iosr-JEEE   Volume-20 ~ Issue-3 ~ May – Jun. 2025

Abstract: Background: As a core component of multilayer PCBs, vias are critical to modern high-speed PCB design. In order to meet the needs of high-speed transmission and anti-jamming, modern PCBs use differential signal lines, which increase wiring density in exchange for high speed and high reliability. As signal rates increase to the tens of Gb/s order of magnitude (e.g., PCIe Gen5 needs to support 32Gb/s), and interconnect channels need to cover the third harmonic of the fundamental frequency (~80GHz), traditional design parameters become particularly sensitive. Increased integration has led to the widespread use of vias, but at signal rates in the tens of Gbps range, permutation vias cause sudden....

Key Word: Reflow through hole; High-frequency signal; Impedance fluctuation; S-parameter; TDR waveform

[1] X. Lin And X. An, "Influence Of Via Holes On Signal Integrity Of Multilayer Pcb Transmission Lines," In 2021 4th International Conference On Advanced Electronic Materials, Computers And Software Engineering (Aemcse), Mar. 2021, Pp. 862–865. Doi: 10.1109/Aemcse51986.2021.00175.
[2] E. Steenbergen, N. Moonen, And F. Leferink, "3d Full-Wave Simulation Of Stub Length Effect Of Vias In High Speed Pcb Design," In 2021 Asia-Pacific International Symposium On Electromagnetic Compatibility (Apemc), Sep. 2021, Pp. 1–4.
Doi: 10.1109/Apemc49932.2021.9597017.
[3] R. Weng Yew Chang, K. Y. See, And E. K. Chua, "Comprehensive Analysis Of The Impact Of Via Design On High-Speed Signal Integrity," In 2007 9th Electronics Packaging Technology Conference, Dec. 2007, Pp. 262–266. Doi: 10.1109/Eptc.2007.4469746.
[4] G.-H. Shiue, C.-L. Yeh, L.-S. Liu, H. Wei, And W.-C. Ku, "Influence And Mitigation Of Longest Differential Via Stubs On Transmission Waveform And Eye Diagram In A Thick Multilayered Pcb," Ieee Transactions On Components, Packaging And Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 4, No. 10, Pp. 1657–1670, Oct. 2014, Doi: 10.1109/Tcpmt.2014.2348860.
[5] Y. Shi, S. Yang, F. Wu, And H. Dong, "Failure Analysis And Modeling Of Blind Vias Crack In Bga-Pcb Assemblies," In 2023 24th International Conference On Electronic Packaging Technology (Icept), Aug. 2023, Pp. 1–4.
Doi: 10.1109/Icept59018.2023.10492404..

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Abstract:The Fast Fourier Transform (FFT)is a basic algorithm in digital signal processing (DSP) and communication systems, and it is a computationally very efficient algorithm for calculating the Discrete Fourier Transform (DFT). A DFT has a time complexity of O (N2) while an FFT has time complexity O (N log N). DFT is an integral part of FFT. The Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) implementation of the FFT is extremely computationally efficient by optimizing parameters like power, speed and area. Different FFT architectures employ different radix methods, such as Radix.......

Keywords: DFT, FFT, Radix 2, Radix 4, Split Radix, VLSI, Verilog

[1] L. Santhosh And A. Thomas, "Implementation Of Radix 2 And Radix 22 Fft Algorithms On Spartan6 Fpga," In 2013 Fourth International Conference On Computing, Communications And Networking Technologies (Icccnt), Tiruchengode: Ieee, Jul. 2013, Pp. 1–4. Doi: 10.1109/Icccnt.2013.6726840[2] P. Duhamel, "Implementation Of 'Split-Radix' Fft Algorithms For Complex, Real, And Real-Symmetric Data," Ieee Trans. A Coust. Speech Signal Process., Vol. 34, No. 2, Pp. 285–295, Apr. 1986, Doi: 10.1109/Tassp.1986.1164811.
[3] R. Barma Venkata And N. Fazal, "Fpga Implementation Of Optimized Radix 4 And Radix 8 Booth Algorithm," Int. J. Perform. Eng., Vol. 17, No. 6, P. 552, 2021, Doi: 10.23940/Ijpe.21.06.P8.552558.
[4] M. Butorac And M. Vucic, "Fpga Implementation Of Simple Digital Signal Processor," In 2012 19th Ieee International Conference On Electronics, Circuits, And Systems (Icecs 2012), Seville, Seville, Spain: Ieee, Dec. 2012, Pp. 137–140. Doi: 10.1109/Icecs.2012.6463781.
[5] F. D. Nunes And J. M. N. Leitao, "Signal Processing Aspects Of Fusion Plasma Broadband Reflectometry," Ieee Trans. Signal Process., Vol. 47, No. 2, Pp. 378–388, Feb. 1999, Doi: 10.1109/78.740123..

