iosr-Jm   Volume-16 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov. – Dec. 2020

Abstract: We developed and compared several algorithms for image classification using known techniques, and tested with a data set of smiling and nonsmiling faces. Singular Value Decomposition, along with other methods, was used to characterize sample images in order to predict the class for test images. Three different methods were used to determine whether test images were smiling or not: Structural similarity (SSIM), Principle Component Analysis (PCA) with hyperplane separation, and the use of a neural network. The structural similarity technique compares regions of the images, based on the pixel mean and variance. It then classifies the image based on semblance to sample images of both classes. The PCA technique creates a hyperplane which divides eigenfaces between the classes, then classifies test images by plotting them and determining which side of the plane that they lie. Lastly, the neural network technique is a black box mechanism that finds a nonlinear......

[1]. Abdi, Hervé, Lynne J. Williams. "Principal component analysis." Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Computational Statistics. 2.4 (2010).
[2]. Loza, Artur, Lyudmila Mihaylova, NishanCanagarajah, and David Bull. "Structural SimilarityBasedObject Tracking in Video Sequences." Proc. of the 9th International Conf. on Information Fusion. (2006).
[3]. Rainer Gemulla, Pauli Miettinen. "Data Mining and Matrices 03 – Singular Value Decomposition." MaxPlanckInstitutInformatik, April 25, 2013.
[4]. Stergiou, Christos, DimitriosSiganos. "Neural Networks." .Imperial College London. Web. 9 Dec 2013.
[5]. Thomaz, Carlos Eduardo. "FEI Face Database." Centro Universitário da FEI, 14 Mar 2012...

Abstract: In this paper, a Markov chain model was applied for monthly failure timefor season (2019) of two machines (Mill troup -Boiler), important machines in the sugar industry inAsalaya Sugar Company.Through estimating the failure rate and repair rate andthe transition probabilitiesfrom operational state to another , it was found thatfailure rate of the machine(Mill troup) is greater than the failure rate of the machine (Boiler),the probability of both machines in working condition is high ,probability of machines (Mill troup) suffers more failure, which requiresmore effort in maintenance than machine (Boiler).The probability of the overall failure rate of the machines is negligible probability for the machines,which isa good indicator as it is unlikely that both machines will fail at the same time. That means maintenance work should take place immediately for the machine that suffers a malfunction......

Keywords: Failure rate, Markov chain , Repair rate, MTTF,MDT

[1]. Adolfo, C.M.(2007) The Maintenance Management Framework ,London : Springer -Verlag.
[2]. Bernd, B.(2008) Reliability in Automotive and Mechanical Engineering, Berlin,Heidelberg : Springer-Verlag.
[3]. David, J. Smith.(2011) Reliability, Maintainability and Risk, Boulevard, UK, Oxford : Langford Lane, Kidlington.
[4]. Dhillon, B.S.(2002) Engineering Maintenance A Modern Approach, NewYork : crc press.
[5]. Guangbin, Y.(2007) Llife Cycle Reliability Engineering, NewYork : John Wiley & Sons

Abstract: In this paper, a non- linear model to study the dynamics of transmission of HIV from mother to child through breastfeeding was developed. Stability of the proposed method was established. Numerical Simulation were performed to show the level of effectiveness and accuracy of the model over existing ones in the Literature.

Keywords: Analytical Model, Human Immune deficiency Virus, Mother to Child transmission

[1]. De Cock KM.(2002) Prevention of mother-to-child HIV transmission in resource-poor countries: translating research into policy and practice. Journal of the American Medical Association 283(9):1175–1182
[2]. Leroy V (1998). International Multi center pooled analysis of late post-natal mother to child transmission of HIV infection, Lancet, 352:597-600
[3]. Leroy V (2002); Post-natal transmission of HIV-1 after a maternal short course Zidovudine peripartum regimen in West Africa: a pooled analysis of two randomized clinical trials. AIDS, 16:631-641.
[4]. Louis M (2004). HIV Transmission through Breastfeeding; A review of available evidence. WHO Library Cataloguing. ISBN 92 4 156271 4
[5]. Miotti PG (1999). HIV transmission through Breastfeeding. A study in Malawi. Journal of American Medical Association, 282:744-749

Abstract: This study investigates the relationship between demographics and economics factors (such as women education, women labor participation, degree of urbanization, infant mortality rate and women life expectancy) on fertility rate in Malaysia over the period 1979 until 2014. The relationship is determined by using Autoregressive Distributed Lag (ARDL) approach and the results have shown the existence of the relationship between fertility rates and most of the factors of interest except degree of urbanization.

