iosr-JMCE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov-Dec 2014

Abstract: This paper derives the equations that describe the interaction forcesbetween two identical cylinders spinningaround their stationary and parallel axes in a fluid that isassumed to be in-viscous, steady, in-vortical, and in-compressible. The paper starts by deriving the velocity field from Laplace equation,governing this problem,and the system boundary conditions. It then determines the pressure field from the velocity field using Bernoulli equation. Finally, the paper integrates the pressure around either cylinder-surface to find the force acting on its axis.All equations and derivationsprovided in this paper are exact solutions. No numerical analysesor approximations are used.The paper finds that such identical cylinders repel or attract each other in inverse relation with separation between their axes, according to similar or opposite direction of rotation, respectively.

Keywords: Rotating identical cylinders, ideal fluid, Laplace equation,velocity field,Bernoulli equation, pressure, force, inverse law, repulsion, attraction.

[1]. Fluid Mechanics: An Introduction, E. Rathakrishnan, 3rd edition. 2012.
[2]. Fluid Mechanics for Engineers: A Graduate Textbook, M. T. Schobeiri, 2010.
[3]. Hydrodynamics, Sir H. Lamb, 1945.
[4]. Solutions of Laplace's Equation, D. R. Bland, 1961.
[5]. Vortex Dynamics, P. G. Saffman, 1995.
[6]. Complex Integration and Cauchy's Theorem, G. N. Watson, 2012.

Abstract: This paper derives the equations that describe the interaction forcesbetween two non-identical cylinders spinningaround their stationary and parallel axes in a fluid that isassumed to be in-viscous, steady, in-vortical, and in-compressible. The paper starts by deriving the velocity field from Laplace equation,governing this problem,and the system boundary conditions. It then determines the pressure field from the velocity field using Bernoulli equation.

[1]. Fluid Mechanics: An Introduction, E. Rathakrishnan, 3rd edition. 2012.
[2]. Fluid Mechanics for Engineers: A Graduate Textbook, M. T. Schobeiri, 2010.
[3]. Hydrodynamics, Sir H. Lamb, 1945.
[4]. The Interaction Forces between Two Identical Cylinders Spinning around their Stationary and Parallel Axes in an Ideal Fluid, A. Baz, S. Al-Kasimi.
[5]. Solutions of Laplace's Equation, D. R. Bland, 1961.

Abstract: Analysis of the structures used in aerospace applications is done using finite element method. These structures may face unexpected loads because of variable environmental situations. These loads could lead to large deformation and inelastic manner. The aim of this research is to formulate the finite elements considering the effect of large deformation and strain. Here total Lagrangian method is used to consider the effect of large deformation. After deriving required relations, implementation of formulated equation is done in FEASTSMT(Finite Element Analysis of Structures - Substructured and Multi-Threading). .Newton-Raphson method was utilized to solve nonlinear finite element equations. The validation is carried out with the results obtained from the Marc Software.
Keywords– Geometrical nonlinearity, Newton-Raphson scheme, Total Lagrangian formulation

[1]. Klaus-Jurgen Bathe and Said Bolourchit "Large Displacement Analysis of Three-Dimensional Beam Structures" International Journal For Numerical Methods In Engineering, Vol. 14,pp 961-986, 1979
[2]. A. Banerjee, B. B. Bhattacharya, A.K. Mallik,"Large deflection of cantilever beams with geometric non-linearity:Analytical and numerical approaches" International Journal Of Non-Linear Mechanics June 2008
[3]. Dr. Seref Doguscan Akbas "Thermal Deflections of a Simple Supported Beam with Temperature Dependet Physical Properties" International Journal of Solids and Structures ,2009
[4]. Izadpanah M HabibiA.R Zangeneh FarM, "Nonlinear analysis of plane trusses using lagrangian descriptions" International Journal Of Current Life Sciences - Vol.4, Issue, 5, pp. 644-648, May, 2015.

Abstract: Gas metal arc welding is process is becoming widespread in the welding industries as it can easily be applied to variety of metals. Quality of weldment depends upon welding input parameters. This experimental study aims at developing a multi-objective optimization problem to achieve desired weld bead geometry of GMAW. Objective functions optimized by Taguchi's L9 orthogonal array design and S/N ratio. Welding voltage, welding speed, wire feed rate and gas flow rate have been selected as the input process parameters. Quality targets are bead width, bead height and depth of penetration for AISI 446. The Grey relational analysis in combination with Taguchi approach is used to solve this multi-objective optimization problem. Additionally the most significant factor identified by using ANOVA.

