iosr-JECE   Volume-6 ~ Issue-3

Abstract: In INDIA railways is one of the important means of transport. Driver of the train has to look out to get the status of the signal, if he fails to see the signal major mishaps could take place. There are different systems in use today including AWS (auxilliary warning system), ACD (automatic collision detection). AWS system is in use by western railway while ACD is used by Konkan railway.AWS system has a drawback of theft of trackside equipment while ACD system is based on GPS system where satellite is US owned. Proposed system focusses on automation of train controlling to avoid accidents. Designed system involves transfer of the status of signal directly to the engine which will control speed of the train as per the status of the signal. System has been designed to provide safe travelling especially during bad weather. System is based on wireless protocol 'Zigbee'. Low power consumption, low latency time of 30 ms and excellent security features as Zigbee uses 128-AES, use of DSSS modulation technique in Zigbee makes this system reliable and safe. System is operating within a range of 120m

Keywords - Zigbee, ACD, AWS, PIC Microcontroller,

[1] Zigbee Alliance, "White paper on Zigbee technology", June 2007
[2] Jin- Shyan lee, Yu-Wei su,Chung-chou shen , "Comparative study of Wireless Protocols- Bluetooth,Wi- Fi,UWB,Zigbee", 33rd
annual conference of IEEE Industrial Electronics Society(IECON)-Nov 5-8 2007,Taiwan
[3] Bhavneet Sidhu, Hardeep Singh, Amit Chhabra, "Emerging Wireless Standards- Wifi, Zigbee, WiMAX", World academy of
science, engineering and Technology Nov 25, 2007
[4] Patrick Kinny, "Zigbee Technology- Wireless control that simply works", Communication design conference, October 2,2003
[1] IRSSE- Indian Railway Services of Signal Engineers
[2] Indianrlys.wordpress.com
[3] KMRC- Kolkata Metro Rail Corporation
[1] Report of high level safety review committee, Feb 2012, under the chairmanship of Mr. Anil kakodkar

Abstract: FM signal propagation through the troposphere interacts with the terrain as obstacles and reflection planes. To understand the degree of interaction, signal strength measurements of the 93.1MHz frequency modulated Radio located at Federal University of Technology; Akure, Nigeria was carried out in the area surrounding the station. The paper reviews the various models for predicting transmission loss and employed the long rice irregular terrain model for its versatility for the study. The losses along the paths were determined and this was compared with the path loss predicted by the irregular terrain model and this was highly correlated. The result offers useful data for developing the contour map of the propagation loss which was developed for the station. It was concluded that with the irregular terrain model predictions can be used for accurate spectrum management in Nigeria.

Keywords: Signal Strength, Transmission Loss, Terrain, Spectrum Management

[1] A. F. Bruce, "RF Basis: Radio Propagation" 2008,www.connectos.com/spix/rd/gi/nme.
[2] George, A. G., Rice, P. L., Norton, K. A and Barsts, A. P., "Transmission loss Prediction for tropic communication circuits Tech. Note 101" U.S. Government Printing Office 1967 http://www.softwright.com/faq/engineering/prop_longley_rice.html

[3] Longley Rice
[4] Harry W, "Field Prediction in Irregular Terrain", 2002, http://www.fcc.gov/oet/fm/ptp/report.pdf

[5] D. John, and D. G Smith., "‟Telecommunication Engineering" London 1997. [6] T. S. Rappaport, "Wireless Communications Principles and Practice" Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. 1996

[7] J. S Seybold,., (2005) "Introduction to RF propagation", Wiley

[8] J. Klima and Mozucha Marian‟‟ Influence of Terrain on Multipath Propagation of FM‟‟, Signal journal of Electrical Engineering, VOL56 NO 5-6 pp. 113-120,2005

[9] R. Grosskopf, "‟Field Strength Prediction in the VHF and UHF Range Including Multipath‟‟, Propagation, Proc. 7th International Conference on Antennas and Propagation (ICAP 1991), York Conference Publication, 333, vol 2,pp. 965-967, London 1991.

