iosr-JECE   Volume-3 ~ Issue-5

Abstract: A single layer, single feed compact slotted patch antenna is thoroughly simulated in this paper. Resonant frequency has been reduced drastically by cutting two different slots. The first one is the combinations of two triangular and another rectangular slot at the upper right corner and rest is bilateral triangle at the lower left corner from the conventional microstrip patch antenna. Simulated antenna size has been reduced by 48.11% with an increased frequency ratio when compared to a Conventional microstrip patch antenna.
Keywords:Bandwidth, Compact, Patch, Resonant frequency, Slot

[1] I.Sarkar, P.P.Sarkar, S.K.Chowdhury "A New Compact Printed Antenna for Mobile Communication", 2009 Loughborough
Antennas& Propagation Conference, 16-17 November 2009, pp 109-112.
[2] S. Chatterjee, U. Chakraborty, I.Sarkar, S. K. Chowdhury, and P.P.Sarkar, "A Compact Microstrip Antenna for Mobile
Communication", IEEE annual conference. Paper ID: 510
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communication", IEE Electron. Lett. Vol. 40 No. 23, 11th November 2004.
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communication," Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 18, 211-220, 2011
http://www.jpier.org/pierc/pier.php?paper=10101205
[5] Rohit K. Raj, Monoj Joseph, C.K. Anandan, K. Vasudevan, P. Mohanan, " A New Compact Microstrip-Fed Dual-Band Coplaner
Antenna for WLAN Applications", IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., Vol. 54, No. 12, December 2006, pp 3755-3762.
[6] Zhijun Zhang, Magdy F. Iskander, Jean-Christophe Langer, and Jim Mathews, "Dual-Band WLAN Dipole Antenna Using an
Internal Matching Circuit", IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propag.,VOL. 53, NO. 5, May 2005, pp 1813-1818.
[7] J. -Y. Jan and L. -C. Tseng, " Small planar monopole Antenna with a shorted parasitic inverted-L wire for Wireless communications
in the 2.4, 5.2 and 5.8 GHz. bands" , IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propag., VOL. 52, NO. 7, July 2004, pp -1903-1905.
[8] Samiran Chatterjee, Joydeep Paul, Kalyanbrata Ghosh, P. P. Sarkar and S. K. Chowdhury "A Printed Patch Antenna for Mobile
Communication", Convergence of Optics and Electronics conference, 2011, Paper ID: 15, pp 102-107
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[10] Bipa Datta, Arnab Das, Samiran Chatterjee, Bipadtaran Sinhamahapatra, Supriya Jana, Moumita Mukherjee, Santosh Kumar
Chowdhury, "Design of Compact Patch Antenna for Multi-Band Microwave Communication", National Conference on Sustainable
Development through Innovative Research in Science and Technology (Extended Abstracts), Paper ID: 115, pp 155, 2012

Abstract:Free space optical communication is widely used for long range of distance operating under weak to strong turbulence conditions. In the existing method, many ideas have been proposed to analyze the performance of FSO links. To mitigate the effect of turbulence, error control codes and spatial diversity are used. This literature survey deals with the BER performance and turbulence effects on FSO links in the existing method.
Keywords:Atmospheric turbulence, bit error rate, coherent detection, free space optical communication, spatial diversity

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Abstract: Image registration is a key operation to spatially align two or more images for comparing the difference between them or exploiting complementary information from those images. The main objective regarding automatic registration of satellite images is to obtain an accurate set of tie points and then apply the transformation function which is most suitable to the pair of images to be registered. A considerably large number of approaches may be found in the literature regarding the automatic obtention of tie points being mainly area- or feature-based methods by means of the image intensity values in their close neighborhoods, the feature spatial distribution, or the feature symbolic description. Automatic image registration is still a present challenge for the remote sensing community. Although a wide variety of image registration methods have been proposed in the last few years, there are several drawbacks which avoid their common use in practice. The recently proposed scale invariant feature transform (SIFT) approach has already revealed to be a powerful tool for retrieval of tie points in general image processing tasks, but it has a limited performance when directly applied to remote sensing images. A robust and efficient method for AIR(Automatic Image Registration) is proposed, which combines image segmentation and SIFT, complemented by an outlier removal stage. The reference and unregistered images may differ in translation, rotation, and scale and may present distortions. The performance of this method is evaluated through measures such as Nred, RMSall, RMSLOO, Pquad, Bad Point Proportion: BPP(r), Scat, Cost Function (φ).
Keywords:Automatic Image Registration (Air), Image Segmentation, Optical Images, Scale Invariant Feature Transform (Sift), Principle Component Analysis (Pca).