Keywords -Bead Geometry, Gas Metal Arc Welding, Grey Relational Analysis,Taguchi Orthogonal Array

[1]. D. Kim, M. Kang, S. Rhee, Determination of optimal welding conditions with a controlled random search procedure, Welding Journal 8 (2005) 125-130.
[2]. J. Raveendra, R.S. Parmar, Mathematical models to predict weld bead geometry for flux cored arc welding, Metal Construction 19/2 (1987) 31-35.
[3]. L.J. Yang, R.S. Chandel, M.J. Bibby, The effects of process variables on the weld deposit area of submerged arc welds, Welding Journal 72/1 (1993) 11-18.
[4]. S. Datta, M. Sundar, A. Bandyopadhyay, P.K. Pal, S.C. Roy, G. Nandi, Statistical modeling for predicting bead volume of submerged arc butt welds, Aust. Welding Journal 51 (2006) 4-8.
[5]. V. Gunaraj, N. Murugan, Prediction and optimization of weld bead volume for the Submerged Arc Process - Part 1, Welding Journal 10 (2000) 286-294.

Abstract: The paper deals with shear locking problem in shell element. Shear locking does not mean complete rigidity, it refers to unwanted high-stiffness behavior that influences the solution but does not over whelm it, so that convergence with mesh refinement is slowed but not prevented. In the present study the Bilinear Degenerated Shell (BDS) element models were improved based on the bubble function for membrane strain energy and selective integration for the shear energy. After formulation of the shell element, implementation is carried out in FEASTSMT (FINITE ELEMENT ANALYSIS OF STRUCTURES). Result of the shell element without any bubble function terms showed sensitivity to shear locking problem. Use of bubble functions and selective integration greatly improves the element performance. The results were compared with other literatures.

Keywords: Bilinear degenerated shell element, Bubble function, Locking problems, Selective integration, Shell Element

[1]. Robert D Cook, David S Malkus "Concept and applications of finite element analysis" fourth edition ,Wiely pvt Ltd New Delhi 110 002 2004.
[2]. C S Krishnamoorthy "finite element analysis theory and programming"Tata Mc Grow Hill New Delhi
[3]. Worsak Kanok-nukulachi "A Simple And Efficient Finite Element For General Shell Analysis"Inter National Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering,Vol 14,1979,pp 179-200.
[4]. J.M.A cesar De Sa and R M Natlal Jorge "New Enhanced Strain Elements for Incompressible Problems" Inter National Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering,Vol 44,1999,pp 229-248.
[5]. Jose M A Ceasar de Sa ,Renato M . Natal Jorge ,Robertt A.Fontes Valente and Pedro M.Almeida Areias " Development of Shear locking free shell element using an Enhanced Assumed strain formulation" Inter National Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering,Vol 53,2002,pp 1721-1750.

Abstract: This study examines concrete made from ordinaryPortland cement (OPC) blended with bamboo leaf ash (BLA) and pulverized burnt clay waste (PBCW).The binders were characterized, their influence on concrete workability examined, and the blended cement concrete compressive strength investigated. 100 mm concrete cubes specimens were cast according to BS EN 12390-3. The specimens were water cured extensively for 3, 7. 14. 28, 56, 90 and 120 days. Incorporation of BLA and PBCW in cement concrete made it sticky, stiffer and less workable, BLA had a greater influence than PBCW.

[1]. American Society of Testing and Materials (2012). Standard Specification for coal fly ash and raw or calcined natural pozzolan for use in concrete, ASTM C 618-12a.
[2]. Ata, O. (2012). Durability characteristics of laterized concrete exposed to sulphate environments. An unpublished Ph.D thesis, Department of Building, Obafemi Awolowo University, Ile Ife.
[3]. Bamidele, A. (2008). Nigeria's cement manufacturing industry report. LeadCapital Equity Research, LeadCapital Limited, Victoria Island, Lagos, Nigeria.
[4]. Bektas, F., Wang, K. and Ceylan, H. (2008). Use of ground clay brick as a pozzolanic material in concrete. ASTM International Journal, 5(10).
[5]. British Standard Institution (2009). Testing fresh concrete: slump test, BS EN 12350-2, BSI, London.
[6]. British Standard Institution (2009). Testing hardened concrete: Compressive strength of test specimens, BS EN 12390-3, BSI, London.

