iosr-JECE   Volume-8 ~ Issue-1

Abstract: This case study cuts across the evaluation of the performance of the use of compact tubes in the University of Lagos hostel environment .Data were collected by means of questionnaires centralized basically on three major areas; the level of awareness of the students with compact fluorescent tube,the current Luminaire information data and finally,the beneficiary experiences and reactions to the retrofitting project of compact fluorescent lamps which has already been executed prior to the review on the evaluation.The latter of the three major areas of case study was solely based on perception of the students which could be affected by psychological,health and environmental factors.A chart of the evaluation of twenty questions in the questionnaire given to each student whose total population is over 500 in the environment of study was demonstrated. Project test duration is two hundred and fifty days. Also, an energy/cost audit calculation were carried out. We found out that about 3197kw-hr/ ₦41,145.39 can be saved by retrofitting the 36 watt fluorescent tube with CFL and about 45,662kw-hr/ ₦587,669.90 for the 60 watt incandescent fluorescent tubes to compact tubes per 120-rooms hostel at a unit cost of ₦12.87 per kw/hr. For effective application, we also calculated house hold use.

Key words: Compact, CFL, Fluorescent, Lamp, Naira

[1]. The Bureau Energy Efficiency (BEE);Documentation of best practice.Lighting Energy Efficiency project under Bachat Lamp Y ajonascheme; 2001;3-5
[2]. BolajiF.SuleKajogbola R AlaoHabeeb A AJIMOTOKAN Mohammed K Garba; Compact fluorescent lamps and electricity consumption trend in residential buildings in Ilorin, Nigeria",International Journal of Energy Sector Management;5(2);2011;162-168
[3]. United Nations Development Programme. Promoting Energy Efficiency in Residential and Public Sector in Nigeria; http://www.ng.undp.org/energy/EE-project-document.pdf.;2011;41-46
[4]. Lebot,B.;Energy Efficiency and Market Transformation:A short overview of Best Practices.A paper presented during the inception Workshop of the UNDP-GEF Project to promote Energy Efficiency in Residential and public building in Nigeria;2008.

[5]. MridulChadha earth industry http://earthandindustry.com/2010/05/india-to-launch-worlds-largest-cdm-project-will-replace-400-million-incandescent-lamps-with-cfls; 2010;1-2
[6]. Thumann A and Younger WJ.Handbook of Energy Audit.Published by the Fairmont Press,Inc.2008

[7]. http://www.energymanagertraining.com/CDM/cdm_main.htm
[8]. Furniture.about.com/od/accesoriesguide/0/cfladvant.htm by Ale Abbas

Abstract: The increasing amount of applications using digital multimedia technologies has accentuated the need to provide copyright protection to multimedia data. This paper reviews one of the data hiding techniques - digital image watermarking. Through this paper we will explore some basic concepts of digital image watermarking techniques.Two different methods of digital image watermarking namely spatial domain watermarking and transform domain watermarking are briefly discussed in this paper. Furthermore, two different algorithms for a digital image watermarking have also been discussed. Also the comparision between the different algorithms,tests performed for the robustness and the applications of the digital image watermarking have also been discussed.

[1]. N. S. Kulkarni, I. Gupta, and S. N. Kulkarni "A Robust Image Encryption Technique based on Random Vector" , IEEE Computer Society. IEEE conference publications,in international conference on Emerging trends in engineering and technology (ICETET),pp. 15-19,2008.

[2]. P.B.Khatkale, D.G.Lokhande, Srescoe, "Digital Watermarking Algorithm for Color Images", IOSR Journal of Engineering (IOSRJEN) ,Vol. 3, Issue 3,pp. 01-09, Mar 2013.

[3]. S. Jayaraman, S. Esakkirajan, and T. Veerakumar. "Digital Image Processing", McGraw-Hill, 2009.

