iosr-JECE   Volume-7 ~ Issue-2

Abstract: Normally fire detection system uses the heuristic fixed threshold values in their specific methods. However, input images may be changed, in general, so the heuristic fixed threshold values used in the fire detection systems might be modified on a case by case basis. In this paper, an automatic fire detection system without the heuristic fixed threshold values was studied. We presented an automatic method using the statistical color model and the binary background mask. We did the experiment using 600 frames from 6 typical different fire video clips. As the experimental results the proposed method showed a good performance of about average 85% detection rate without false positive, compared with the other methods with the heuristic fixed threshold values.

Keywords: Emperical value,Fire detection,RGB,threshold,sensors

[1] Korean National Emergency Management Agency, Analysis Report of Fire Occurrence in January in 2007, 2007.

[2] Podrzaj and H. Hashimoto, "Intelligent Space as a Framework for Fire detection and Evaluation," Fire Technology, 2007.

[3] T.-H.(C.-H.) Chen, P.-H. Wu, and Y.-C. Chiou, "An Early Fire-Detection Method Based on Image Processing," International Conference on Image Processing, pp. 1707-1710, 2004.

[4] B.-M. Lee and Dongil Han, "Real-Time Fire Detection Using Camera Sequence Image in Tunnel Environment," Proceedings of ICIC, vol. 4681, pp. 1209-1220, 2007.

[5] T. Celik, H. Demirel, H. Ozkaramanli, and M. Uyguroglu, "Fire Detection using Statistical Color Model in Video Sequences," Journal of Visual Communication & Image Representation, vol. 18, pp.176-185,2007.

[6] I. Kopilovic, B. Vagvolgyi, and T. Sziranyi, "Application of Panoramic Annular Lens for Motion Analysis Tasks: Surveillance and Smoke Detection," Proceedings of the International Conference on Pattern Recognition, 2000.

[7] B.U. Toreyin, Y. Deleoglu, U. Gudukbay, and A.E. Cetin, "Computer Vision Based Method for Real-time Fire Detection," Pattern Recognition Letter, vol. 27, pp. 49-58, 2006.

[8] Darko Stipanicev, Tomislav Vuko, Damir Krstinic, Maja Stula and Ljiljana Bodrozic, "Forest Fire Protection byAdvanced Video Detection System - Croatian Experiences,"Workshop on Improvement of Disaster Management Systems - local and global trends Trogir : RCADR Divulje ,2006.

Abstract: Network on Chip has emerged as new paradigm for the system designers to design an on chip interconnection network. However, NOC presents a large amount of array of design parameters and decision that are sometimes difficult to tackle. Apart from these issues NOC presents a framework of communication for complex SOC and has been widely accepted by the industries and academia's. Today all the complex VLSI circuitry which requires an on chip communication between them are the part of NOC. The mature concepts of communication network such as routing algorithm, switching technique, flow and congestion control etc in the NOC are the important features on which the performance of NOC depends. This paper introduces the efficient source routing algorithm which generates the minimum hop from source to destination. Performance of NOC network in terms of latency and throughput for minimum hop source routing algorithm is also evaluated.

Keywords: Network on chip, routing algorithm, topology, traffic.

[1] Wang Zhang, Ligang Hou, Jinhui Wang, Shuqin Geng, Wuchen Wu in "Comparison Research between XY and Odd-Even Routing Algorithm of a 2-D 3X3 Mesh topology Network-on-Chip.

[2] Ge-Ming Chiu "The Odd Even Turn Model for Adaptive Routing" in IEEE Transaction on Parallel and Distributed System, Vol.11 No.7, July 2012.

[3] Andres Mejia, Maurizio Palesi, Jose Flich, Shashi Kumar "Region Based Routing: A Mechanism to Support Efficient Routing Algorithms in NOCs" in IEEE Transactions on VLSI System, Vol.17, No.3, March 2009.

[4] Haibo Zhu,Partha Pratim Pande, Cristian Grecu in "Performance Evaluation of Adaptive Routing Algorithms for achieving Fault Tolerance in NoC Fabrics" in IEEE transaction 2007. [5] Wei Luo and Dong Xiang "An Efficient Adaptive Deadlock Free Routing Algorithm for Torus Networks", in IEEE Transaction on Parallel And Distributed System, Vol. 23 No.5,May 2012.