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Abstract: This paper proposes a study of the characteristics of low base station antenna on urban/sub urban road. We have to investigate the effect of various parameters as frequency, low base station antenna height, distance between low base station antenna and subscriber station and develop a mathematical approach. Our analysis will be useful to develop a link budget on the basis of propagation loss characterization for transmission to allow adequate reception.
Keywords:propagation loss, antenna height, frequency, low base station antenna, reflection, diffraction

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Abstract: This paper presents about a new antenna design of ultra wide band antenna for cognitive radio wireless communication. . This antenna consists of an irregular octagon (polygon with 8 sides) aperture on a printed circuit board; ground plane .This antenna was simulated in ADS (Advanced Design System) Momentum. . The feeding point is the micro strip line and to this attached the octagon structure. For an antenna to be suitable for channel sensing it should possess an Omni directional radiation pattern. The octagon micro strip patch antenna is the sensing antenna which detects the spectrum and provides the available range (35-45GHz) for the antenna to communicate. The resonant frequency of the antenna is 40GHz.
Keywords: cognitive radio; micro-strip patch; polygon patch; sensing antenna;

[1] Y. Tawk, C. G. Christodoulou , "A New reconfigurable antenna design for cognitive radio", IEEE , May,2009.
[2] T.Wu,E.L.Li,S.Y.Eom,K.lim,S,I.Jeon,J.Laskar,and M.M.Tentzeris"A multiband/scalable reconfigurable antenna for cognitive radio base stations",. IEEE, Trans, 2008.
[3] Y. Zhang, W. Hong, C. Yu J.-Y. Zhou Z.-Q. KuaiW. Tuttle bee, "Design and implementation of planar, ultra-wideband antennas with multiple notched bands based on stepped impedance resonators, IET Microw. Antennas Propag., 2009, Vol. 3, Iss. 7, pp. 1051–1059.
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[5] Hur, Y.; Park, J.; Woo, W.; Lim, K.; Lee, C.-H.; Kim, H.S.; Laskar, J., "A wideband analog multi-resolution spectrum sensing (MRSS) technique for cognitive radio (CR) systems," ISCAS 2006. Proceedings. IEEE International Symposium on Circuits and Systems May 2006, pp.21-24.
[6] Laskar, J.; Mukhopadhyay, R.; Hur, Y.; Lee, C.-H.; Lim, K.;Reconfigurable RFICs and modules for cognitiveradio‟‟, 2006 Topical Meeting on Silicon Monolithic Integrated Circuits in RF Systems, Jan. 2006. pp.18-20.
[7] Harada, Hiroshi; ""A Software Defined Cognitive Radio Prototype‟‟ PIMRC 2007. IEEE 18th International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, 2007,pp. 3-7.
[8] Patnam Hanumantha Rao .; "Antenna Configurations for Software Defined Radio and Cognitive Radio Communication Architecture" IEEE Trans,2010
[9] Wen-jun Lu; Zhen-yuan Zhang; Ran Liu; Hong-bo Zhu "Design concept of a narrow wideband antenna for spectrum sensing applications" IEEE trans ,Microwave Conference Proceedings (CJMW), May 2011 ,PP 1 – 4.
[10] Al-Husseini, M.; Ramadan, A.; Zamudio, M.E.; Christodoulou, C.G.; El-Hajj, A.; Kabalan, K.Y. "A UWB antenna combined with a reconfigurable band pass filter for cognitive radio applications" Antennas and Propagation in Wireless communications (APWC), 2011 IEEE-APS Topical Conference Sep2011,PP 902 – 904.

Abstract: Energy efficiency and reliability are always the main concern in wireless sensor networks. In a sensor network the nodes are present with limited energy and with each transmission they loss some energy. It is required to minimize the rerouting to save the energy loss. We proposed an algorithm to get the efficiency as well as the reliability. An algorithm for energy efficient maximally covered sensor network is presented. In this work the Path Selection Routing along with the concept of Ant Optimization is combined. The initial route will be identified by the Path Selection algorithm and in case of any broken link or intrusion in the path it will look for the alternate path using Ant Optimization. The performance is evaluated with parameters. In conclusion, a comparison between proposed work and literature proves the efficiency of our work.
Keywords:ACO, Energy Optimization, Path Selection Algorithm, Wireless Sensor Network (WSN)

Journal Papers:

[1] Young-Min Kim, Eun-Jung Lee And Hong-Shik Park, "Aco Based Energy Saving Routing For Energy-Efficient Networks", Ieee Communication Letters Vol.15, No.7, July 2011.

[2] Xie Hui, Zhang Zhi-Gang, Nie Feng, "A Novel Routing Protocol In Wireless Sensor Networks Based On Ant Colony Optimization", International Journal Of Intelligent Information Technology Application, 2010, 3(1):1-5.

[3] Ahmed A. A. Zakzouk, "An Ant Colony Optimization Approach For Solving Shortest Path Problem With Fuzzy Constraints".

[4] Afshin Ghanizadeh, "A Fuzzy-Particle Swarm Optimization Based Algorithm For Solving Shortest Path Problem", 978-1-4244-6349-7/10@ 2010 Ieee.

[5] Inwhee Joe, "A Path Selection Algorithm With Energy Efficiency For Wireless Sensor Networks", Fifth International Conference On Software Engineering Research, Management And Applications.