Abstract:This study presents the design and simulation of a community-based hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) tailored for rural electrification in Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria. The system integrates solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbines, and battery storage to ensure reliable and cost-effective power supply. Using HOMER Pro for technical modeling, the research analyzes energy demand patterns, resource availability, and system optimization for a hypothetical rural community. Results indicate that the proposed HRES meets local energy demand at a competitive levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of $0.183/kWh while ensuring environmental sustainability and social inclusiveness. This paper provides a blueprint for rural electrification strategies and community energy resilience in Nigeria and similar developing regions.

Keywords: Hybrid Renewable Energy System, Rural Electrification, Solar PV, Wind Turbine, Battery Storage

[1] Akinyele, D. O., Rayudu, R. K., & Sadiku, R. (2021). Renewable Energy Technology Diffusion In Nigeria: Barriers And Stakeholders' Engagement Strategies. Renewable And Sustainable Energy Reviews, 138, 110513.
Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Rser.2020.110513
[2] International Energy Agency. (2023). Energy And Gender: A Critical Nexus For Sustainable Development.
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[3] International Renewable Energy Agency. (2021). Renewable Power Generation Costs In 2020. Https://Www.Irena.Org/Publications
[4] Lambert, T., Gilman, P., & Lilienthal, P. (2006). Micropower System Modeling With HOMER. In Integration Of Alternative Sources Of Energy (Pp. 379–418). Wiley.
[5] Nigerian Energy Support Programme. (2022). Mainstreaming Gender In Energy Access. Https://Www.Nespenergy.Org.

Abstract: Surface anomaly detection is a key function in automatic quality control systems for marble industries that produce marble-like tile materials. This study proposes automated quality control in detecting marble tile surface defects using DenseNet-201, a deep convolutional neural network (CNN) model. The performance of various activation functions, such as Rectified Linear Unit (ReLU), Swish, Mish, Gaussian Error Linear Unit (GELU), Activate or Not (ACON-C), Meta-ACON, Snake, Deep Interactive Click Extraction (DICE), and Leaky ReLU (LReLU) was evaluated on publicly available Marble Surface Anomaly Detection dataset from Kaggle over 50 training epochs. This dataset comprises......

Keywords: Anomaly detection, CNN, deep learning, Leaky ReLU, smart tiles factory

[1] J. Yang, R. Xu, Z. Qi, And Y. Shi, “Visual Anomaly Detection For Images: A Systematic Survey,” Procedia Comput. Sci., Vol. 199, Pp. 471–478, 2022.
[2] I. Jahan, M. O. Ali, M. H. Rahman, B. Chung And Y. M. Jang, "Vision Anomaly Detection Using Self-Gated Rectified Linear Unit," Proc. 2022 International Conference On Artificial Intelligence In Information And Communication (Icaiic), Jeju Island, Korea, Republic Of, 2022, Pp. 200-203.
[3] A. T. Prihatno, I. B. K. Y. Utama, J. Y. Kim And Y. M. Jang, "Metal Defect Classification Using Deep Learning," Proc. 2021 Twelfth International Conference On Ubiquitous And Future Networks (Icufn), Jeju Island, Korea, Republic Of, 2021, Pp. 389-393.
[4] A.-A. Tulbure, A.-A. Tulbure, And E.-H. Dulf, “A Review On Modern Defect Detection Models Using Dcnns - Deep Convolutional Neural Networks,” J. Adv. Res., Vol. 35, Pp. 33–48, 2022.
[5] S. Y. Lee, B. A. Tama, S. J. Moon, And S. Lee, “Steel Surface Defect Diagnostics Using Deep Convolutional Neural Network And Class Activation Map,” Appl. Sci. (Basel), Vol. 9, No. 24, P. 5449, 2019