[10] N. Blaunstern, et al. ,‟‟Characteristics Prediction in Urban and suburban Environment‟‟, IEEE Trans. Veh. Technol, Vol(47) pp 225-234,1998

Abstract: As the network size increases the probability of congestion occurrence at nodes increases. This is because of the event driven nature of ad hoc networks that leads to unpredictable network load. As a result congestion may occur at the nodes which receive more data than that can be forwarded and cause packet losses. In this paper we propose a hybrid scheme that attempts to avoid packet loss due to congestion as well as reduce end to end delay in delivering data packets by combining two protocols- Destination sequenced distance vector routing (DSDV), which is a table driven or proactive protocol and Improved Ad-hoc on demand vector routing (IAODV) which is an on-demand or reactive protocol that reduces packet loss due to congestion. The strategy adopted is use DSDV for path selection and if congestion occurs than switch over to IAODV. The routing performance of this model is then compared with IAODV and DSDV in terms of end to end delay, throughput and packet delivery fraction.

Keywords- DSDV, Hybrid protocol, AODV, IAODV, MANET

[1] E. Topalis S. Giannoulis, C. Antonopoulos and S. Koubias. Zrp versus DSR and TORA: A Compressive Survey on ZRP Performance. 10th IEEE Conference, ETFA 2005, Sept 2005.

[2] Kush, A., Gupta, P.; Hwang, C.J. A hybrid stable routing protocol for mobile ad hoc networks. Global Mobile Congress, 12-14 Oct. 2009

[3 ]Xiaoguang Niu Zhihua Tao, Gongyi Wu, Changcheng Huang,Li Cui ,Hybrid Cluster Routing: An Efficient Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks. IEEE International Conference on Communications, 2006. ICC'06,Vol. 8, 3554-3559

[4] Wu Shaochuan Tan Xuezhi; Jia Shilou. AOHR: AODV and OLSR Hybrid Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, International Conference on Communications, Circuits and Systems Proceedings, June 2006 Vol. 3,1487-1491

[5] Venugopalan Ramasubramanian Zygmunt J. Haas Emin Gun Sirer SHARP: A Hybrid Adaptive Routing Protocol for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks.

6] Minseok Oh, A Hybrid Routing Protocol and Performance Evaluation in a Wireless Mesh Network, Journal of Advanced Information technology and convergence, vol.1, No.1, July 2011

[7] Yu-Doo Kim, Il-Young Moon, Sung-Joo Cho, A comparison of improved AODV routing protocol based on IEEE 802.11 and IEEE 802.15.4, Journal of Engineering Science and Technology Vol.4,No.2,2009.

[8] Harwinder Singh Sohal, Rajbir Singh Cheema, Ankit Arora, Improved NOVEL Routing Protocol for Load Balancing in Wireless Sensor Network, IJCST Vol. 2, Issue 3, September 2011.

Abstract: A good number of scientist, engineers, laboratory or workshop users have lost their lives and the lives of others due to accidents in the workshop caused by ignorance, neglect or carelessness. This paper focus on the incident and prevalence rate of workshop and laboratory accidents in twenty (20) schools within Cross River State, Nigeria. The investigation took place between January 2008 and December 2012 (a period of five years). A total of 66 departments were investigated. The data was source with the help of the technologist and head of Department of each of the schools. Based on these data, using descriptive analysis, multiple bar chart and Trend analysis (Analysis of variance-SPSS) to show the growth and decline of laboratory or workshop accidents across various departments over the years of study. The result revealed that the average number of accidents occurred most in chemistry department; UNICAL and CRUTECH at 25 and 18 respectively, (table 1 and 2). And that of 18 secondary schools indicated that Bekwara Local Government Area was the highest numbers of accidents (20.0) table 3, while Biase Local Government Area had the least (10.2), physics and biology had recorded less accidents (table 3). In the two universities, computer/Maths statistic Department had less laboratory accident due to not being exposed to heavy chemical. Hence, from this result, 40 workshop safety and precautionary steps are release to avoid or minimize accidents in the laboratory or workshop towards a healthy carrier.

Key Word: workshop accidents, Technology, Scientist, Engineers, Safety and precautions

[1]. You must know how to read and write and able to communicate to others.
[2]. The rules must be carefully pasted or presented in a hand book available for all the workshop/laboratory users.
[3]. You must read carefully and understand all the rules before using the workshop.
[4]. Always listen carefully to the teachers and follow instructions.
[5]. Do not run in the workshop.
[6]. Know were the emergency stop buttons are positioned in the workshop.
[7]. Always wear an apron or lap coat as it will protect your clothes and skin.
[8]. Wear good strong shoes plus thick soles
[9]. Bags should not be brought into a workshop as people can trip over them.
[10]. When learning how to use a machine or an equipment, listen very carefully to all the instructions given by the teacher. Ask questions especially if not fully understand.

