Method of Moment (MoM) based EM simulation package IE3D and its various parameters such as return loss, VSWR and input impédance were obtained. Then shape of this RMSA was modified by cutting various slots in it at appropriate positions. Increase in operational BW of MSA was observed.
Key words: Rectangular Micro strip Antenna, Modified Shapes, BW Enhancement, Antenna Design.

[1] Kumar G. and Ray K.P.,Broadband Microstrip Antenna,Artech House Publication,pp.1-291,2003.
[2] Kin Lu Wong, Compact and Broadband Microstrip Antennas,John Wiley & Sons,pp.45-79,2002.
[3] Bhartia P., Millimeter-Wave Microstrip and Printed Circuit Antennas, Artech House,pp.1-10,1991.
[4] Balanis C.A., Antenna Theory Analysis and Design,2nd Edi.,John Wiley & Sons,pp.730-750,1997.
[5] Deshmukh A.A., Perulekar M., Kadam S. and RAY K.P, Broadband Proximity Fed Modified E-Shape Microstrip Antenna," NCC
Conf.,pp.1-5,2011.

Abstract:The system performance plays a great role in analyzing the characteristics of optical wireless communication link. This paper describes the effect of BIT ERROR RATIO and QUALITY FACTOR in communication system. The effect of diameter antennae with received power and distance is also analyzed in this paper. The value of antennae diameter varies from 20 cm to 40 cm and distance between satellites varies from 0 km to 5000 km. The optical received power can be associated with the receivers sensitivity where increasing the received power would results in increasing the sensitivity
Key words:Intersatellite optical wireless communication (IsOWC), Q-factor, BER.

[1] For example, M. Yasumoto, H. Hayama, and T. Enomoto, "Promising new fabrication process developed for stacked LSIs," IEEE
Int. Electron Devices Meeting, pp. 816−819, Dec. 1984.
[2] For example, K. D. Gann, "Neo-stacking technology," HDI Magazine, Dec. 1999.
[3] For example, H. Kurino et al., "Intelligent image sensor chip with three dimensional structure," IEEE Int. Electron Devices
Meeting, pp. 879−882, Dec. 1999.
[4] For example, S. Wong et al., "Monolithic 3D integrated circuits," Int. Symp. VLSI Technology, Systems, and Applications,
p.66−67, Apr.2007.
[5] A. Rahman, et al., "Wiring requirement and three-dimensional integra- tion technology for field programmable gate arrays." IEEE
Trans. on VLSI Systems, vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 44-54, Feb. 2003.
[6] M. Lin, et al., "Performance benefits of monolithically stacked 3-D FPGA," IEEE Trans. Computer-Aided Design of Integrated
Circuits and Systems, vol. 26, no. 2, pp. 216−229, Feb. 2007.
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Systems, 2009.
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Conf., pp. 402−403, Feb. 1997.
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Conf., pp.201−204, Sep. 2008.
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SSTFT for ultra high density SRAM," IEEE Symp. VLSI Tech.., pp. 228, Jun. 2004.

Abstract:This paper illustrates the performance advantages of 3D integrated circuits with two specific examples, namely 3D-FPGA and 3D-SRAM. Three-dimensional Chip (3D IC, 3D-IC, or 3-D IC) is a chip in which two or more layers of active electronic components are integrated both vertically and horizontally into a single circuit. The semiconductor industry is pursuing this promising technology in many different forms, but it is not yet widely used. Through strategic modification of the architectures to take advantage of 3D, significant improvement in speed and reduction in power consumption can be achieved. The unprecedented growth of the computer and the Information technology industry is demanding Very Large Scale Integrated (VLSI) circuits with increasing functionality and performance at minimum cost and power dissipation. VLSI circuits are being aggressively scaled to meet this Demand, which in turn has some serious problems for the semiconductor industry. Additionally heterogeneous integration of different technologies in one single chip (SoC) is becoming increasingly desirable, for which planar (2-D) ICs may not be suitable.3-D ICs are an attractive chip architecture that can alleviate the interconnect related problems such as delay and power dissipation and can also facilitate integration of heterogeneous technologies in one chip (SoC). The multi-layer chip industry opens up a whole new world of design. With the Introduction of 3-D ICs, the world of chips may never look the same again
Key words:SoC, SRAM, FPGA, isolating, Stacking, LBL, architecture, 2D-IC, inter-layer, ASIC