[4]. Cox.I, Miller.M, Bloom.J, Fridrich.J,Kalker. T "Digital Watermarking and Steganography", 2nd Edition. ISBN: 978-0123725851

[5]. Wang, R. Z., Lin, C. F., Lin, J. C. "Image hiding by optimal LSB substitution and genetic algorithm ", Pattern Recognition, vol. 34, pp.671- 683, 2001.

[6]. Swanson.M.D,Kobayashi. M, Tewfik.A.H. "Multimedia Data-Embedding and watermarking Technologies",in Proceeding of IEEE, vol. 86,no.6, pp.1064 – 1087, 1998.

[7]. Mustafa Osman Ali, Elamir Abu Abaida Ali Osman, Rameshwar Row, "Invisible Digital Image Watermarking in Spatial Domain with Random Localization", International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT),Vol.2, Issue 5, pp.237-231,Nov 2012.

[8] . Pereira.S , Pun.T, "Robust Template Matching for Affine Resistant Image Watermarks ", IEEE Transactions on Image Processing, vol.9,issue.6,pp.1123-1129, 2000.

[9]. Keta Raval, Rajni Bhoomarker, Sameena Zafar "Implementation of Digital Watermarking For Image Security with EBCOT Algorithm and Error Correcting Codes",International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT), Vol.2, Issue.3, pp.281-285,Feb 2013.

[10] . A. Chandra,T. Kavitha , "Robust digital watermarking using MDKP", International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Vol.2, Issue 6, pp.1-4,Jun 2012.

Abstract: Histogram equalization (HE) works well on single channel images for contrast enhancement. However, the technique used is ineffective on multiple channel images. So, it is not suitable for consumer electronic products, where preserving the original brightness is necessary in order not to introduce unnecessary visual deterioration. Bi-histogram equalization (BHE) has been developed and it is analyzed mathematically.BHE separates the input image's histogram into two, based on its mean before equalizing them independently so that it can preserve the original brightness up to certain extends. Recursive Mean-Separate Histogram Equalization (RMSHE) is another technique to provide better and scalable brightness preservation for gray scale and color images. While the separation is done only once in BHE, RMSHE performs the separation recursively based on their respective mean. It is analyzed mathematically that the output images mean brightness will converge to the input images mean brightness as the number of recursive mean separation increases. The recursive nature of RMSHE also allows scalable brightness preservation, which is very useful in consumer electronics. Finally a comparative study was made to analyze all the above methods using gray scale and color images.

Keywords: Bi-histogram equalization, histogram equalization, scalable brightness preservation, recursive mean-separate

[1] R. Gonzalez and R. Woods, Digital Image Processing, 3rd ed. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 2007

[2] Y. Kim, "Contrast enhancement using brightness preserving bi-histogram Equalization," IEEE Transactions
[3] S. Chen and A. Ramli, "Contrast enhancement using recursive mean separate Histogram equalization for scalable brightness preservation, IEEE Transactions

Abstract: Power and delay optimization is a very crucial issue in low voltage applications. In this paper, we present a design of Full Adder circuit using AVL techniques for low power operation. The approach for the design is based on XOR/XNOR & Transmission gate for single bit as hybrid design .By using this approach Full Adder is being designed using 12 transistors. We can reduce the value of total power dissipation by applying the AVLG (adaptive voltage level at ground) technology in which the ground potential is raised and AVLS (adaptive voltage level at supply) in which supply potential is increased. The main aim of the design is to investigate the power, Propagation Delay and Power delay Product for low voltage Full Adder for the proposed design style. The simulation results show that there is a significant reduction in power consumption for this proposed cell with the AVL technique. The circuit is designed using 65 nanometer CMOS technology and simulated using MicroWind and DSCH Ver. 3.1