Abstract: This article addresses the historical trajectory and technological evolution of industrial robotics, from the first automated mechanisms of Antiquity to the modern intelligent systems used in today's production lines. The survey highlights the importance of automation for the efficiency of production processes, as well as the social and economic impacts associated with its adoption. The generations of industrial robots, their main components and the role of human participation....

Keywords: Industrial robotics; Automation; Technological generations; Productive efficiency; Socioeconomic impacts; Industry 4.0.

[1] Almeida, J. L., Costa, M. F., & Souza, R. A. (2022). Impacts Of Automation On Occupational Safety. Brazilian Journal Of Production Engineering, 12(1), 88–97.
[2] BORODIN, Alexander. Advanced Robotics And Automation. 3. Ed. London: Elsevier, 2021.
[3] Geiger, M. (2022). Trends In Industrial Robotics: Sectorial Deployment And Strategic Implications. Journal Of Automation And Manufacturing, 38(4), 112–127.
[4] Groover, M. P. (2020). Industrial Automation And Manufacturing Systems. Pearson.
[5] IFR – International Federation Of Robotics. (2023). World Robotics Report 2023.
[6] INTERNATIONAL FEDERATION OF ROBOTICS. World Robotics 2023 – Industrial Robots. Frankfurt: IFR, 2023. Available At: Https://Ifr.Org..

Abstract: This study presents the design and simulation of a community-based hybrid renewable energy system (HRES) tailored for rural electrification in Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria. The system integrates solar photovoltaic (PV), wind turbines, and battery storage to ensure reliable and cost-effective power supply. Using HOMER Pro for technical modeling, the research analyzes energy demand patterns, resource availability, and system optimization for a hypothetical rural community....

Keywords: Hybrid Renewable Energy System, Rural Electrification, Solar PV, Wind Turbine, Battery Storage

[1] Akinyele, D. O., Rayudu, R. K., & Sadiku, R. (2021). Renewable energy technology diffusion in Nigeria: Barriers and stakeholders' engagement strategies. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 138, 110513. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2020.110513
[2]. International Energy Agency. (2023). Energy and gender: A critical nexus for sustainable development. https://www.iea.org/reports/energy-and-gender
[3]. International Renewable Energy Agency. (2021). Renewable power generation costs in 2020. https://www.irena.org/publications
[4]. Lambert, T., Gilman, P., & Lilienthal, P. (2006). Micropower system modeling with HOMER. In Integration of Alternative Sources of Energy (pp. 379–418). Wiley.
[5]. Nigerian Energy Support Programme. (2022). Mainstreaming gender in energy access. https://www.nespenergy.org.

Abstract: This paper presents the development and analysis of a solar tracking system using a transfer function model and Fuzzy Logic Controller (FLC). The study aims to optimize the performance of solar panels by accurately tracking the sun's position throughout the day. The transfer function model of the solar tracker is derived using physical and mathematical principles, considering the electrical and mechanical aspects of the DC motors used as actuators. The model is..........

Keywords: Fuzzy Logic controller, solar tracking. Transfer function model.

[1] Ahmed, R. (2009). Solar Energy: An Effective Alternative In Developing Countries. Renewable Energy Press.
[2] Bandijah, H., Abdullah, M. A., & Rosli, M. F. (2021). A Sensorless Closed-Loop Solar Tracking System Using Fuzzy Logic Controller. International Journal Of Advanced Computer Science And Applications, 12(6), 155–160. Https://Doi.Org/10.14569/IJACSA.2021.0120619
[3] Japan Energy Summit & Exhibition Conference (2025). Https://Www.Googleadservices.Com/Pagead/Aclk
[4] Joseph, A. (1991). Renewable Energy Systems In Europe: A Comparative Study. Energy And Environment Publications.
[5] Katkade, S. (2021). Design Of Intelligent Controller For Solar Panel Tracking System Using Servo Motor. International Journal Of Innovative Research In Science, Engineering And Technology, 10(4), 1382–1387. Https://Doi.Org/10.15680/IJIRSET.2021.1004074