[6] Michael Rinehart, "The Value Of Sequential Information In Shortest Path Optimization", 2010 American Control Conference Marriott Waterfront, Baltimore 978-1-4244-7427-1/10©2010 Aacc.

[7] Yanfang Deng, "Dynamic Shortest Path In Stochastic Traffic Networks Based On Fluid Neural Network And Particle Swarm Optimization", 2010 Sixth International Conference On Natural Computation (Icnc 2010) 978-1-4244-5961-2/10©2010 Ieee.

[8] Maumita Bandyopadhyay, "Zone Based Ant Colony Routing In Mobile Ad-Hoc Network", 978-1-4244-5489-1/10© 2010 Ieee.

[9] Marina Yusoff, "A Discrete Particle Swarm Optimization With Random Selection Solution For The Shortest Path Problem", 978-1-4244-7896-5/10@ 2010 Ieee.

[10] Zhang Huidang, "The Particle Swarm Optimization With Decaying Icmic For Shortest Path Computation In Computer Networks", 2010 International Conference On Computational Intelligence And Security 978-0-7695-4297-3/10© 2010 Ieee.

Abstract: Substrate Integrated Waveguides (SIW) are used for transmission of Electromagnetic waves. They are planar structures belonging to the family of Substrate Integrated Circuits. Because of their planar nature, they can be fabricated on planar circuits like Printed Circuit Boards (PCB) and can be integrated with other planar transmission lines like microstrips. They retain the low loss property of their conventional metallic waveguides and are widely used as interconnection in high speed circuits, filters, directional couplers, antennas. This paper is a comprehensive review of Substrate Integrated Waveguide and its integration with Microstrip line. In this paper, design techniques for SIW and its microstrip interconnect are presented. HFSS is used for simulation results. The objective of this paper is to provide broad perspective of SIW Technology.
Keywords:Microstrip Transition, Reflection Parameter, Substrate Integrated Waveguide, Vias.

[1] Maurizio Bozzi, Luca Perregrini, Ke Wu, and Paolo Arcioni, Current and Future Research Trends in Substrate Integrated
Waveguide Technology, RADIOENGINEERING, VOL 18, NO. 2, JUNE 2009.
[2] Farzaneh Taringou and Jens Bornemann, Return-Loss Investigation of Equivalength width of Substrate Integrted Waveguide
Circuits, IEEE MTT-S International Microwave Workshop Series on millimeter Wave Integraton Technologies, 2011.
[3] E. Diaz, E. Miralles, H. Esteban, A. Belenguer, V.Boria, C. Bachiller, J.V. Morro and A.L. Borja, Efficient and Accurate Design of
Passive Devices in Substrate Integrated Waveguide Technology and their Tapered Transitions from Microstrip Lines, Waves, year
3, 2011.
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Conference, Rome, Italy, 29 Sep-1 Oct 2009.
[6] David M. Pozar, Microwave Engineering, (John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Second Edition), section 3.8, pp. 160-163.
[7] Dominic Deslandes, Design Equations for Tapered Microstrip-to-Substrate Integrated Waveguide Transitions, IEEE 2010, IMS
2010, pp 704-707.
[8] Asanee Suntives, High-Speed Data Transmission Using Substrate Integrated Waveguide-Type Interconnects, Degree of Doctor,
McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, Feb 2009.

Abstract: In this paper interdigital bandpass filter with under coupled quarter wavelength resonator is proposed. In this we studied the quality factor of interdigital bandpass filter and showed the effect of center frequency and bandwidth on Q-value. Q is proportional to a dominant resonator dimension and can be sensitive to manufacturing processes as well.

[1] Ku Jia, Yu Na, Shi Bingxia, and Zhao "The miniaturization designs of mictrostrip interdigital bandpass filter". The deprtment of
Electronics Information Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tiannjin. 2nd International conference on power
Electronics & intelligent Transportation system 2009.
[2] Daniel G. Swanson, Jr. "Narrow- band microwave filter design". Tyco Electronics Lowell M.A
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[4] George L. Matthaei "MicrowaveFilters, Impedance Matching Networks and Coupling Structure"

Abstract: In this paper, we present a fractal shape slot based patch antenna for multiband operations. The fractal shape slot is designed on the rectangular patch and the antenna is fed through a microstrip line. The proposed design and feeding technique allows the antenna to operate at multiple frequencies in the range of 1- 20 GHz. It is demonstrated through simulation that the Return Loss (RL) values occurred at 1.33 GHz, 4.16 GHz, 7 GHz, 9.8 GHz, 12.7 GHz, 15.5 GHz and 18.3 GHz, respectively, having VSWR ≤ 2. It is also observed that the gain of proposed design is higher than the conventional patch antenna. Parametric study is also included to give an overview for the performance of proposed design.
Keywords: fractal shape, patch antenna, multiband operations, microstrip line, parametric study.

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