Keywords: demographic factor; fertility rate; ARDL.

[1]. Adhikari, R. (2010). Demographic, Socio-economic and Cultural Factors Affecting Fertility Differentials in Nepal. Adhikari BMC Pregnancy and Childbirth.
[2]. El-Ghannam, A. R. (2005). An Examination of Factors Affecting Fertility Rate Differentials as Compared Among Women in Less and More Developed Countries. J. Hum. Ecol., 18:(3), 181-192.
[3]. Gazeley, A. N. (2012). The Declines in Infant Mortality and Fertility: Evidence from British Cities in Demographic Transition.
[4]. Jemain, H. H. (2013). Impact of Women Participation in Economic Development on Fertility in Peninsular Malaysia. 4th International Conference on Business and Economic Research (4th ICBER 2013) Proceeding. Bandung, Indonesia.
[5]. Lau, T. Y. (2014). The Impact of Infant Mortality Rate and Female Labour Force Participation on Fertility Rate in United States.

Abstract: Derivation of the Newton-Raphson method involves an indefinite integral of the derivative of the function, and the relevant area is approximated by a rectangle. In this study, the area under the curve which is appearing in the derivation of Newton-Raphson method is approximated by two points Gaussian quadrature formula. With the help of that an improvement to the Newton-Raphson method is presented for root finding of one variable nonlinear equation. This iterative method converges to the root faster than the Newton-Raphson method and the claim is proved by showing the new method is third order convergent. The Established theory is supported by computed results by applying the new method to a wide range of functions and comparing it with the Newton's method and some third order iterative methods.

Keywords: Newton's method, Gaussian quadrature formula, Iterative methods, Number of iterations, Order of convergence

[1] Lanel, G.H.J., 2002. Gaussian Quadrature Newton's Method for Finding Roots of Nonlinear Equation.
[2] Ababneh, O.Y., 2012. New Newton's method with third-order convergence for solving nonlinear equations. World Academy of Science, Engineering and Technology 61, 1071–1073.
[3] Burden, R.L., Faires, J.D., 2011. Numerical analysis, 9th ed. Brooks/Cole, Cengage Learning, Boston USA.
[4] Jain, M.K., Iyengar, S.R.K., Jain, R.K., 1996. Numerical Methods for Scientific and Engineering Computation, 3rd ed. New Age Publications (Academic), India.
[5] Kalyanasundaram, M., Jayakumar, J., 2015. A fifth-order modified Newton-type method for solving nonlinear equations. International Journal of Applied Engineering Research 10.

Abstract: In this paper, we study the concept of functions preserving slowly oscillating double sequences and obtain some inclusion relations between double oscillating sequences, uniform continuity of two dimensional real-valued functions, sequential continuity and a newly introduced type of continuity of factorable double functions defined on a double subset A × A of into . A double sequence of points in is slowly oscillating if for any given , there exist and such that , < whenever , ≥ and ≤ ≤1+ , ≤ ≤1+ . Suppose that × is any two dimensional bounded interval. Then a two dimensional factorable real-valued function is uniformly continuous on if and only if it is defined on and preserves factorable double slowly oscillating sequences from . Extensions and variations of the above theorem was also presented.

Keywords: Multiple sequences and series, Matrix methods, Continuity and related questions

[1]. Alotaibi, A. Mursaleen, M. Alghamdi, M.A. Invariant and absolute invariant means of double sequences, J. Funct. Spaces Appl., 2012, Art. ID 465364, 9 pp.
[2]. Boos, J. Classical and modern methods in summability, Assisted by Peter Cass. Oxford Mathematical Monographs, Oxford Science Publications, Oxford University Press, Oxford,2000.
[3]. Cakalli, H. Slowly oscillating continuity, Abstr. Appl. Anal. 2008, Art. ID 485706, 5 pp.
[4]. Cakallı, H. S¨onmez, A. Aras, C¸G. -statistically ward continuity, An. S¸tiint¸. Univ. "Al. I. Cuza" Ia¸si. Mat. (N.S.), DOI: 10.1515/aicu-2015-0016.
[5]. Canak, I. Dik, M. New types of continuities, Abstr. Appl. Anal. 2010, Art. ID 258980, 6 pp.