Abstract: An UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), or the drones, or the RC aircrafts are now a days in trends with the hobbyists, armed forces or the kids for playful purposes. But if we see look around us, we will find that these drones can help us in day to day life in saving some life which are in danger. Drones are prepared on the basis of some particular application like aerial photography etc. But we the upcoming engineers should hold our responsibilities and prepare something useful for the man on the front that could be a great serving for the nation and as well as for them who really need this equipment for safeguarding our motherland.

Keywords: UAV (Unmanned Aerial Vehicle), Drones, RC (Radio Control), Ariel Photography, Hobbyists

[1]. Sony CCD Camera,"Hobbyking";http://www.hobbyking.com/hobbyking/store/catalog/65997.
[2]. UAV, "Fixed Wing Drone", http://plane.ardupilot.com.
[3]. Airfoil, "Aero Foil", http://adamone.rchomepage.com/foil_sim.htm.
[4]. Java Foil, "Simulation", http://www.mh-aerotools.de/airfoils/jf_applet.htm.
[5]. Center of Gravity, "CG Calc", http://www.nasascale.org/howtos/cg-calculator.htm.

Abstract: As we know that fins are basically a extended surface which is use to increase the heat transfer rate, this is basically a secondary surface mounted on primary surface to augment heat transfer from it . To dissipate heat at faster rate, different heat transfer enhancement methods have been suggested in literature. Active and passive heat transfer techniques are commonly employed for heat transfer augmentation in fluids.

[1] Jian Yang Min Zeng Qiuwang Wang, Akira Nakayama "Forced Convection Heat Transfer Enhancement by Porous Pin Fins in Rectangular Channels" IEEE transactions on components and packaging technologies , vol. 27, no. 4, December 2004 [2] "Heat Transfer Enhancement by Using Vortex Generators" 5th European Congress on Computational Methods in Applied Sciences and Engineering (ECCOMAS 2008) June 30 –July 5, 2008 Venice, Italy [3] K. H. Dhanawade, H. S. Dhanawade"Enhancement of Forced Convection Heat Transfer from Fin Arrays with Circular Perforation" IEEE 2010. [4] M.J. Sable, S.J. Jagtap , P.S. Patil , P.R. Baviskar & S.B. Barve"enhancement of natural convection heat transfer on vertical heated plate by multiple v-fin array" IJRRAS 5 (2) ● November 2010. [5] Abdullah H. AlEssa and Mohammed Q. Al-Odat "enhancement of natural convection heat transfer from a fin by triangular perforations of bases parallel and toward its base" The Arabian Journal for Science and Engineering, Volume 34, Number 2B, October 2009.

Abstract: Abrasive jet machining (AJM) is a processing non-traditional machine which operates materials without producing shock and heat. AJM is applied for many purposes like drilling, cutting, cleaning, and etching operation. The particles of the materials get accelerate in gas stream and are made to focus on machine. It makes small fracture if particle focuses on the surface and the gas stream includes abrasive particles and fractured particles away. The process parameters are used like variables which effect metal removal. They are carrier gas, abrasive, velocity of abrasive, work material, and nozzle tip distance (NTD).In abrasive jet machining, a focused stream of abrasive particles, carried by high pressure air or gas is made to impinge on the work surface through a nozzle and the work material is made to impinge on the work surface through a nozzle and work material is removed by erosion by high velocity abrasive particles.

[1]. A.EI-Domiaty, H.M.Abd EI –Hafez, and M.A.Shaker(2009) "Drilling of glass sheets by abrasive jet machining",nWorld Academy of Science , Engineering and Technology 56.
[2]. M L Neema and P C Pandey. 'Erosion of Glass When Act Upon by an Abrasive Jet' Proceedings of International GI ConfneTice on Wear of Materials, 1977.
[3]. A. P. Verma and G. K. Lal Publication(1984)"An experimental study of abrasive jet machining", International Journal of Machine Tool Design and Research, Volume 24, Issue 1,pp 19-29.
[4]. U.D.Gulhani,P.P.Patkar,S.P.Patel,A.A.Patel et al , Analysis of AJM parameters on kerf width of hard and brittle materials like ceramics IJDMT. April -2013.
[5]. P K Sarkar and P C Pandey. 'Some Investigations on the Abrasive Jet Machining', Journal of the Institution ofEngineers (India), vol 56, ME 6, 1976.