Abstract: Suppression of interference in time domain equalizers is attempted for high data rate impulse radio (IR) ultra wideband communication system. The narrow band systems may cause interference with UWB devices as it is having very low transmission power and the large bandwidth. SRAKE receiver improves system performance by equalizing signals from different paths. This enables the use of SRAKE receiver techniques in IR UWB systems A semi analytical approach is used to investigate the BER performance of SRAKE receiver on IEEE 802.15.3a UWB channel models. Study on non-line of sight indoor channel models (both CM3 and CM4) illustrates that bit error rate performance of SRake receiver with NBI performs better than that of Rake receiver without NBI

Keywords – Bit error rate, Impulse radio, Non-line of sight, SRAKE receiver, Ultra wideband (UWB)

[1] J. R. Foerster, "The Effects of Multipath Interference on the Performance of UWB Systems in an Indoor Wireless Channel," 53rd IEEE VTS, vol.2, no.69, pp.1176- 1180, 2001

[2] L. Zhao, A. M. Haimovich, and H. Grebel, "Performance of ultra-wideband communications in the presence of interference," IEEE proceedings of ICC-01, pp.2948-2952, 2001

[3] A. Rajeswaran, V. S. Somayazulu, and J. R. Foerster, "Rake performance for a pulse based UWB system in a realistic UWB indoor channel," IEEE International Conference on Communications (ICC'03), vol.4, pp.2879-2883, May 2003.

[4] N. Boubaker and K.B. Letaief, "A Low Complexity RAKE Receiver in a realistic UWB Channel and in the presence of NBI," IEEE Wireless Communications and Networking, (WCNC), vol.1, pp.233-237, 2003

[5] Matlab Version 7.5

Abstract: This paper deals with residual musical noise which results from the perceptual speech enhancement type algorithms and especially using wiener filtering approach. Perceptual speech enhancement techniques perform better than the non perceptual techniques, most of them still return a trouble residual musical noise. This is due to that only noise above the noise masking threshold (NMT) is filtered out then noise below the noise masking threshold (NMT) can become audible if its maskers are filtered. It can affect the performance of perceptual speech enhancement method that process the audible noise only (Residual noise is still present). In order to overcome this drawback a new speech enhancement technique is proposed here.The main aim here is to improve the enhanced speech signal quality provided by perceptual wiener filtering and by controlling the latter via a second filter regarded as a psychoacoustically motivated weighting factor. The simulation results gives the information that the performance is improved compared to other perceptual speech enhancement methods.

[1] Y. Ephraim and D. Malah, "Speech enhancement using a minimum mean square error short-time spectral amplitude estimator," IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Processing, vol. ASSP-32, pp. 1109–1121, Dec 1984.
[2] R. Schwartz M. Berouti and J. Makhoul, "Enhancement of speech corrupted by acoustic noise," Proc. of ICASSP, 1979, vol. I, pp. 208–211.
[3] N.Virag, "Single channel speech enhancement based on masking properties of the human auditory system," IEEE Trans. Speech and Audio Processing, vol. 7, pp. 126–137, 1999.
[4] Y. Ephraim and H.L. Van Trees, "A signal subspace approach for speech enhancement," IEEE Trans. Speech and Audio Processing, vol. 3, pp. 251–266, 1995.
[5] Y. Hu and P. Loizou, "Incorporating a psychoacoustic model in frequency domain speech enhancement," IEEE Signal Processing Letters, vol. 11(2), pp. 270–273, 2004.
[6] F. Jabloun and B. Champagne, "Incorporating the human hearing properties in the signal subspace approach for speech enhancement," IEEE Trans. Speech and Audio Processing,vol. 11, pp. 700–708, 2003.
[7] Y.M. Cheng and D. O'Shaughnessy, "Speech enhancement based conceptually on auditory evidence," IEEE Trans. Signal Processing, vol.39, no.9, pp.1943–1954, 1991.
[8] D. Tsoukalas, M. Paraskevas, and J. Mourjopoulos, "Speech enhancement using psychoacoustic criteria," IEEE ICASSP, pp.359–362, Minneapolis, MN, 1993.

Abstract: This paper describes a new microstrip patch antenna which is presented by using a IE3D software .These antenna is named as "Designed and simulation of modified H shaped microstrip patch antenna". A simulation result has been obtained which states that the microstrip patch antenna possess predictable multi band characteristics. The result shows that the designed antenna can operated in three different frequency bands with bandwidth of 2.68%, 10.23%, 5.60%.the resonating behavior makes this antenna suitable for different type of applications.