Abstract: Wind energy systems have seen the increasing numbers of installation around the world following the growing demand of green renewable energy market. This paper introduces a novel control scheme for grid-connected WECS based on Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG) integrating Robust MPPT strategy reinforced by MOGA. The purpose of the proposed approach is to tackle the problems of fluctuating wind speed, grid disturbances, and nonlinear dynamic characteristics of the system by optimal power extraction and fulfilling the grid code requirements..........

Keywords: Wind Energy Conversion System (WECS), Doubly-Fed Induction Generator (DFIG), Maximum Power Point Tracking (MPPT), Multi-Objective Genetic Algorithm (MOGA), Grid Integration, Robust Control.

[1] F. Blaabjerg Et Al., "Overview Of Control And Grid Synchronization For Distributed Power Generation Systems," Ieee Trans. Ind. Electron., Vol. 53, No. 5, Pp. 1398–1409, Oct. 2006.
[2] S. Heier, Grid Integration Of Wind Energy Conversion Systems. John Wiley & Sons, 2006.
[3] B. Singh And S. Sharma, "Design And Implementation Of A Simple Mppt Algorithm For Wind Energy Conversion System," Int. J. Energy Res., Vol. 42, No. 10, Pp. 3271–3284, Aug. 2018.
[4] J. Dixon Et Al., "Direct Torque Control Of Induction Machines Using Fuzzy Logic," Ieee Trans. Ind. Electron., Vol. 46, No. 4, Pp. 769–775, Aug. 1999.
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Abstract: Activation functions are considered the heart of the neural networks, as they enable models to learn and extract complex non-linear data patterns from diverse types of data. A significant number of activation functions have been proposed in the literature considering their own advantages and limitations. To further improve the performance of the activation functions, the self-gating technique has been introduced. In this mechanism, the activation output is modified by a learnable gating function..........

Keywords: Activation function, neural network, self-gating technique.

[1] Y. N. Dauphin, A. Fan, M. Auli, And D. Grangier, Language Modeling With Gated Convolutional Networks, Arxiv [Cs.Cl], 2016.
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[4] I. Jahan, M. F. Ahmed, M. O. Ali, And Y. M. Jang, Self-Gated Rectified Linear Unit For Performance Improvement Of Deep Neural Networks, Ict Express, 9 (3), 2023, 320–325.
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Abstract: Fuel consumption is continuously monitored through measurements of physical parameters such as temperature, air flow and rotational rate. The measured data are retrieved by electronic sensors and communicated over the internal vehicle communications protocol, towards the Main Control Unit for further processing. This work present selected parameters for monitoring fuel operations and briefly describe the sensors employed for the retrieval of these parameter data...........

Keywords: Automobile; OBD-II; Sensors; CANBus; Fuel consumption

[1] Baba Z., Jacob N., Issifu I. (2018) Assessing The Skills Of Roadside Mechanics In Diagnosing And Fixing Problems Of Modern Electronic Managed Vehicles In Ghana (Tamale Metropolis) American Scientific Research Journal For Engineering, Technology, And Sciences (ASRJETS) 45(1) 207-225.[2] Gilman E, Keskinarkaus A, Tamminen S, Pirttikangas S, Röning J, Riekki J. Personalised Assistance For Fuel-Efficient Driving. Transp Res C 2015;58:681–705.
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Abstract: The requirements of an electric vehicle are accurate torque and speed control for smooth drive, better comfort, and system stability over a wide range of operating conditions. Classical control procedures are often unable to keep their performance in the presence of parametric uncertainties, nonlinearities as well as external perturbations like road grade variation and load dynamics. This study presents a Robust SMC scheme for torque and speed control of electric vehicles with the aim of achieving enhanced transient response, robustness and driving experience.........

Keywords: Electric Vehicle (EV) Control, Sliding Mode Control (SMC), Torque Regulation, Speed Tracking, Driveability Enhancement, Robust Nonlinear Control

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