Keywords: Full Adder, AVL Techniques, Low Power, VLSI, High Performance

[1]. S. Wariya, Himanshu Pandey, R. K. Nagaria and S. Tiwari ,(2010)"Ultra low voltage high speed 1bit adder," IEEE Transactions Very Large Scale Integeration.
[2]. Shamima Khatoon (2012)"A novel design for highly compact low power area efficient 1-bit Full Adders" ,IJAET
[3]. Keivan Navi and Omid Kavehei(2008)"Low-Power and High-Performance 1-Bit CMOS Full-Adder Cell" JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS, VOL. 3, NO. 2, FEBRUARY 2008
[4]. Praveer saxena, Dinesh Chandra, sampath kumar V(2011) "Design of 1-Bit Full Adder for Low Power Applications" IJAEST,Vol No. 10 Issue No.1,019-025
[5]. Amit gupta, R K Sharma ,Rasika Dhavse, "Low power High speed small area Hybrid CMOS Full Adder"2012/2/1/41/93212
[6]. Subodh Wairya1, Rajendra Kumar Nagaria2, and Sudarshan Tiwari3, "Comparative Performance Analysis of XORXNOR Function Based High-Speed CMOS Full Adder Circuits For Low Voltage",VLSI Design International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.3, No.2, April 2012
[7]. V. Vijay1, J. Prathiba2, S. Niranjan Reddy3 and P. Praveen kumar4 (2012) "A REVIEW OF THE 0.09 um STANDARD FULL ADDERS" (VLSICS) Vol.3, No.3, June 2012.
[8]. Farshad Moradi, Dag T. Wisland, Ali Peiravi , Hamid Mahmoodi (2008)"1-Bit Sub Threshold Full Adders in 65nm CMOS Technology" International conference on Microelectronics 1-4244-2370-5/08/$20.00 ©2008 IEEE
[9]. Subodh Wairya1, Rajendra Kumar Nagaria2, Sudarshan Tiwari3 "New design methodologies for Highspeed mixedmode CMOS Full adder circuits" International Journal of VLSI design & Communication Systems (VLSICS) Vol.2, No.2, June 2011 DOI : 10.5121/vlsic.2011.2207 78
[10]. Keivan Navi ,Mohammad Reza Saatchi, Omid Daei(2009) "A High-Speed Hybrid Full Adder"EJSR, ISSN 1450-216X Vol.26 No.1 (2009), pp.29-33

Abstract: For enhancing data rate Smart Antennas have been gaining prominence in the recent times where the main beam is steered towards direction of interest via phase shifter. The sense behind this development is the availability of high-end processors to handle the complex computations involved. The phase shifting and array weighing can be performed on digital data rather than in hardware is the major advantage of digital beam former. This paper gives comparative study of five adaptive algorithms –Least Mean Square (LMS), Normalized Least Mean Square (NLMS), Sample Matrix Inversion (SMI), Recursive Least Square (RLS) and Conjugate Gradient Method (CGM) for computing the array weights. This adaptive algorithm assures very high rate of convergence & highly reduced mean square error. The weights obtained by the above algorithms are then used to steer the antenna array beam in the direction of interest, thereby enhancing SNR.

Keywords: Least Mean Square (LMS), Normalized Least Mean Square (NLMS), Sample Matrix Inversion (SMI), Recursive Least Square (RLS) and Conjugate Gradient Method (CGM).

[[1] "Performance Analysis of Adaptive Beam forming Algorithm for Smart Antenna System' S Razia, T Hossain M A Matin. Published in Informatics, Electronics & Vision (ICIEV) International Conference on May 2012Dhaka, pp 946-949, doi : 10.1109/ICIEV.2012.6317510. [2] "Study and Simulation of Smart antenna using SMI and CGM Algorithm' Neha Shrivastava, Sudeep Baudha, Rahul singh Rathore, Bharti tiwari, International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology (IJEIT),vol 1, issue 6, June 2012.
[3] "Research on Adaptive Beamforming Algorithm‟ Sun Yong-jiang, Qiu Dong-dong, Rao Jia-ren, Zong Peng, and Darwin R. Becerra, China. Published in Image Analysis and Signal Processing (IASP), International Conference on Nov 2012 Hangzhou, pp 1-3, doi : 10.1109/IASP.2012.6425021