Keywords: Patch Antenna, Microstrip antenna, Multiband, narrowband, Radome.

[1] J.J. Huang, F.Q. Shan and J.Z. She Tsinghai University, China "Progress in Electromagnetic Research Symposium 2006, Cambridge, USA, March 26-29" vol2 no1 page 57to59.
[2] Howel "Microstrip Antennas,"IEEE International Symposium on Antennas and Propagation, Williamsburg Virginia, 1972 pp. 177-180.
[3] Sachendra N. Sinha, Senior Member, IEEE, and Manish Jain "IEEE antennas and wireless propagation Letters" vol 6.2007
[4] "A Novel approach of miniaturization of slot Antenna ", Azadegan R, Sarabandi,K, IEEE transactions as,antenna and propagation vol 5; issue 3 march 2003
[5] Fan Yang and Rahmat Samii, Y, "Applications of electromagnetic band gap (EBG) structures in microwave antenna designs" microwave millimeters' wave technology p.p. 528-531, Aug 2002.

Abstract: A novel reconfigurable patch antenna for frequency diversity is proposed by reconfiguring its geometry using tree rectangular tapes that are connected to the patch via six RF MEMS switches. So switching between the different frequency bands is achieved by using capacitive series RF-MEMS switches. The antenna was designed to operate at 2.6 GHz, 3.1 GHz, 3.5 GHz and 5 GHz. Keywords - Frequency diversity, Planar antenna, Reconfigurable antenna, RF MEMS, Switches

[1] Proceedings of the International Conference on Man-Machine Systems (ICoMMS)11 – 13 October 2009, Batu Ferringhi, Penang,
MALAYSIA
[2] Behdad, N. and K. Sarabandi," A compact dual-multi-band wireless LAN antenna," IEEE Antennas and Propagation Society
Internation Symposium, 2005 Vol. 2B, 527-30,.
[3] Shynu, S. V., G. Augustin, C. K. Aanandan, P. Mohanan, and K.Vasudevan, "A reconfigurable dual frequency slot loaded microstrip
antenna controlled by pin-diodes", Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, 2005 Vol. 44, 374-376.
[4] Ansoft High Frequency Structure Simulator corporation, V 9.2, 2004, http://www.ansoft.com/hfss

Abstract: In the presented work, it is proposed to design the feature vector of the parameters of leather material in order to completely define the quality of the leather material. The proposed parameters are holes, cracks, spots, cuts, and roughness etc.. The defects are localized according to their position on leather surface, their size and shape. The histogram analysis method is proposed to be developed for use with very low-level image features, such as color and luminance and is used as an image descriptor for color-matching requirements. In the present scenario, it is observed that the leather quality is highly sensitive to surface finish of the leather material. Manually it is not possible always to inspect each area of the leather surface under test because of heavy lot of material and it is time consuming too. The main problem during the inspection is that how to achieve the repeatable quality at regular interval. Therefore, in order to get the authentic leather quality, it is required to have a set of features that could be given some numerical value so that the quality can be justified in quantified manner. A machine vision system offers a fair solution in order to solve this problem. In the proposed work, we propose to deduce some mathematical parameters besides size and location that are arranged in a vector so as to determine the leather quality.

Keywords: GLCM  Gray Level Co-occurrence Matrix

[1] Flores M., R. Longhi, M. Albertoni, B. Ferroni. Mastrit Skin 2002 Quality Standard and Global Concept. IPLnet Workshop'02, 2002.

[2] Hoang K., A. Nachimuthu. Image Processing Techniques for Leather Hide Ranking in the Footwear Industry. Machine Vision and Applications, 9, pp. 119-129, 1996.

[3] Krastev K., L. Georgieva. Identification of Leather Surface Defects using Fuzzy Logic. International Conference on Computer Systems and Technologies, IIIA.12, 2005.

[4] Krastev K., V. Dimitrov, L. Georgieva. A Software Program for Leather Quality Estimation. Scientific Session of RU'05, 2005.

[5] United States Hide, Skin, & Leather Association. Standards Governing the Export of North American Cattle Hides. http://www.ushsla.org, 2005.

Abstract: The most significant problem in the design of wireless sensor networks is to coordinate the sensors with dynamism into a wireless communication network and route sensed data to the base station. The energy efficiency is the most important key point of the network routing designing. This paper presents the efficient multi hop routing algorithm to extend the lifetime of sensor networks and focuses by employing six sigma principles to obtain the Quality of Service. To attain QoS support, we have to find either a route to assure the application requirements or offering network response to the application when the requirements cannot be met.