[6] Ran Manevich et al. in "Centralized Adaptive Routing for NoCs" IEEE Computer Architecture Letters, Vol. 9, NO. 2, July-December 2010.

[7] Jose Flich and Jose Duato in "Logic Based Distributed Routing for NoCs" in IEEE Computer Architecture Letter, Vol.7, No. 1, January-June 2008.

[8] Lalit Kishore Arora, Rajkumar "Simulation and Analysis of Packet loss in Mesh Interconnection Networks" National Conference on Development of Reliable Information Systems, Techniques and Related Issues (DRISTI) 2012 Proceedings published in International Journal of Computer Applications® (IJCA) .

[9] M. Mirza-Aghatabar+,S.Koohi+, S. Hessabi*, M. Pedram†An "Empirical Investigation of Mesh and Torus NoC Topologies Under Different Routing Algorithms and Traffic Models" Sharif University of Technology, Tehran, Iran,

[10] Kanchan Manna, Santanu Chattopadhayay and Indranil Sen Gupta "Energy and Performance Evaluation of a Dimension Order Routing Algorithm for Mesh-of-Tree based Networks-on –Chip Architecture" in Annual IEEE India Conference 2010.

Abstract: In this paper, a highly area-efficient multiplier-less FIR filter is presented. Distributed Arithmetic (DA) has been used to implement a bit-serial scheme of a general asymmetric version of an FIR filter, taking optimal advantage of the 3-input LUT-based structure of FPGAs. The implementation of FIR filters on FPGA based on traditional arithmetic method costs considerable hardware resources, which goes against the decrease of circuit scale and the increase of system speed. This paper presents the realization of area efficient architectures using Distributed Arithmetic (DA) for implementation of Finite Impulse Response (FIR) filter. The performance of the bit-serial and bit parallel DA along with pipelining architecture with different quantized versions are analyzed for FIR filter Design. Distributed Arithmetic structure is used to increase the resource usage while pipeline structure is also used to increase the system speed. In addition, the divided LUT method is also used to decrease the required memory units. However, according to Distributed Arithmetic, we can make a Look-Up-Table (LUT) to conserve the MAC values and callout the values according to the input data if necessary. Therefore, LUT can be created to take the place of MAC units so as to save the hardware resources. The simulation results indicate that FIR filters using Distributed Arithmetic can work stable with high speed and can save almost 50 percent hardware resources to decrease the circuit scale, and can be applied to a variety of areas for its great flexibility and high reliability. This method not only reduces the LUT size, but also modifies the structure of the filter to achieve high speed performance.

Keywords: DSP, Digital Filters, FIR , FPGA, MAC, Distributed Arithmetic(DA),Divided LUT, pipeline

[1]. Partrick Longa, Ali Miri, "Area-Efficient Fir Filter Design on FPGAs using Distributed Arithmetic" IEEE International Symposium on Signal Processing and Information Technology, pp:248-252,2006
[2]. Sangyun Hwang, Gunhee Han,Sungho Kang, Jaeseok Kim, "New Distributed Arithmetic Algorithm for Low-Power FIR Filter Implementation", IEEE Signal Processing Letters, Vol.11, No5, pp:463-466,May, 2004.
[3]. Heejong Yoo, David V.Anderson, "Hardware-Efficient Distributed Arithmetic Architecture For High-order Digital Filters", IEEE International Conference on Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, Vol.5,pp: 125-128,March,2005
[4]. Wangdian, Xingwang Zhuo "Digital Systems Applications and Design Based On Verilog HDL", Beijin: National Defence Industry press, 2006.
[5]. McClellan , J.H. Parks, T.W. Rabiner, L.R. "A computer program for designing optimum FIR linear phase digital filters":. IEEE Trans. Audio Electroacoust. Vol. 21, No.6, pp:506-526, 1973. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/instruction_pipeline
[6]. Httl://cse.stanford.edu/class/sophomore-college/projects-00/risc/pipelining/index.html we Meyer-Baese.Digital signal processing with FPGA[M].Beijing:Tsinghua University Press,2006:50~51
[7]. Tsao Y C and Choi K. Area-Efficient Parallel FIR Digital Filter Structures for Symmetric Convolutions Based on Fast FIR Algorithm [J]. IEEE Transactions on Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) Systems, 2010,PP(99):1~5.
[8]. Chao Cheng and Keshab K Parhi. Low-Cost Parallel FIR Filter Structures With 2-Stage Parallelism[J].IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I:Regular,2007,54(2):280~290.
[9]. Tearney G J and Bouma B E. Real-Time FPGA Processing for High-Speed Optical Frequency Domain Imaging [J].IEEE Transactions on Medical Imaging, 2009,28(9):1468~1472.