[4] Frank Gross, "Smart Antenna for Wireless Communication" McGraw-hill, September 14, 2005.
[5] "Analysis of Adaptive Algorithms for Digital Beamforming in Smart Antennas' Anurag Shivam Prasad, Sandeep Vasudevan , Selvalakshmi R, Sree Ram K, Subhashini G, Sujitha S, Sabarish Narayanan B. Published in Recent Trends in Information Technology (ICRTIT), International Conference on June 2011 Chennai, Tamil Nadu, pp 64-68, doi : 10.1109/ICRTIT.2011.5972418
[6] "Adaptive Beamforming Algorithms for Smart Antenna Systems' Shahera Hossain, Mohammad Tariqul, Islam and Seiichi S. Published in Control, Automation and Systems, ICCAS International Conference on Oct 2008 Seoul, pp 412-416, doi : 10.1109/ICCAS.2008.4694679

[7] "A modified multitarget adaptive array algorithm for wireless CDMA system‟ L. Yun-hui a n d Y. Yu-hang, Journal Zhejiang Univ SCI, Vol. 5, No. 11, pp. 1418-1423, 2004.

[8] "The adaptive algorithms of the smart antenna system in future mobile telecommunication systems' J. Zhang, Published in Antenna Technology: Small Antennas and Novel Meta materials, IWAT 2005. IEEE International Workshop on Mar 2005, pp 347-350, doi : 10.1109/IWAT.2005.1461088 [9] "Implementation of Smart Antenna System Using Genetic Algorithm and Artificial Immune System‟ Awan, P. H. Published in Microwaves, Radar and Wireless Communications, MIKON 2008. 17th International Conference on May 2008, Wroclaw.

Abstract: The new triangular structure of a coplanar circulator is proposed and studied numerically in this work. The structure under study is made from a massive ferrite film (1mm thick). The HFSS is used to simulate the circulator and to check the non-reciprocal characteristics at operating frequency. An insertion loss of -0.46 dB and isolation of -29.88 dB has been achieved by optimizing the structure at 10.6 GHz.

Keywords: Circulator, CPW, ferrite, microwave, non reciprocity, S-parameters, triangular stricture

[1] H. Bosma, On the principle of stripline circulation, Proc. of The Institution of Electrical Engineers, London, Vol. 109, No. 21, 1962, 137-146.
[2] C. P. Wen, Coplanar waveguide, a surface strip transmission line suitable for a nonreciprocal gyromagnetic device applications, Proc. of G-MTT International Microwave Symposium, Dallas TX, USA, 1969, 110-115.
[3] K. Oshiro, H. Mikami, S. Fujii, T. Tanaka, H. Fujimori, M. Matsuura, and S. Yamamoto, Fabrication of circulator with coplanar wave guide structure, IEEE Trans on Magnetics, Vol. 41, No. 10, 2005, pp. 3550-3552.
[4] O. Zahwe, B. Sauviac, B. A. Samad, J. P. Chatelon and J.-J. Rousseau, Numerical study of a circulator using YIG thin film with a coplanar structure, Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 6, 2009, 193-207.
[5] O. Zahwe, B. Sauviac and J.-J. Rousseau, Fabrication and measerment of a coplanar circulator with 65 μm thin film, Prog in Electromagnetics Research Letters, Vol. 8, 2009, pp. 35-41.
[6] T. Boyajian, D. Vincent, M. Le Berre and S. Neveu, Study of a coplanar circulator based on a barium Hexaferrite nanocomposite, PIERS ONLINE, Vol. 7, No. 3, 2011, 201-205.
[7] H. Bosma, On stripline Y-circulation at UHF, IEEE Transaction on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 12, 1964, 61-72.
[8] J. Helszain, Fabrication of very weakly and weakly magnetized microstrip circulators, IEEE Transaction on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol. 46, No. 5, 1998, 439-449.
[9] J. Helszain, D.S. JAMES and W. TERENCE NISBET, Circulators using planar triangular resonators, IEEE Transaction on Microwave Theory and Techniques, Vol MTT-27, No. 2, 1979, 188-193.
[10] O. Zahwe, B. Sauviac, J.P. Chtelon, A-S. Dehlinger, M. Leberre and S. Perrot, Towards a miniaturized circulator with magnetic thin film, Proc. 37th European Microwave Conference, Munich, 2007, 274-277.