Keywords: Wireless Sensor Networks, Multi hop routing, six sigma, QoS.

[1] Gandhiyavendhan.S, S.V.Manisekaran, ―An analysis to Coverage in Hybrid Mobile Sensor Networks using Six Sigma, International Journal of Advanced Engineering and Application, Issue 01. pp 25-27, January 2010.

[2] Du, Keming Yang, Yahui, ―A QoS Routing for Maximum Bandwidth in Ad Hoc Networks , Second International Conference on Future Networks, pp 343 – 345, January 2010.

[3] Lei Chen and Wendi B. Heinzelman ,"QoS-Aware Routing Based on Bandwidth Estimation for Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, IEEE journal on selected areas in communications, vol. 23, no. 3, march 2005.

[4] Aniket Malvankar, Ming Yu and Kin K. Leung ,A Dynamic clustering and Energy Efficient Routing Technique for Sensor Networks, IEEE transactions on wireless communications,vol.6, no. 8, 2007.

[5] Choi, Seong-Yong Kim, Jin-Su Lee, Jung-Hyun Rim, Kee-Wook, REDM: Robust and Energy Efficient Dynamic Routing for a Mobile Sink in a Multi Hop Sensor Network", Second InternationalConference on Communication Software and Networks, pp 178 – 182, February 2010.

[6] Jian Wen, Min Yu ,Wen-Wen Huang and Ya-Li Peng ―Energy- Efficient Multi-hop Hierarchical Routing Protocol for Wireless Sensor Networks , International Conference on Networks Security, Wireless Communications and Trusted Computing, pp 469 – 472, 2009.

[7] Binod Kumar Pattanayak, Manoj Kumar Mishra Alok Kumar Jagadev, Dr. Manoj Ranjan Nayak, A Cluster-based QoS Support To Bandwidth Preservation With Concept Of Survivability In Multi-hop Mobile Ad Hoc Networks, Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and Computer Science , Vol. 1, October 2009.

[8] Bo Rong, Yi Qian, Kejie Lu, and Rose Qingyang Hu, Enhanced QoS Multicast Routing in Wireless Mesh Networks,IEEE Transactions on wireless communications, vol. 7, no. 6, june 2008.

[9] Aisha-Hassan A. Hashim , Mohammad M. Qabajeh, Othman Khalifa and Liana Qabajeh, Review of Multicast QoS Routing Protocols forMobile Ad Hoc Networks, International Journal of Computer Science and Network Security, VOL.8 No.12, December 2008.

[10] Nur Idawati Md Enzai , Farhat Anwar and Zeldi Suryady ,―Analyzing the Effect of HELLO Messages in QoS-AODV, proceedings of the international conference on Electrical engineering and informatics institute teknologi bandung , Indonesia june 17-19,2007.

Abstract: In this paper we present the feature extraction based estimation of rain fall by cross correlating cloud RADAR Data. The idea is to select a square box of around 200x200 pixels around the point of interest and take the cross correlation between the last picture and one that is 5 or 10 minutes older. We then determine the wind direction and speed by finding the highest point in the correlation. Last step is to interpolate the data acquired in a tagged format to the latest data in the up-wind direction to get a prediction for the near future. The basic principle works, but it is hard to get a good estimate of the wind direction.

Keywords – Feature Extraction, Cross correlation, Rain Fall, RADAR, Image Processing.

[1]. J. Xu, "Contented Based Image Retrieval System Design and Implementation," 2004.
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[3]. M. Heidt, T. Dörnemann, K. Dörnemann, and B. Freisleben, "Omnivore: Integration of Grid Meta-Scheduling and Peer-to-Peer Technologies," in 2008 Eighth IEEE International Symposium on Cluster Computing and the Grid (CCGRID), 2008, pp. 316-323.
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Abstract: Wireless communications is the fastest growing segment of the communications industry. Everyone wants the quality of services anytime & anywhere. Wireless networks can integrate various heterogeneous radio access technologies as GSM, WLAN, Wimax etc. WiMAX is an IP based, wireless broadband access technology that provides performance similar to 802.11/Wi-Fi networks with the coverage and QOS (quality of service) of cellular networks. WiMAX is also an acronym meaning "Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX). The main promise of interconnecting these heterogeneous networks is to provide high performance in achieving a high data rate and support real time applications. These services require various networks (such as CDMA2000 and Wireless LAN) to be integrated into IP-based networks, which further require a seamless vertical handoff to 4th generation wireless networks. When a mobile host (MH) changes its point of attachment, its IP address gets changed. MH should be able to maintain all the existing connections using the new IP address. This process of changing a connection from one IP address to another one in IP network is called handoff. Vertical handoff is switching from one network to another while maintaining the session. Vertical Handoff (VHO) is a major concern for different heterogeneous networks. VHO can be user requested or based on some criteria already designed by the researcher of that particular algorithm. The main objective is to implement efficient & effective handoff scheme between two heterogeneous network ie. 802.11 WLAN & CDMA.