Abstract: The paper presents design of U-shaped partial cavity which backs a 1½ turn helical antenna. The antenna is operating between C-Ku bands. Various selective resonant bands are achieved by varying the orientation of helix with respect to the walls inside the designed cavity and thus making the design reconfigurable in nature. The antenna has a highest bandwidth of 2.77 GHz and a peak gain of 10.8 dB.

Keywords: U-shaped partial cavity, 1½ turn helix, re-configurability, Power handling, Helix rotation.

[1] Dechun Zhao, Xiaorong Hou, Xing Wang, Chenglin Peng, "Miniaturization Design of the Antenna for Wireless Capsule Endoscope", 4th International Conference Bioinformatics and Biomedical Engineering, pp. 1-4, 2010.
[2] C. C. Kilgus, "Multielement, fractional turn helices," IEEE Transaction on Antennas Propagation, vol. AP-16, no. 4, pp. 499–500,1968.
[3] Xiang. Qiang Li, Qing. Xiang Liu, Xiao. Jiang Wu, Liu Zhao, Jian. Qiong Zhang, Zheng. Quan Zhang, "A GW Level High-Power Radial Line Helical Array Antenna", IEEE Transaction on Antennas Propagation, vol. 56, pp. 2943- 2948, 2008.
[4] Takacs, A. Fonseca, N.J.G. Aubert, "Height Reduction of the Axial-Mode Open-Ended Quadrifilar Helical Antenna", IEEE Antenna and Wireless Propagation Electronics Letters, vol.9, pp. 942 – 945, 2010.

Abstract: One of the drawback of multicarrier code division multiple access (MC CDMA) is the high peak to average power ratio (PAPR). In this paper A novel scheme based on pulse shaping described for PAPR reduction. Here three different pulse shaping filters (Raised cosine, Sinc power pulse and Nyqist pulse) are described for PAPR reduction in MC CDMA system. The method is based on the proper selection of the pulses for shaping the different sub carriers of the MC CDMA modulation scheme. It is shown by computer simulation that the scheme achieves the significant improvement in PAPR reduction in MC CDMA system. Its implementation complexity is much low in comparison to the previous published methods. Thus pulse shaping technique can be used not only to shape the spectrum of the transmitted signal but also to reduce its PAPR. In computer simulation It is observed that by using nyquist pulse near about 6.8 db PAPR is obtained. Which is considerable PAPR reduction than a PAPR value of Original MC CDMA signal Keywords: MC CDMA, PAPR, PULSE SHAPING, BPSK

[1] Lin Yang, Mingli You and Jun Li," Optimized Spreading Code Reallocation Technique for PAPR Reduction in MC-CDMA systems," IEEE conference,pp.1-6, 2009.

[2] B.Sarala and D.S.Venkateswarulu, "MC CDMA PAPR Reduction Techniques Using Discrete Transforms and Companding", International journal of Distributed and Parallel Systems volume 2,NOV. 2011.

[3] Montadar Abas Taher, JS Mandeep, Mahamod Ismail, Hussain Falih Mahdi, "A Novel Simple Algorithm to Enhance the Peak to Average Ratio of MC-CDMA System", IEEE conference, pp.324-326, 2011

[4] Zhang Chen, FU Yaowen, Zhang Eryang, "Peak-To-Average Power Ratio Reduction in OFDM SYSTEM using Nyquist Pulse Shaping Technique", IEEE International Symposium, vol. 2, pp.1522-1525, 2005.