[1] ShlomiArnon, Optimization of Urban Optical Wireless Communication systems, ieee transactions on wireless communications, vol.
2, no. 4, july 2003
[2] Chien-Chung Chen , Chester S. Gardner , Impact of Random Pointing and Tracking Errors on the Design of Coherent and
Incoherent Optical Intersatellite Communication Links, IEEE Transaction On Communication, Vol. 37, No. 3, March 1989
[3] S. arnon ,S. rotman, n. S. kopeika, Optimum Transmitter Optics Aperture for Satellite Optical Communication ieee transactions on
aerospace and electronic systems vol. 34, no. 2 april 1998.
[4] Kuldeep Singh , Dr.Manjit Singh Bhamrah, Investigation on Aperture Diameter of Telescope in Intersatellite Optical Wireless
system., Vol. 2, Issue 3, May-Jun 2012, pp. 1666-1670.
[5] Anthony Acampora, Scott H. bloom, Srikanth Krishnamurthy, UniNet:A Hybrid Approach for Universal Broadband Access Using
Small Radio Cells Interconnected by Free-Space Optical Links, IEEE JOURNAL On Selected Areas In Communication, Vol..16,
No. 6, August 1998
[6] Aida HasfizaHashim, Farah Diana Mahad, Sevia M. Idrus and Abu Sahmah, M. Supa'at, Modeling and Performance Study of
InterSatellite Optical Wireless Communication System, University of Photonics Technology Centre, Faculty of Electrical
Engineering Malaysia ,2010.
[7] Marcuse, D., Calculation of Bit-Error Probability for a Lightwave System with Optical Amplifier and Post-Detection Guassion
Noise. Journal of Lightwave Technology, 1991 .9(4):505-513
[8] Pfennigbauer, M. and Leeb, W.R. Free-Space Optical Quantum key distribution using Intersatellite Links. CNES – Intersatellite
Link Workshop. November 2003

Abstract:RING LASER GYRO (RLG) is a sensor to sense angular information very precisely. It uses the principle of sagnac effect. In order to get excellent performance from a ring laser gyro, Intensity of laser beams, path length of the cavity and also the dithering mechanism needs to be ultra stable and maintained consistently. Hence control algorithms and hardware is implemented in RLGs for these three controls. Most of the algorithms implemented are linear algorithms and simple in nature. It is felt to use non linear algorithms based on the dynamics of the RLG to improve the performance of an RLG. So in this project it is proposed to study the principles involved in an RLG control and simulate the dynamics for understanding the non-linearities and finally design new control algorithms for controlling RLG. MATLAB/ LABVIEW is proposed to be used for realizing these algorithms and finally implement them in DSP.
Key words:RLG, PLC, DPLC, PZT, DAC.

[1] "Gyroscope." McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology. Vol. 8. 2002 ed.
[2] "Brief History of Gyroscopes." <http://einstein.stanford.edu/content/education/EducatorsGuide/Page30.html> 19 FEB 2005.
[3] "Heading Sensors." <http://www.eng.yale.edu/ee-labs/morse/other/pos96ch2.pdf>, 19 FEB 2005.
[4] Sharp, James. "Laser Gyroscopes." <http://www.mech.gla.ac.uk/~sharpj/lectures/lasers/notes/laser_gyro.pdf> 19 FEB 2005.
[5] "Ring Laser Gyroscopes" by Dr. James H. Sharp.
[6] G. L. Curran, and D. J. Engelken, "Ring laser gyro applications for tactical missiles: the Army TACMS solution", Position
Location and Navigation Symposium, IEEE, 1990(3), pp. 543–548

Abstract:The main aim of this paper is to reduce the first four side lobe levels (SLLs) of the linear and circular array antennas using gatool, which is the one of the simplest and efficient tool in MATLAB®. This is employed in Radars and communications in order to reduce jamming effects, EMI and heavy clustering effects. Here amplitude of the elements of the antennas is taken as variables to control. And finally the design currents are given and sum and difference pattern plots for different number of elements for linear and circular array antennas. Simulation results are presented for above with rectangular plots. Successful applications show that gatool can be used as a general tool for pattern synthesis of arbitrary arrays.
Key words:arbitrary arrays, EMI, gatool, sum and difference patterns, and simulation

[1]. "Side Lobe Level Optimization in Phased Array Antennas Using Genetic Algorithm", by F.Soltankarimi, J.Nourinia, and
Ch.Bhobadi, ISSSTA2004, Sydney, Australia, 30 Aug.-2 Sep.2004.
[2]. Harrington, R. F., ""Side lobe Reduction by Non-uniform Element Spacing,‟‟ IRE Trans.,mVol. AP-9, March 1961, pp. 187–192.5
PANDURO, M.Mendez, A. Dominguez, R. ROMERO, G. Design of no uniform circular antenna arrays for side lobe reduction
using the method of genetic algorithms, Int. J.Electron. Commun. (AEU) 60 (2006), 713- 717.
[3]. Sandler, S. S., ""Some Equivalences Between Equally and Unequally Spaced Elements,‟‟ IRE Trans.Vol. AP -8, September 1960,
pp. 496–500
[4]. Cyber Journals: Multidisciplinary Journals in Science and Technology, May Edition, 2011"
[5]. Investigation on the Performance of Linear Antenna Array synthesis using Genetic Algorithm" T.S.JEYALI LASEETHA1 Dr.
(Mrs.) R.SUKANESH2
[6]. H.D.Griffiths "The use of circular arrays for direction finding applications, IEEE transactions.
[7]. Ali Abdulhadi Noaman , Dr Abdul Kareem , S.Abdallah, Dr. Ramzy S.Ali, "Optimal Side lobes Reduction and Synthesis of
Circular Array Antennas Using Hybrid Adaptive Genetic Algorithms.
Books
[8]. Antenna theory analysis and Design by Constantine A.Balanis Second Edition Wiley India Edition, 2008
[9]. Practical Genetic Algorithms by Haupt R.L., Haupt Sue Ellen, Second Edition Wiley Interscience Publications, 2005.
[10]. Genetic Algorithms in Search, Optimization and Machine Learning by David E. Goldberb, Second Edition, Wiley Interscience
Publication,2005