Keywords - CDMA , 4G, Vertical Handoff, WLAN

[1]. M. Stemm and R. Katz, "Vertical handoffs in wireless overlay networks," ACM Mobile Networking(MONET) Special Issue on Mobile Networking in the Internet, vol. 3, no. 4, no. 4, p. 335350,1998.
[2]. Bradley Mitchell; "Wireless Standards 802.11b, 802.11a, 802.11g and 802.11n"
[3]. Dayou Quan, Cavendish, Ting Wang, "WIMAX Services over Transport Networks", NEC, USA.
[4]. Sun Wireless, "All IP Wireless, All the Time – Building a 4th generation wireless network with open systems solutions". Availableat :http://research.sun.com/features/4g_wireless/
[5]. Mandeep Kumar Gondara,"Requirements of Vertical Handoff Mechanism in 4G Wireless Networks" in International Journal of Wireless & Mobile Networks,April 2011
[6]. Hyosoon Park, Sunghoon Yoon, Taehyoun Kim , Jungshin Park, Misun Do, and Jaiyong Lee "Vertical Handoff Procedure And Algorithm Between IEEE 802.11 WLAN And CDMA Cellular Network".2003
[7]. Richa Agarwal and Inderjeet Kaur "Comparative Analysis Of Vertical Handoff In IEEE 802.11 WLAN And CDMA Network" August 2012
[8]. N. P. Singh and Brahmjit Singh "Improved Vertical Handover Decision Algorithm for UMTS-WLAN" December, 2011
[9]. Jang-Sub Kim, Erchin Serpedin "Handoff Triggering and Network Selection Algorithms for Load-Balancing Handoff in CDMA-WLAN Integrated Networks" 11 August 2008
[10]. R. Berezdivin, R. Breinig, and R. Topp, "Next- Generation Wireless Communications Concepts and Technologies," IEEE Communications Magazine, March 2002

Abstract: Palm vein authentication is a new and latest biometric method utilizing the vein patterns inside one's palm for personal identity verification. Palm patterns are different for each person.and as they are hidden underneath the skin's surface,forgery is extremely difficult.Infrared light is used to capture an image of a palm that shows the vein patterns,which have various widths and brightness that change temporally as a result of fluctuations in the amount of blood in the vein,depending on temperature,physical conditions,etc.To robustly extract the precise details of the depicted veins, we developed a method of Anisotropic technique in cross-sectional profiles of a vein image.This method can extract the centrelines of the veins consistently without being affected by the fluctuations in vein width and brightness,so its pattern matching is highly accurate. This paper discusses the origins, feature extraction, technology,applications of palm vein authentication. The proposed system include: 1) Infrared palm images capture; 2) Detection of Region of Interest; 3) Palm vein extraction by Anisotropic filtering; 4) Matching. The experimental results demonstrate that the recognition rate using palm vein is good.

Index Terms- Palm vein, Liveness detection, Infrared palm images, Anisotropic filtering.