[5] Zbynek Fedra, Vladimir Sebesta, "The new PAPR Reduction approach in MC CDMA", IEEE symposium, pp. 270-273, 2006.

[6] Jizeng Wang, Jingyu Luo, Yanlong Zhang, "A New Phase Sequence for SLM in MC-CDMA System", IEEE conference, pp. 938 - 941 , 2007.

[7] Aihua Wang ; Jianping An ; Zhongxia,, " PAPR Reduction for MC-CDMA System Based on ICSA and Hopfield Neural Network", IEEE conference, pp. 5068 - 5071, 2008.

[8] Hossein Rahmani and Naaser neda, "PAPR reduction in MC CDMA signal based on a modified phase approach", IEEE conference, pp. 5068 - 5071, 2009.

[9] R.Manjith, S.C.Ramesh, M.Mohamed Ismail Majeed, "R.Manjith, S.C.Ramesh, and M.Mohamed Ismail Majeed", IEEE conference, pp. 274 - 278 , 2010.

[10] Montadar Abas Taher, JS Mandeep, Mahamod Ismail, Hussain Falih Mahdi, "A novel simple algorithm to enhance the peak to average ratio of MC-CDMA system", IEEE conference, pp. 324 – 326 , 2011.

Abstract: Gear defects are a major reason for poor quality and of embarrassment for manufacturers. 0 Inspection processes done on these industries are mostly manual and time consuming. To reduce error on identifying gear defects requires more automotive and accurate inspection process. Considering this lacking, this research implements a Gear Defect Recognizer which uses computer vision methodology with the combination of local thresholding to identify possible defects. The recognizer identifies the gear defects within economical cost and produces less error prone inspection system in real time. In order to generate data set, primarily the recognizer captures digital gear images by image acquisition device and converts the RGB images into binary images by restoration process and local threshold techniques. Later, the outputs of the processed image are the area of the faulty portion and compute the possible defective and non -defective gear as an output. Detection of bad quality plastic gears is critical for any manufacturing unit trying to make a mark in the market in terms of quality standard and cost. Here we explore the possibility of using image segmentation and algorithms like non-smooth surface detection algorithms to automate the process of defect detection. In these plastics we have picked industrial strength plastic gears used typically in applications like robotic arms where quality in paramount for the functioning of the device. In this paper review of various gear defects and the possible automated solutions using image processing techniques for defect detection is given.

Keywords: Defect detection, image processing, computer vision, thresholding, counting number of teeth's.

[1] Amandeep Mavi, Mandeep Kaur,(2012) ―Identify defects in Plastic (gears) using Digital image processing -A Review
IRACST - International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology & Security (IJCSITS), ISSN: 2249-9555 Vol. 2, No.2, April 2012
[2] Alisha Tremaine (2005), ―Characterization of Internal Defects in Open Die Forgings‖ FIERF Grant Project for
Undergraduate Research November 17, 2005
[3] S. Kamaruddin, Zahid A. Khan and S. H. Foong(2010) ― Application of Taguchi Method in the Optimization of Injection
Moulding Parameters for Manufacturing Products from Plastic Blend ‖ IACSIT International Journal of Engineering and Technology, Vol.2, No.6, December 2010 ISSN: 1793-8236.
[4] B. Mrazovac, M. Z. Bjelica, I. Papp, N. Teslic, "Smart Audio/Video Playback Control Based On Presence Detection And User Localization In Home Environment", In Proceedings Of Ecbs-Eerc 2011, Full-Paper, Bratislava, Slovakia 2011, Pp. 44-53
[5] www.enggpapers.com.

Abstract: Bit losses in erasure channels like computer networks are of great concern. The existing methods to combat bit losses are either inefficient or time consuming due to the retransmission protocols involved. Through this paper, we propose a Modified Luby Transform (MLT) coding scheme to efficiently transmit data over live computer networks. The MLT code can combat bit losses as well as eliminate the need for retransmission. The usability and reliability of the proposed MLT code is verified by testing it on a live computer network.

