iosr-jmca   Volume-5 ~ Issue-2 ~ March – April 2018

ABSTRACT: Wireless networks have become constant in our everyday life due to ever increasing users and applications. With newer and sophisticated protocols emerging every day, traditional distributed environments and static allocation of frequency spectrum could no longer meet the needs of current wireless technology. This problem is heightened by diverse technologies and inflexible spectrum management approaches as ordinary wireless network architecture cannot self-organize without a central control. Cognitive Radio (CR) technology as solution to spectrum under-utilization problem offered in this research implement learning and adaptation to reuse spectrum holes. A Cognitive Radio Multiple...........

Keywords: cognitive radio, mobility, reconfiguration,sdr, sdn, spectrum hole, zone based routing

[1] G. Ghosh, P. Das and S. Chatterjee, Cognitive radio and dynamic spectrum access - a study, International Journal of Next-Generation Networks, 6(1), 2014, 44-60.
[2] IEEE 802.22 WG on WRANs (Wireless Regional Area Networks). Accessed 25/11/2015 from http://www.ieee802.org/22/.
[3] J.L. Mauri, K.Z. Ghafoor, D.B. Rawat, J. Samuel and A. Perez. Cognitive networks: application and deployments Technology and Engineering Google Books, 2014, 1st ed. CRC Press Amazon.
[4] S. Raman and N.P. Singh, An algorithm for spectrum sensing in cognitive radio under noise uncertainty, International Journal of Future Generation Comm. and Networking,7(3), 2014, 61-68

[5] P. Yadav, S. Chatterjee and P. Bhattacharya, A survey on dynamic spectrum access techniques in cognitive radio. International Journal of Next-Generation Networks, 4(4), 2012, 27-46.

ABSTRACT: Graduating students are given stipend generously in Saudi Arabia. This research was conducted as it is observed that most of college students received a monthly stipend but had no money in their bank accounts. Most of the students in the Eastern Province don't pay heavy tuition fees, semester fees, examinations fees, for hostel accommodation etc., for completing their Degree. They spend more than what they have receivedfrom college and had no idea about savings.Why students both male and female tend to over spend was a pertinent question. It was decided to identify the root cause and problems in handling stipend money by Business administration (Management) students. The reason for choosing Business Administration students was they have many finance courses yet they don't have thrift. The study was conducted to find out what they do with their money and why this financial struggle. A questionnaire was circulated to collect data and information fromManagement students who are doing Management Information System/ Informatics Systems and Business Administration in Saudi Arabia.

Keywords: Graduate Spending Pattern, Savings

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[3]. Jake Butler in Student Budgeting Updated 26 September 2017 Tweet. (2017, September 26). What do students spend their money on? Retrieved October 22, 2017, from https://www.savethestudent.org/money/student-budgeting/what-do-students-spend-their-money-on.html
[4]. O. (2011, September 14). How College Students Are Spending Their Money. Retrieved October 22, 2017, from http://www.businessinsider.com/how-college-students-are-spending-their-money-2011-8
[5]. Top 5 Things College Students Spend Their Money On. (2017, August 27). Retrieved October 22, 2017, from https://www.theodysseyonline.com/the-top-5-things-college-students-spend-their-money-on