[1] Lin, C.L., Fan, K.C.: Biometric Verification Using Thermal Images of Palm-Dorsa Vein Patterns. IEEE Transactions on Circuits and
Systems for Video Technology 14(2), 199– 213 (2004)
[2] Fan, K.C., Lin, C.L: The Using of Thermal Images of Palm-dorsa Vein-patterns for Biometric Verification.In: IEEE ICPR, IEEE
Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (2004)
[3] Yan, K.W., Zhang, Z.Y., Zhuang, D.: Hand Vein Recognition Based on Multi Supplemental Features of Multi -Classifier Fusion
Decision. In: IEEE ICMA, IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (2006)
[4] Wang, L., Graham, L.: Near- and Far- Infrared Imaging for Vein Pattern Biometrics. In: IEEE ICAVSS, IEEE Computer Society
Press, Los Alamitos (2006)
[5] Toh, K., Eng, A.H.L., Choo, Y.S., Cha, Y.L., Yau, W.Y., Low, K.S.: Identity Verification Through Palm Vein and Crease Texture .
In: IEEE ICB, pp. 546–553. IEEE Computer Society Press, Los Alamitos (2006)
[6] Zhang, D., Kong, W.K., You, J., Wong, M.: Online Palmprint Identification. IEEE Trans. on Pattern Analysis and Machine
Intelligence 25(9), 1041–1050 (2003)
[7] Chaudhuri, S., Chatterjee, S., Katz, N., Nelson, M., Goldbaum, M.: Detection of blood vessels in retinal images using twodimensional
matched filters. IEEE Trans. on Medical Imaging 8, 263–269 (1989)
[8] Hoover, A., Kouznetsova, V., Goldbaum, M.: Locating blood vessels in retinal images by piecewise threshold probing of a matched
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[9] Bao, P., Zhang, L.: Noise Reduction for Magnetic Resonance Image via Adaptive Multiscale Products Thresholding. IEEE Trans. on
Medical Imaging 22, 1089–1099 (2003)
[10] Bao, P., Zhang, L., Wu, X.L.: Canny Edge Detection Enhancement by Scale Multiplication. IEEE Trans. Pattern Analysis and
Machine Intelligence 27(9) (2005)

Abstract: A monopole antenna is a type of radio antenna formed by replacing one half of a dipole antenna with a ground plane at right-angles to the remaining half. Monopoles may be used from a few hundred KHz through several GHz in frequency and are commonly one-quarter of a wave length long, but may be shorter or longer. Monopole antennas exhibit high gain and improved efficiency in a surprisingly small package. Monopole antenna can be designed to exhibit wideband capabilities. The different available monopole antennas are dual band printed monopole antenna, cross-slot monopole antenna, U-shaped monopole antenna, triangular shaped monopole antenna and a wideband monopole antenna. This paper deals with the comparison obtained from the results such as return loss, VSWR, current distribution, and the radiation pattern of simple U-shaped and complete monopole antenna.

Keywords- CPW, CST, FR4, LAN, WiMAX

[1] Constantine A. Ballanis "Antenna theory –analysis and design" second edition, John wiley & son's .inc.

[2] L. Setian, "Practical Communication Antennas with Wireless Applications", Prentice Hall PTR, New Jersey: 1998.

[3] E.D. Caswell, W.A. Davis, and W.L. Stutzman, "Fundamental Limits on Antenna Size," Artech House, Boston: 1992.

[4] Girish Kumar and K P Ray "Broadband micro strip antennas" by, Artech House antennas and propagation library.

[5] C. Y. Pan, T. S. Horng, W. S. Chen, and C. H. Huang, "Dual wideband printed monopole antenna for WLAN/WiMAX applications," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 6, pp.149–151, 2007.

[6] Design of Dual-band CPW-fed cross-slot monopole antenna for WLAN operation" was presented in IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett.,, vol,. 6, 2008.

[7] Qing-Xin Chu and Liang-Hua Ye "A compact dual-frequency antenna with triangular ring monopole and U-shaped sleeves", European microwave conference, 2009.

[8] Y.T. Lo, D. Solomon, "Theory and Experiment on Microstrip Antennas," IEEE Trans. Ant. Prop., vol. AP-27, no. 2, March 1989, pp. 137-145.

[9] Qing-Xin Chu and Liang-Hua Ye "Desig dual-wideband antenna for WLAN/WIMAX applications ," IEEE Trans.Antenna Propag., VOL. 58, NO. 12, Dec 2010.

Abstract: Antennas used for early portable wireless handheld devices were the so-called whip antennas. The quarter-wavelength whip antenna was very popular, mostly because it is simple and convenient. It has an Omni-directional pattern in the plane of the earth when held upright and a gain satisfying the device's specifications. New antenna designs have appeared on radios with lower profile than the whip antenna and without significantly reducing performance. These include the quarter-wavelength helical antenna and the "stubby" helical antenna, which is the shortest antenna available. In recent years, the demand for compact handheld communication devices has grown significantly. Devices smaller than palm size have appeared in the market. Antenna size is a major factor that limits device miniaturization. In the past few years, new designs based on the Planar Inverted-F Antenna (PIFA) and Microstrip Antennas (MSA) have been popular for handheld wireless devices because these antennas have a low profile geometry instead of protruding as most antennas do on handheld radios. Conventional PIFAs and MSAs are compact, with a length that is approximately a quarter to a half of the wavelength. These antennas can be further optimized by adding new parameters in the design, such as strategically shaping the conductive plate, or judiciously locating loads

Keywords- CPW,CST, PIFA, MSA,LAN, WiMAX

[1] Constantine A. Ballanis "Antenna theory –analysis and design" second edition, John wiley&son's .inc.