Keywords : Erasure channel, Fountain Codes, Luby Transform Codes , Wired Networks, Wireless Networks

[1] D.J.C. MacKay, Fountain codes, Capacity Approaching Codes Design and Implementation Special Section, IEEE Proceedings - Communication Vol.152, No. 6, December 2005
[2] Luby, "LT codes," in FOCS: IEEE Symposium on Foundations of Computer Science (FOCS), 2002.
[3] A. Shokrollahi, "Raptor codes," IEEE Transactions on Information Theory, vol. 52, no. 6, pp. 2551–2567, 2006.
[4] Khaldoun Al Agha, Nour KADI, Ivan Stojmenovic, Fountain Codes with XOR of Encoded Packets for Broadcasting and source independent backbone in Multi-hop Networks using Network Coding, Vehicular Technology Conference, 2009. VTC Spring 2009. IEEE 69th
[5] E. L. Li, R. Ramjee, M. M. Buddhikot, and S. C. Miller, "Network coding-based broadcast in mobile ad-hoc networks," in INFOCOM. IEEE, 2007, pp. 1739–1747. [Online]. Available: http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/INFCOM.2007.203
[6] N. Kadi and K. A. Agha, "Optimized MPR-Based Flooding in Wireless Ad Hoc Network using Network Coding," in IFIP/IEEE Wireless days‟08. Dubai, UAE: IEEE Explorer, November 2008.
[7] R. Kumar and A. Paul and U. Ramachandran, "Fountain broadcast for wireless networks," in IEEE Int. Workshop on Network Sensing Systems, San Diego, USA, 2005.

Abstract: This paperdevelops an understanding of creating and improving the design of microstripantenna by the performance analysis of resultsfromitsvarious configurationsrelating to rectangular patch microstripantenna. Furthermore, itaccommodates a simulated patch antennawith effective results for bluetooth applicationsatafrequency of 2.4GHz. The proposed antenna is not only designed on the formulated calculations but also analyzed on different sizes, positions and orientations of substrate, feeding point and slots respectively. Propagation parameters are greatly improved by amendments suggested by the analysis of the variation based studies provided by this paper. The initial resultsobtained using formulae based designs are compared with the ameliorated results to illustrate the effects of such variations on antenna parameters. The final antenna show significantly improved return losses of -46.7dB, VSWR of 1.0093, Bandwidth of 180MHz and a far field radiation pattern with a gain of 2.2782dB. The Antenna designed is optimized and interpreted with Ansoft HFSS 13.0 simulator.

Keywords: Bluetooth, rectangular patch antenna, feedpoint, trial and error method, slot orientation, wide bandwidth.

[1] Kai-Fong Lee, Fellow IEEE, and Kin-Fai Tong, Member IEEE, "Patch Antennas Basic Characteristics and Some Recent Advances",Vol. 100, No. 7, July 2012 Proceedings of the IEEE.

[2] M. M. Abd-Elrazzak, Member, IEEE, and Ibrahim S. AI-Nomay"A Design of a Circular Microstrip Patch Antenna for Bluetooth and HIPERLAN Applications",The 9th Asia-Pacific conference on Communications, Malaysia, APCC 2003.

[3] Linxi Zhang, Qi Zhang, Chufeng Hu "The Influence of Dielectric Constant on Bandwidth ofU-notch Microstrip Patch Antenna",Proceedings of 2010 IEEE International Conference on Ultra-Wideband (ICUWB2010),978-1-4244-5306-1/10©2010 IEEE. [4] T.S.P. See and ZhiNing Chen,"Design of Broadband Dual-Polarization Stacked Antennas for Bluetooth Applications".ICCS 2002.

[5] OmidHoseiniIzadi, MandanaMehrparvar, "A Compact Slot Antenna With Novel E- shaped Coupling Aperture", 5thInternational Symposium on Telecommunications (IST'2010).

[6] Mark S. Reese, Constantine A. Balanis, and Craig R. Birtcher,"Design of a Stacked Patch Antenna Using HFSS".

[7] W. Swelam, "Triple-Band T-Shape Patch Antenna with Slotted Ground Plane for PCS, UMTS and Bluetooth Communication Systems".