Abstract: Image enhancement is a mean as the improvement of an image appearance by increasing dominance of some features or by decreasing ambiguity between different regions of the image. Image enhancement processes consist of a collection of techniques that seek to improve the visual appearance of an image or to convert the image to a form better suited for analysis by a human or machine. Various enhancement schemes are used for enhancing an image which includes gray scale manipulation, filtering and Histogram Equalization (HE). Histogram equalization is one of the well known image enhancement technique. It became a popular technique for contrast enhancement because this method is simple and effective. This paper presents a review of histogram equalization techniques for image enhancement.

Keywords: image enhancement, contrast enhancement, histogram equalization,

[1] R. C. Gonzalez and R. E. Woods, Digital image processing, 2nd ed. Boston, MA, USA: Prentice-Hall of India, 2002. [2] David Menotti, Laurent Najman, Jacques Facon, and Araujo de A. Araujo, "Multi histogram equalization methods for contrast enhancement and brightness preserving", IEEE Trans. Consumer Electronics, vol. 53, no. 3, pp. 1186 - 1194, August 2007. .

[3] Y. Wang, Q. Chen, and B. Zhang, "Image enhancement based on equal area dualistic sub-image histogram equalization method," Consumer Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 45, no. 1, pp. 68–75,1999.

[4] Wang and Z. Ye, "Brightness preserving histogram equalization with maximum entropy: a variational perspective," Consumer Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 51, no. 4, pp. 1326–1334, 2005.

[5] Yeong -Taeg Kim , "Contrast Enhancement using Brightness Preserving Bi- Histogram equalization", IEEE trans. on consumer Electronics, Vol. 43 ,pp.1-8 1997

[6] Manpreet Kaur, Jasdeep Kaur, Jappreet Kaur , "Survey of Contrast Enhancement Techniques based on Histogram Equalization" (IJACSA), 2011, Vol. 2 No. 7,pp 136

[7] S.-D. Chen and A. Ramli, "Minimum mean brightness error Bi-Histogram equalization in contrast enhancement," IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 1310-1319, Nov. 2003

[8] M. Abdullah-Al-Wadud, Md. Hasanul Kabir, M. Ali Akber Dewan, and Oksam Chae, "A dynamic histogram equalization for image contrast enhancement", IEEE Trans. Consumer Electron., vol. 53, no. 2, pp. 593- 600, May 2007 .

[9]. J.-Y. Kim, L.-S. Kim, and S.-H. Hwang, "An advanced contrast enhancement using partially overlapped sub-block histogram equalization," IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol., vol. 11, no. 4,pp. 475–484, Apr. 2001..

[10]. S.-D. Chen and A. Ramli, "Contrast enhancement using recursive Mean-Separate histogram equalization for scalable brightness preservation,"IEEE Trans. on Consumer Electronics, vol. 49, no. 4, pp. 1301-1309,Nov. 2003.

Abstract: In speech synthesis, machine is developed which can accept text and convert into natural sounding speech. Applications of speech synthesis include speech output from computers, reading machine for the visually challenged people. The difference between text to speech synthesizer and any other talking machine (e.g., cassette player) is, it could be trained for any speaker's voice in a fully automatic way. Three main approaches to speech synthesis: articulator synthesis, formant synthesis, and concatenate synthesis. I am carrying out with concatenate synthesis approach. In addition, text-to-speech (TTS) conversion system based on time-domain pitch-synchronous overlap-add (TD-PSOLA) method, has been employed to perform prosody (includes pitch, duration of a speech) modification.7 To assure good quality of synthetic speech accurate estimation of pitch-period and pitch-marks are necessary for pitch modification. Pitch marking is divided into two tasks; pitch detection and location determination. LPF and some nonlinearity are being used for pitchdetection; peak-valley decision method is used to determine the appropriate parts of speech for used in pitchmark estimation. In each pitch period, two possible peaks/valleys are searched and one dynamic programming is run to obtain pitch-mark. Keywords: auto-correlation, concatenate, pitch-detection, pitch-mark, TTS