[2] Qing-Xin Chu and Liang-Hua Ye "Desig dual-wideband antenna for WLAN/WIMAX applications ," IEEE Trans.AntennaPropag., VOL. 58, NO. 12, Dec 2010

[3] Q. X. Chu and Y. Y. Yang , "A compact ultra wideband antenna with 3.4/5.5GHz dual band-notched characteristics," IEEE Trans.AntennaPropag., vol. 56, no. 12, pp. 3637-3644, 2008.

[4] H. D. Chen and H. T. Chen, "A CPW-fed dual-frequency monopole antenna," IEEE Trans.AntennaPropag., vol. 52, no. 4, pp.978-982,Apr. 2004.

[5] C. Y. Pan, T. S. Horng, W. S. Chen, and C. H. Huang, "Dual wideband printed monopole antenna for WLAN/WiMAX applications," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 6, pp.149–151, 2007.

[6] Design of Dual-band CPW-fed cross-slot monopole antenna for WLAN operation" was presented in IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett.,,vol,. 6, 2008.

[7] Qing-Xin Chu and Liang-Hua Ye "A compact dual-frequency antenna with triangular ring monopole and U-shaped sleeves", European microwave conference, 2009.

[8] Y.T. Lo, D. Solomon, "Theory and Experiment on Microstrip Antennas," IEEETrans. Ant. Prop., vol. AP-27, no. 2, March 1989, pp. 137-145..

[9] L. Setian, "Practical Communication Antennas with Wireless Applications", Prentice Hall PTR, New Jersey: 1998.

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Abstract: The main cause of eye diseases in the working human is Diabetic retinopathy. Eye disease can be prevented if detects early. The extraction of blood vessels from retinal images is an essential and challenging task in medical diagnosis and analysis. This paper describes the effective and efficient extraction of blood vessels from retinal image by using Kirsch's templates. The Kirsch's edge operators detect the edges using eight filters, generated by the compass rotation mechanism. The method is used to automatic detection of landmark features of the fundus, such as the optic disc, fovea and blood vessels.

Keywords: —Diabetic retinopathy, Retinal image, Oculist

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Abstract: In this paper, a multi slotted microstrip patch antenna design has been proposed. The characteristics of the antenna are obtained in terms of return loss, gain and bandwidth. It is observed that the new proposed configuration can operate in three different frequency bands with a good amount of bandwidth i.e. bandwidth of 21.12% at 1.1GHz frequency band, bandwidth of 11.65% at 2.11 GHz and bandwidth of 13.05% at 2.76GHz frequency band . The resonating behavior in different frequency bands makes this antenna structure suitable for different types of applications with an antenna gain of 6.163dBi and antenna efficiency of 86.82%.The substrate material with relative permittivity of 4.2 and loss tangent of 0.0013 is used in this proposed antenna. The designing and simulation of the antenna structure is done over IE3D simulation software version 15.02.

Keywords: Ground plane, Multi slotted, Patch Antenna, Triple band

[1]. Yang, S. L. S., A. A. Kishk, and K. F. Lee, \Frequency reconfigurable U-slot microstrip patch antenna," IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., Vol. 7, 127{129, 2008.
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Abstract: In the present study, innovative idea of touchpad controlled vehicle and its real life implication is described. Generally in such system touchpad is interfaced with ADC [0808/MCP 3208] which gives the coordinates of the points touch by the user on touchpad. But in this research work Programmable Intercombination Circuit (PIC) [18F4550/18C4550] is used purposefully instead of ADC as input signal were in analog which required converting into digital signal. PIC can be used to interface touchpad and also perform serial port programming far better than ADC. PIC gives output to 8051 microcontroller which uses keil software program in C for input and output programming. Test drive was done to crosscheck the performance of touchpad as well as vehicle and it was observed that car was running at corresponding given location directed by touchpad at al instants.

Keywords - Touch screen, PIC 18F4550, Motor driverL293D, RF Transmitter & Receiver, Keil software.

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