[8] Constantine A. Balanis. "Antennas Theory - Analysis and Design".3rdEdition.JohnWiley&Sons, Inc, 1997.

[9] Shu Yan and Qing Zhang, "A Novel Dual- Frequency and Dual-polarized Antenna array for wireless sensor networks GPRS module of Cluster Nodes", ICCSP-'12.

Abstract: this paper presents an application of system which monitors the condition of patients or an aged person continuously using WSN technology. E-Health monitoring system is integrated with medical sensor and small computing devices to communicate between medical centre and Patient. This system automatically alerts the medical centre in case of Emergency or if patient needs immediate Doctor Attention. Such an approach reduces the routine rounds of medical personal and allows them to concentrate on other important duties.

Keywords: Medical Sensors, E-Health Monitoring, Algorithm for E-Health monitoring, EHMS.

[1] Terrance J. Dishongh, Michael McGrath (2010) Wireless sensor Network for Healthcare Application [Online] available from < http://site.ebrary.com/lib/coventry/docDetail.action?docID=10359069> [5th May 2013].
[2] Tessa DANIEL, Elena GAURA (2008) Information Extraction from Large Scale WSN's: Approach and Research Issue [Online] available from < http://wwwm. Coventry.ac.uk/researchnet/cogentcomputing/research/Documents/P_296.pdf> [6th May 2013].
[3] Anon (n.d) Publish and Subscribe Pattern [Online] available from < http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Publish/subscribe > [6th May 2013].
[4] David Tam, Reza Azimi and Hans-Arno Jacobsen (n.d) Building content based System with Distributed Hash Tables [Online] available from < http://www.eecg.toronto.edu/~tamda/dht/dht.pdf > [6th May 2013].
[5] Anon (n.d) Gumstix [Online] available from <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumstix > [15 May 2013].
[6] Anon (n.d) Windows CE Solution [Online] available from <http://wiki.gumstix.org/index.php?title=Windows_CE_solution> [15 May 2013].
[7] Gumstix (n.d) Product Overview [Online] available from < https://www.gumstix.com/store/product_info.php?products_id=226 > [15 May 2013].
[8] OpenEmbedded (n.d) OpenEmbedded [Online] available from < http://www.openembedded.org/wiki/Main_Page > [15 May 2013].
[9] Gumstix (n.d) Software [Online] available from < https://www.gumstix.com/software.html > [15 May 2013].

Abstract: Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) is a spread spectrum technique that uses neither frequency channels nor time slots. With CDMA, the narrow band message (typically digitized voice data) is multiplied by a large bandwidth signal that is a pseudo random noise code (PN code). All users in a CDMA system use the same frequency band and transmit simultaneously. The transmitted signal is recovered by correlating the received signal with the PN code used by the transmitter. The DS - CDMA is expected to be the major medium access technology in the future mobile systems owing to its potential capacity enhancement and the robustness against noise. The CDMA is uniquely featured by its spectrum-spreading randomization process employing a pseudo-noise (PN) sequence, thus is often called the spread spectrum multiple access (SSMA). As different CDMA users take different PN sequences, each CDMA receiver can discriminate and detect its own signal, by regarding the signals transmitted by other users as noise- like interferences. In this project direct sequence principle based CDMA transmitter and receiver is implemented in VHDL for FPGA. Modelsim 6.2(MXE) tool will be used for functional and logic verification at each block. The Xilinx synthesis technology (XST) of Xilinx ISE 9.2i tool will be used for synthesis of transmitter and receiver on FPGA Spartan 3E.

Keywords: CDMA, DSSS, BPSK, GOLD code.