[1] M. M. Sondhi, "New methods of pitch extraction," IEEE Trans. Audio Electro Acoust., vol. AU-16, pp. 262-266, June 1968.

[2] J. D. Markel, "The SIFT algorithm for fundamental frequency estimation," IEEE Trans. Audio Electro Acoust., vol. AU-20, pp. 367-377, Dec. 1972.

[3] L. R. Rabiner, M. R. Sambur, and C. E. Schmidt, "Applications of a nonlinear smoothing algorithm to speech processing," IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, Signal Processing, vol. ASSP-23, PP. 552-557, Dec. 1975. [4] C. A. McGonegal, L. R. Rabiner, and A. E. Rosenberg, "A semiautomatic pitch detector (SAPD)," IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. ASSP-23, pp. 570-574, Dec. 1975.

[5] J. J. Dubnowski, R. W. Schafer, and L. R. Rabiner, "Real-time digital hardware pitch detector," IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. ASSP-24, pp. 2-8, Feb. 1976.

[6] L. R. Rabiner, M. J. Cheng, A. E. Rosenberg, and C. A. McGonegal, "A comparative performance study of several pitch detection algorithms," IEEE Trans. Acoust., Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. ASSP-24, pp. 399-418, oct. 1976.

[7] Lawrence R. Rabiner, Fellow, IEEE, "On the use of Autocorrelation Analysis for pitch Detection," IEEE Transaction on Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, vol. ASSP-25, No.1, Feb. 1977.

[8] Jau-Hung Chen and Yung-An Kao, "Pitch Marking Based on an Adaptable Filter and a Peak-Valley Estimation Method," computational linguistics and Chinese language processing, vol. 6, No.2, pp. 31-42, Feb. 2001,
[9] Pedro M. Carvalho, Luis C. Oliveira, Isabel M. Trancoso, M. Ceu Viana*, "Concatenative Speech Synthesis for European Portuguese," INESC/IST, *CLUL INESC, Rua Alves Redol, 9, 1000 Lisboa, PORTUGAL {Pedro.Carvalho, Luis.Oliveira, Isabel.Trancoso, mcv}@inesc.pt.
[10] Ramesh Babu, "Digital Signal Processing".

Abstract: In this paper we proposed a model of transceiver section for wireless sensor node. This transceiver section uses optical signal for communication link. Currently communication in wireless sensor network is based on the radio frequency. Frequency 2.5GHz comes under the ISM band which is license free. But the use of same frequency creates interference problems in WSN. We also analyzed optical link for sufficient illumination and signal to noise ratio. New design of transceiver section of sensor node makes possible to route the data. Cost of sensor node will be low because of no regulation of frequency and use of white light emitting diode and photo detector pair.

Keywords : Light Emitting Diode, Transceiver, Radio Frequency, Visible Spectrum, Wireless Sensor Network.