Abstract: This paper is concerned with a second order impulsive functional differential equation with delay and a parameter. By using Krasnoselskii's fixed point theorem, sufficient conditions for the existence of positive periodic solutions to the impulsive delay differential equation are obtained.

Keywords: Periodic solution; Delay differential equation; Fixed point theorem; Impulse

[1]. R.P. Agarwal, D. O'Regan, Multiple nonnegative solutions for second order impulsive differential equations, Appl. Math. Compu t. 114 (2000) 51–59.
[2]. F. Cong, Periodic solutions for second order differential equations, Appl. Math. Lett. 18 (2005) 957–961.
[3]. D. Guo, V. Lakshmikantham, Nonlinear Problems in Abstract Cones, Academic Press, New York, 1988.
[4]. D. Jiang, On the existence of positive solutions to second order periodic BVPs, Acta Math. Sci. 18 (1998) 31–35.
[5]. D. Jiang, J. Wei, Monotone method for first- and second-order periodic boundary value problems and periodic solutions of functional differential equations, Nonlinear Anal. 50 (2002) 885–898

Abstract: The effect of heat transfer on the peristaltic transport of a Dusty fluid with temperature gradient heat source in a two dimensional flexible channel under long wave length approximation has been studied. A perturbation method of solution is obtained in terms of wall slope parameter and closed form of expressions has been derived for stream function, temperature and heat transfer coefficient. The effects of elastic parameters and pertinent parameters on the coefficient of heat transfer have been computed numerically. It is observed that Heat transfer coefficient of fluid phase and particle phase decreases for larger values of Stanton number.

Keywords: Peristaltic transport, Heat transfer, Dusty fluid and Temperature gradient heat source.

[1]. Fung, Y.C., Yih, C.S. (1968). Peristaltic transport, ASME Transactions: Journal of Applied Mechanics 35: 669-675.
[2]. Shapiro, A.H., Jaffrin, M.Y., Weinberg, S.L.(1969). Peristaltic pumping with long wavelength at low Reynolds number. J. Fluid Mechanics, 37:799–825.
[3]. Mitra, T.K., Prasad, S.N. (1973). On the influence of wall properties and Poiseuillie flow in peristalsis, Journal of Biomechanics. 6: 681-693.
[4]. Frederick A Zenz. (1949): Two phase fluid- solid flow. Indus. Engg. Chemistry, 41(12), pp. 2801- 2806.
[5]. Alihasan Nayfeh., "Two phase flow through a rigid pipe", A.I.A.A. Journal, 14, 1968-1970, (1966).

Abstract: In this paper we have explained a new theory of Weierstrass transform defined on Howell's space. The definition of the Weierstrass transform on this space of test functions is discussed. Some Fundamental theorems are proved and some results are developed. Weierstrass transform defined on Howell's space is linear, continuous and one-one mapping from G to c G is also discussed.

Keywords: Weierstrass transform, Howell's Space, Fundamental theorem

[1]. Bhosale B. N. 2005: Integral Transformations of Generalized Functions.
[2]. Howell K. B. 1992: A New Theory for Fourier Analysis Part I, The Space of Test Functions, Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 168, pp.342-350.
[3]. Howell K. B. 1993: A New Theory for Fourier AnalysisPart II, Further Analysis on the Space of Test Functions, Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 173, pp.419-429.
[4]. Howell K. B. 1993: A New Theory for Fourier Analysis Part III, Basic Analysis on the Dual, Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications, 175, pp.257-267.
[5]. Howell K. B. 1993: A New Theory for Fourier Analysis Part IV, Basic Multiplication and Convolution on the Dual Space, Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications,180, pp.79-92.