iosr-JECE   Volume-8 ~ Issue-5

Abstract: Protocols are commonly used today to connect IP blocks on structured SoCs. Generally Protocol is the back-bone of the SoC and its failure usually leads to a non-functional chip. In present market, various types of standard protocols are available and are used in SoC which requires a bridge to pass the information from one type of protocol to other type of protocol safely and without any data loss.

[1] Clifford E. Cummings, "Synthesis and Scripting Techniques for Designing Multi-Asynchronous Clock Designs," SNUG 2001
[2] Chris Spear, "SystemVerilog for Verification, 2nd Edition", Springer, www.springeronline.com, 2008.
[3] Lahir, K., Raghunathan A., Lakshminarayana G., "LOTTERYBUS: a new high-performance communication architecture for system-on-chip deisgns," in Proceedings of Design Automation Conference, 2001.
[4] Sanghun Lee, Chanho Lee, Hyuk-Jae Lee, "A new multi-channel onchip- bus architecture for system-on-chips," in Proceedings of IEEE international SOC Conference, September 2004.
[5] Martino Ruggiero, Rederico Angiolini, Francesco Poletti, Davide Bertozzi, Luca 86
[6] Benini, Roberto Zafalon, "Scalability Analysis of Evolving SoC Interconnect Protocols," Int. Symposium on System-on-Chip, 2004.
[7] Lukai Cai, Daniel Gajski, "Transaction level modeling: an overview," in Proceedings of the 1st IEEE/ACM/IFIP international conference on Hardware/software codesign and system synthesis, October 2003.
[8] Min-Chi Tsai, "Smart Memory Controller Design for Video Applications," Master thesis: National Chiao Tung University, July 2006.

Abstract: Speech processing is used widely in every day's applications that most people take for granted, such as network wire lines, cellular telephony, telephony system and telephone answering machines. Due to its popularity and increasing of demand, engineers are trying various approaches of improving the process. One of the methods for improving is trying on different methods of filtering techniques. Thus, this instigates an introduction of a filtering technique known as Kalman filtering. In the early days, Kalman filtering was very popular in the research field of navigation because of its magnificent accurate estimation characteristic. Since then, electronic engineers manipulate its advantages to useful purpose in speech processing. Consequently, today it had become a popular filtering technique for estimating and resolving redundant errors containing in speech.

[1]. Robust adaptive kalman filtering based speech enhancement algorithm by Marcel Gabrea IEEE-2004.
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Abstract: The most effective way to increase the speed of a multiplier is to reduce the number of the partial products because multiplication precedes a series of additions for the partial products. To reduce the number of calculation steps for the partial products, MBA algorithm has been applied mostly where CSA has taken the role of increasing the speed to add the partial products. To increase the speed of the MBA algorithm, many parallel multiplication architectures have been researched. A modified booth multiplier has been designed which provides a flexible arithmetic capacity and a tradeoff between output precision and power consumption due to using of SPST architecture. Moreover, the ineffective circuitry can be efficiently deactivated, thereby reducing power consumption and increasing speed of operation. The experimental results have shown that the proposed multiplier outperforms the conventional multiplier in terms of power and speed of operation. In this paper we used Xilinx-ISE tool for logical verification, and further synthesizing it on Xilinx-ISE tool using target technology and performing placing & routing operation for system verification.

[1] Soojin Kim and Kyeongsoon Cho "Design of High-speed Modified Booth Multipliers Operating at GHz Ranges" World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 61 2010.

[2] Magnus Sjalander and Per Larson-Edefors. "The Case for HPM-Based Baugh-Wooley Multipliers," Chalmers University of Technology,Sweden, March 2008.

[3] Z Haung and M D Ercegovac, "High performance Low Power left to right array multiplier design" IEEE rans.Computer, vol 54 no3, page 272-283 Mar 2005.

[4] Aswathy Sudhakar, and D. Gokila, "Run-Time configurable Pipelined Modified Baugh-Wooley Multipliers," Advances in Computational Sciences and Technology ISSN 0973-6107 Volume 3 Number 2 (2010) pp. 223–235.

[5] Myoung-Cheol Shin, Se-Hyeon Kang, and In-Cheol Park, "An Area-Efficient Iterative Modified-Booth Multiplier Based on Self-Timed Clocking," Industry, and Energy through the project System IC 2010, and by IC Design Education Center (IDEC).

[6] Leandro Z. Pieper, Eduardo A. C. da Costa, Sérgio J. M. de Almeida, "Efficient Dedicated Multiplication Blocks for2´s Complement Radix-2m Array Multipliers," JOURNAL OF COMPUTERS, VOL. 5, NO.10, OCTOBER 2010.

[7] Wen-Chang Yeh and Chein-Wei Jen, "High-speed Booth encoded parallel multiplier design," IEEE Trans. on Computers, vol. 49, isseu 7,pp. 692-701, July 2000.

[8] Jung-Yup Kang and Jean-Luc Gaudiot, "A simple high-speed multiplier design," IEEE Trans. on Computers, vol. 55, issue 10, Oct. pp.1253-1258, 2006.