[1] F. R. Gfeller and U. Bapst, "Wireless in-house data communication via diffuse infrared radiation,"Proc. of the IEEE, vol. 67, no. 11, pp. 1474-1486,1979.
[2] T. Komine, M. Nakagawa "Fundamental Analysis for Visible Light communication system using LED light," IEEE Trans.Consum. Electron. 50,100-107 (2004).
[3] L. Zhou, J. M. Kahn, "Corner cube retroreflectors based on structure assisted assembly for free space optical communication," Journal of Micro-electromechanical Systems, vol. 12, no. 3, Jun. 2003
[4] R. Iniguez and R. Green,"Indoor Optical Wireless Communications," presented at the Optical Wireless Communications, IEEE Savoy Place, London, U.K., 1999
[5] T. Komine and M. Nakagawa, "Performance evaluation of Visible- Light Wireless Communication System using White LED Lighting," in Proceedings of the Ninth IEEE Symposium on Computers and Communications, pp.258-263 (2004).
[6] Yuichi Tanaka, Shinichirou Haruyama and Masao Nakagawa "Wireless Optical Transmissions with white colored LED for Wireless Home Links" 0-7803-6465-5/00 2000 IEEE
[7] Isaac I. Kim, Ron Stieger, Joseph A. Koontz, Carter Moursund, Micah Barcla, Prasanna Adhikari, John Schuster and Eric Korevaar, "Wireless optical transmission of fast ethernet, FDDI, ATM, and ESCON protocol data using the TerraLink laser communication system" Society of Photo-Optical Instrumentation Engineers. [S0091-3286(98)00812-5] © 1998
[8] Christian Poellabauer and Waltenegus Dargie "Fundamentals of wireless sensor network". ISBN 978-0-470-99765-9 (H/B) A John Wiley and Sons, Ltd., Publication Singapore.
[9] Abhishek Borkar and Prabhat Ranjan "Optical Wireless Sensor Network Design for a Conducting Chamber" 6th IEEE International Workshop on Practical Issues in Building Sensor Network Applications SenseApp 2011, Bonn.
[10] J. M. Kahn and J. R. Barry, "Wireless infrared communications," Proceedings of the IEEE, vol. 85, pp. 265-298,1997

Abstract: This paper deals with the theortical investigation on curved FSS with wide band frequency. The FSS structure is designed by projecting some circular patches of same dimension on the dome shaped substrate. Compared to conventional Flat type FSS this design provide more wider band of frequency(7.09 GHz). Theoretical investigations have been done by CADFEKO(suite5.5) Designer® software.

Keywords: Frequency Selective Surface, Method of Moment, Curved FSS, Resonating Frequency, Wide Bandwidth.

[1] Sipus, Z. "Efficient analysis of curved frequency selective surfaces" Antennas and Propagation, 2009. EuCAP 2009. 3rd European
Conference on 23-27 March 2009
[2] Parker, E.A. "Some aspects of curved frequency selective surfaces" Advances in Electromagnetic Screens, Radomes and Materials
(Digest No.: 1996/270), IEE Colloquium on 24 Oct 1996.
[3] Chun Yu and Cai-Cheng Lu "ANALYSIS OF FINITE AND CURVED FREQUENCY-SELECTIVE SURFACES USING THE
HYBRID VOLUMESURFACE INTEGRAL EQUATION APPROACH" MICROWAVE AND OPTICAL TECHNOLOGY
LETTERS / Vol. 45, No. 2, April 20 2005.
[4] B Philips, E A Parker and R J Langley "INFLUENCE OF A CURVED FSS ON THE RADIATION PATTERNS OF AN
ENCLOSED SOURCE" Antennas and Propagation, 4-7 April 1995 Conference Publication No. 407.0 IEE 1995.
[5] "Analysis of Curved Frequency Selective Surfaces" by Zvonimir Sipus,Marko Bosiljevac,Sinisa Skokic. University of Zagreb
Unska 3 Zagreb, HR-10000, Croatia ,16 May,2008.
[6] K. Renu, K.V. V. Prasad, S. Saradha Rani, A. Gayatri " Design of Frequency Selective Surface Radome over a Frequency Range"
International Journal of Modern Engineering Research (IJMER) Vol.2, Issue.3, May-June 2012 pp-1231-1236 ISSN: 2249-6645.
[7] Kamal Sarabandi, Fellow, IEEE, and Nader Behdad, Member, IEEE "A Frequency Selective Surface With Miniaturized Elements"
IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON ANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 55, NO. 5, MAY 2007

Abstract: Steganography is an information security approach used to hide messages inside suitable covers in such a way that it is not known to attackers. The cover files may be any digital data including Image or Audio files. For steganography several methods exists where each of them has some advantages and disadvantages. Steganographic applications have varying requirements depending upon the steganography technique used. In this paper we present an overview of image steganography and steganalsysis, its uses and techniques. It also attempts to identify the requirements of a good steganographic algorithm and compares their performance with respect to requirements.