[1]. B. Sreedevi, V. Vijaya, CH. Kranthi Rekh, Rama Valupadasu, B. RamaRao Chunduri, "FPGA implementation of DSSS-CDMA transmitter and receiver for Adhoc Networks." IEEE Symposium on computers and informatics 2011.
[2]. Shahraki, A.S.; Nabavi, A, "Implementation of GSM and IS-95 equalizers on a reconfigurable architecture for software radio systems, Circuits and Systems for communications 2008 ,Publication Year: 2008 , Page(s): 336 – 339.
[3]. M.Habib Ullah, Akhmad Unggul Priantoro, M.Jasim Uddin, "Design and Construction of Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum CDMA Transmitter and Receiver" Proceedings of 11th International Conference on Computer and Information Technology (ICCIT 2008)
[4]. Jeffrey G.Andrews, "Interference Cancellation for Cellular Systems: A Contemporary Overview", IEEE Wireless Communications Magazine, Apr. 2005.
[5]. Ashwin Sampath, Joseph S. Kaufman, , Muralidharan S. Kodialam, , and Kenneth C. Budka,, " Performance Analysis of Call Assignment and Carrier Packing Schemes for TDMA Systems", IEEE Transactions On Vehicular Technology, vol. 52, no. 6, November 2003
[6]. R. Derryberry, S. Gray, "Transmit Diversity in 3G CDMA Systems". IEEE Communication Magazine, pp 68-75, April 2002.
[7]. David Tse , "Multiuser Diversity in Wireless Networks.", Stanford University ,April , 2001.
[8]. S. Bisada H. Baraka A. Abdelwahab and M. El Sherif "A Software Radio Architecture For CDMA IS-95-based Dual Mode Mobile

Abstract: For enhancing an image various enhancement schemes are used which includes gray scale manipulation, filtering and Histogram Equalization, Where Histogram equalization is one of the well known image enhancement technique. It became a popular technique for contrast enhancement because it is simple and effective. The basic idea of Histogram Equalization method is to remap the gray levels of an image. Here using morphological segmentation we can get the segmented image. Morphological reconstruction is used to segment the image. Comparative analysis of different enhancement and segmentation will be carried out. This comparison will be done on the basis of subjective and objective parameters. Subjective parameter is visual quality and objective parameters are Area, Perimeter, Min and Max intensity, Avg Voxel Intensity, Std Dev of Intensity, Eccentricity, Coefficient of skewness, Coefficient of Kurtosis, Median intensity, Mode intensity.

Keywords: Histogram Equalization, Segmentation, Morphological Reconstruction .

[1]. Rajesh Garang ,Bhavna Mittal, Sheetal Garg "Histogram Equalization Techniques For Image Enhancement" ,IJECT vol.
2,Issue1,march2011.
[2]. H. Hassanpour* and S. Asadi Amiri , "Image Quality Enhancement Using Pixel-Wise Gamma Correction Via Svm Classifier'' September
14, 2011.
[3]. K. Ikeuchi; C. Schnörr; M. Hebert; C. Schmid,"International Journal of Computer Vision"ISSN: 0920-5691,Journal no. 11263.
[4]. Raman Maini and Himanshu Aggarwal,"A Comprehensive Review of Image Enhancement Techniques " JOURNAL OF
COMPUTING, VOLUME 2, ISSUE 3, MARCH 2010, ISSN 2151-9617
[5]. P.Nithyanandam, T.Ravichandran, N.M.Santron & E.Priyadarshini ,"A Spatial Domain Image Steganography Technique Based on
Matrix Embedding and Huffman Encoding" International Journal of Computer Science and Security (IJCSS), Volume (5) : Issue (5) :
2011.
[6]. Etta D.Pisano,Shuquan Zong, Bradley M.Hemminger,Marla DeLuca,R.Eugene Johnston,KeithMuller,M.Patricia Braeuning and
Stephen M.Pizer,"Contrast Limited Adaptive Histogram Equalization image processing to improve the detection of simulated
spiculations in dense mammograms"Journal of Digital Imaging November 1998, Volume 11, Issue 4, pp 193-200
[7]. Biplab Banerjee, Tanusree Bhattacharjee & Nirmalya Chowdhury "Color Image Segmentation Technique Using "Natural Grouping"
of Pixels"International Journal of Image Processing(IJIP), Volume(4): Issue(4).
[8]. David Valencia and Antonio Plaza,"efficient implementation of morphological opening and closing by reconstruction on multi-core
parallel systems",IEEE Xplore 2009,Page 1-4, E-ISBN : 978-1-4244-4687-2
[9]. www.mathworks.in.
[10]. www.mipav.cit.nih.gov