Abstract: In the recent trends in optical communication to overcome one of the major problems in the new generation of radio over fiber networks that requires being concentrated, is decreasing the quantity of bit error rate in the lowest power penalty. This paper also evaluates the results of down-link 5 Gbps OOK signal of five radio base stations over 60 km dense wavelength division multiplexing single mode fiber. The BER performance of our scheme shows that our scheme is a practical solution to meet the data rate and cost-efficient of the optical links simultaneously in tomorrow's ROF access networks. This amount of bit error rate can be supposed as a negligible value in the performance of radio over fiber system for multimedia and real time applications.

Key words: ROF system, DWDM, OOK signal, BER.

[1]. D. Novak, "Fiber Optics in Wireless Applications", OFC 2004 Short Course 217, 2004.

[2] H. Al-Raweshidy, Radio Over Fiber Technologies for Mobile Communications Networks: Artech house Inc., 2002.

[3] A. Ng'oma, "Radio-over-fiber technology for broadband wireless communication systems," Eindhoven,The Netherlands, PhD Thesis 9038617232, 2005.

[4] G. P. Agrawal, Fiber-Optic Communication Systems: A John Wiley & Sons Inc., 2002.

[5]. D. Wake, S. Dupont, J-P. Vilcot, and A. J. Seeds, "32-QAM Radio Transmission Over Multimode Fibre Beyond the Fibre Bandwidth", in Proceedings of the IEEE International Topical Meeting on Microwave Photonics (MWP'01), 2001.

[6]. D. Wake, S. Dupont, C. Lethien, J-P. Vilcot, and D. Decoster, "Radiofrequency Transmission over Multimode Fibre for Distributed Antenna System Applications", Electronic Letters, Vol. 37, No. 17, pp 1087 – 1089(2001).
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[8] S. Hranilovic, Wireless Optical Communication Systems: Springer. 2005.

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Abstract: The part of the spectrum that is particularly useful in identifying and measuring pollutants consists of radiation that interacts with the atoms and molecules that make up life on Earth. This includes radiation in the visible, and IR (infrared) regions. Many pollutants can be identified by their IR spectra. Because all molecules that absorb strongly at specific wavelengths exhibit spectral fingerprints. Wavelengths emitted constitute a unique "fingerprint" for each element and their intensity reflects the metal concentration. Spectral fingerprint is obtained from the wavelengths of light that each element absorbs. This system utilizes an Infrared gas sensor for specific response of target gas. A sensor is used to monitor a specific range of the IR spectrum corresponding to the signature wavelength of the target gas. When the target gas passes between an IR source and the detectors, the absorption spectrum changes and instrument electronics are used to process this information and determine gas concentration. This system subsequently can provide audible and visual alarm indications. Toxic gases such as hydrogen sulfide, ammonia, styrene, hydrogen fluoride can be monitored using this technique. Trace amounts of certain metals such as mercury and arsenic are more accurately measured from their absorption. Keywords: IR Spectrum : Spectral Fingerprints : IR Gas Sensor

[1] F. Kaczmaarck, "Infrared to Visible upconversion" Quantum electronics' lab, Institute of Physics, A. Mickiewicz University, Poznan.
[2] MEMS based safety infrared sensor apparatus and method. United States Patent 7145455
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Abstract: Radio over Fiber technology (RoF), an integration of wireless and fiber optic networks, is an essential technologyfor the provision of untethered access to broadband wirelesscommunications in a range of applications including last milesolutions, extension of existing radio coverage and capacity,and backhaul.Full-duplex radio-over-fiber (ROF) transport systememploying broadband nonlinear distortions suppressionscheme is proposed and demonstrated. Data rate of10GHz/90Mbps signal is externally modulated andtransmitted long-haul fiber link. A data streamof 90 Mbps transmitted over an 70-km single-mode fiber(SMF) transmission both for down/up-link with good biterror rate (BER) performance was achieved.

[1]. H. H. Lu, H. L. Ma, and A. S. Patra, "Radio-on-fibertransport systems integration with 622 Mbps basebandtransmission," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 20, pp. 1618-1620, 2008.

[2]. C. T. Lin, J. Chen, P. C. Peng, C. F. Peng, W. R. Peng, B. S.Chiou, and S. Chi, "Hybrid optical access network integratingfiber-to-the-home and radio-over-fiber systems," IEEE Photon.Technol. Lett., vol. 19, pp. 610-612, 2007.

[3]. Q. Chang, H. Fu, and Y. Su, "Simultaneous generation andtransmission of downstream multiband signals and upstreamdata in a bidirectional radio-over-fiber system," IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., vol. 20, pp. 181-183, 2008.

[4]. Z. Jia, J. Yu, D. Boivin, M. Haris, and G. K. Chang,"Bidirectional ROF links using optically up-converted DPSKfor downstream and remodulated OOK for upstream," IEEEPhoton. Technol. Lett., vol. 19, pp. 653-655, 2007.