Keywords: Image Steganography, Data Hiding, Steganalysis, Spread Spectrum, Patchwork

[1]. Abbas Cheddad A, Joan Condell, Kevin Curran, Paul Mc Kevit, Digital image steganography: Survey and analysis of current methods, Signal Processing, Elsevier, 2009, 72-75
[2]. Mehdi Kharrazi, Husrev T. Sencar, and Nasir Memon, Image Steganography: Concepts and Practice. Lecture Notes, Polytechnic University, Brooklyn, NY 11201, USA
[3]. Mohammad Kamran Khan, Mohammad Naseem, Ibrahim Mohammad Hussain and Aisha Ajmal, "Distributed Least Significant Bit Technique for Data Hiding in Images", Multitopic Conference (INMIC)", IEEE, 2011, 149 – 154
[4]. Wai Wai Zin and Than Naing Soe, "Implementation and Analysis of Three Steganographic Approaches", Computer Research and Development (ICCRD), 3rd International Conference IEEE, 2, 2011, 60-64
[5]. A.W. Naji , Teddy S. Gunawan, Shihab A. Hameed, B.B Zaidan, A.A Zaidan, Stego-Analysis Chain, Session One-Investigations on Steganography Weakness Vs Stego-Analysis System for Multimedia File, International Association of Computer Science and Information Technology - Spring Conference, IEEE,2009, 405 – 409
[6]. B.B.Zaidan, A.A.zaidan, Enhancement of the Size of Hidden Data and the Quality of Image Using LSB Algorithm, Master research, Kuala Lumpur University, Malaysia, 2008.
[7]. Ge Huayong, Huang Mingshenga, Wang Qian, Steganography and Steganalysis Based on Digital Image, 4th International Congress on Image and Signal Processing, IEEE, 1, 2011, 252 – 255
[8]. S.Z. Wang, X.P. Zhang, Recent Advances in Image Based Steganalysis Research, Chinese Journal of Computers, 32, 2009, 1247-1263
[9]. I. Avcibas, N. D. Memon, Steganalysis using Image Quality Metrics, IEEE Trans Image Processing, 12, 2003, 221-229
[10]. H. Farid, Detecting hidden messages using higher order statistical models, IEEE transactions on signal processing, 2, 2002, 905-908

Abstract: Currently, both the market and the academic communities have required applications based on image and video processing with several real-time constraints. On the other hand, detection of moving objects is a very important task in mobile robotics and surveillance applications. The project is proposes an efficient motion detection and object velocity determination based on background subtraction using dynamic threshold and morphological process. These methods are used effectively for object detection and most of previous methods depend on the assumption that the background is static over short time periods. In dynamic threshold based object detection, morphological process and filtering also used effectively for unwanted pixel removal from the background. Then object is detected in a sequence of frames with respect to the frame rate that the video is recorded. A simulation result proves that the proposed method is effective for background subtraction for object detection compared to several competitive methods proposed in the literature and determination. The method is able to identify moving persons, track them and provide unique tag for the tracked persons. The background subtraction algorithm can also be used to detect multiple objects. The algorithms developed can also be used for other applications (real time, object classification, etc.).

Keywords: Object tracking, Frame separation, Background Subtraction Algorithm, Object detection.

[1] Lingfei Meng, Student Member, IEEE, and John P. Kerekes, Senior Member, IEEE," Object Tracking Using High Resolution Satellite Imagery". IEEE Journal of selected topics in applied earth observations and remote sensing,2012 vol.5.
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