[5]. Serdyuk, V. M., "Dielectric study of bound water in grain atradio and microwave frequencies," Progress InElectromagnetics Research, PIER 84, 379-406, 2008.

Abstract: Cognitive Radio is an intelligent radio that exploit electromagnetic spectrum opportunistically by using different techniques. The critical task is to sense the free spectrum and using it. In past few years many sensing schemes have been proposed to sense the availability of free spectrum. In this paper, Energy Detector technique of spectrum sensing is reviewed. The results have been simulated for Probability of False Alarm, Probability of Detection and Probability of Missing detection for the Energy Detector.

Keywords : Analog to Digital converter(A/D), Cognitive Radio, Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA), Energy Detector, NeXt Generation (xG) , Radio Frequency (RF),Signal to Noise Ratio(SNR), Spectrum Sensing.

[1]. Yucek and Arslan, "A survey of spectrum sensing algorithms for cognitive radio applications" IEEE communications surveys & tutorials vol.11, No.1,pp 116-130, first quarter 2009.

[2]. Karama Hamdi, Wei Zhang, and Khaled Ben Letaief, "Power control in cognitive radio systems based on spectrum sensing side information", IEEE communications society, pp 5161-5165, proceedings ICC 2007

[3]. Ian F. Akyildiz, Won-Yeol Lee, Mehmet C. Vuran , Shantidev Mohanty "Next generation/dynamic spectrum access/cognitive radio wireless networks :A survey", Computer Networks 50 (2006) 2127–2159.

[4]. Federal Communications Commission, "Notice of proposed rulemaking: Unlicensed operation in the TV broadcast bands," ET DocketNo.04-186(FCC04-113), May2004.

[5] S.Haykin, "Cognitive radio: brain- empowered wireless communications,"IEEE Transactions on Communications, vol.23no.2,pp.201–220,2005.

Abstract: Thee transform coding is a major block in any compression technique. Transform coding helps in decorrelating the input data and for energy compaction which are required to implement compression. DCT is standard transform used in JPEG image compression standard and DWT is used in JPEG2000image compression standard. The DHT is a transform which provides flexibility in terms of hardware as well as reduces complexity in evaluation inverse transform because it is inverse is same as forward transform hence recently DHT is also using in image compression techniques so low hardware required, high speed architecture is required for DCT, DWT and DHT. In this paper DA based optimized adder tree architecture was presented

Keywords: Adders, DCT- Discrete Cosine Transform, DWT- Discrete Wavelet Transform, DHT- Discrete Hartley Transform, DA- Distributed Arithmetic, OAT- optimized adder tree.

[1] S. Uramoto, Y. Inoue, A. Takabatake, J. Takeda, Y. Yamashita, H. Yerane, and M. Yoshimoto, "A 100-MHz 2-D discrete cosine transforms core processor," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 27, no. 4, pp. 492–499, Apr. 1992. [2] S. Yu and E. E. S. , Jr., "DCT implementation with distributed arithmetic," IEEE Trans. Comput., vol. 50, no. 9, pp. 985–991, Sep. 2001. 714 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON VERY LARGE SCALE INTEGRATION (VLSI) SYSTEMS, VOL. 19, NO. 4, APRIL 2011 [3] A. M. Shams, A. Chidanandan, W. Pan, and M. A. Bayoumi, "NEDA: A low-power high-performance DCT architecture," IEEE Trans. Signal Process., vol. 54, no. 3, pp. 955–964, Mar. 2006. [4] C. Peng, X. Cao, D. Yu, and X. Zhang, "A 250 MHz optimized distributed architecture of 2D 8�8 DCT," in Proc. Int. Conf. ASIC, 2007, pp. 189–192. [5] P. K. Meher, T . Srikanthan, J. C. Patra, ""Scalable and Modular Memory-Based Systolic Architectures for Discrete Hartley Transform," IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems, vol.53, no.5, pp. 1065 – 1077, May 2006.
[6] P. Longa, A. Miri, and M. Bolic, "Modified distributed arithmeticased architecture for discrete wavelet transforms," Electronics Letters vol. 44, no. 4, Feb. 2008.

Abstract: Now-a-days metamaterials or Double Negative Gain (DNG)Structure have been widely used due to its potential applications. They are usually arranged in periodic patterns and gain properties not from their composition, but from their exactingly-designed structures. In this paper we report the detailed design and theoretical demonstration of the Split Ring Resonator (SRR),Metellic strip wires (SW) to develop metamaterials which has been loaded on pyramidal horn antenna for X-band application . The obtained result from the HFSS simulation concerning the constitutive parameters of the SRR, shows that there is a DNG permeability and permittivity in the frequency of interest. The horn antenna is loaded with fabricated DNG structure and various parameters have been measured at operating frequency of 8.5 GHz and 10 GHz. It was found that the results are improved at 8.5 GHz as compared to that of unloaded condition, while at 10 GHz DNG structure worked as normal material but the rate of performance of horn antenna decreases. Keywords: DNG, Metamaterial, Pyramidal horn, SRR, SW, X-Band.

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