Abstract: The present study deals with a numerical investigation of steady laminar and turbulent mixed convection heat transfer in a horizontal pipe and bend pipe using air as the working fluid.The thermal boundary condition chosen is that of uniform temperature at the outer wall. Computations were performed to investigate the effect of inlet Rayleigh number and Reynolds number in the velocity and temperature profile at inside of the pipe. The secondary flow is more intense in the upper part of the cross-section. It increases throughout the cross-section until its intensity reaches a maximum, and then it becomes weak at far downstream. For the horizontal pipe the value of the L/D ratio becomes more than 10 the secondary flow effects are neutralized and the velocity profile almost become constant throughout.

[1] Y. Mori, k. Futagami, S. Tokuda, M. Nakamura, Forced convective heat transfer in uniformly heated horizontal tubes: experimental
study of the effect of buoyancy, International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, 9, 1966, 453-463.
[2] Y. Mori, K. Futagami, Forced convective heat transfer in uniformly heated horizontal tubes: theoretical study, International Journal
of Heat and Mass Transfer,10, 1966, 1801-1813.
[3] Metais, B. and Eckert, ERG, Forced, Mixed and Free Convection Regimes, Journal Heat Transfer,86,1964, 295-296.
[4] Eckert, R.G and Diaguila, A.J, Convective Heat Transfer for Mixed Free and Forced Flow Through Tubes, Trans. Of ASME, 76,
1954,497-504.
[5]P. AnuNair, K, Karuppasamy, B. Benziger, and P. Balkrishnan ,Natural convective heat transfer from horizontal heated plate facing
upward in vertical channel-A review , International Journal of Mechanical Engineering Research, 5(1), 2015,27-38.

Abstract: These paper focuses on the effect of the inside tubes at constant value of mass flow rate and variation of annulus mass flow rate on effect of Dean Number and overall heat transfer coefficient with constant wall temperature, CFD analysis of a helically coiled heat exchanger. Also deals with the effect of Dean Number with respect to Reynolds Number and Nusselt Number and Overall Heat Transfer coefficient on change of coil configuration of helically coiled tube. The particular difference in this study in comparison with the other similar studies was the boundary conditions for the helical coils. The results indicate that with the decrease the inner coil diameter, the overall heat transfer coefficient is increased.

Keywords: Computational Fluid Dynamics, Dean Number, Heat Transfer Correlation. , Helical Coil Heat Exchanger, Nusselt Number.

[1] Rahul Kharat, Nitin Bhardwaj, R.S. Jha "Development of heat transfer coefficient correlation for concentric helical coil heat exchanger"International Journal of Thermal Sciences 48 (2009) 2300–2308.
[2] Kapil Dev, Kuldeep Singh Pal, Suhail A. Siddiqui , "An Empirical Study of Helical Coil Heat Exchanger Used in Liquid Evaporization and Droplet Disengagement for a Laminar Fluid Flow" International Journal of Engineering Sciences & Research Technology April, 2014, ISSN: 2277-9655.
[3] Pablo Coronel, K.P. Sandeep "Heat Transfer Coefficient in Helical Heat Exchangers under Turbulent Flow Conditions" International Journal of Food Engineering, Volume 4, Issue 1 2008 Article 4.
[4] Aly Wael I.A., Numerical study on turbulent heat transfer and pressure drop of nanofluid in coiled tube-in-tube heat exchangers, Energy Conversion and Management, vol.-79 (2014)
[5] Eiamsa-ard Smith., Promvonge Pongjet., Enhancement of heat transfer in a tube with regularly- spaced helical tape swirl generators, Solar Energy, vol.-78 (2005) 483–494.

Abstract: The design process for medical devices is highly regulated to ensure the safety of patients. This paper will present a review of the design process for implantable orthopedic medical devices. It will cover the main stages of feasibility, design reviews, design, design verification, manufacture, design validation, design transfer and design changes.

Keywords:– 3D Printing, Design, Implant, Medical device, Orthopedic,

[1]. Council Directive 93/42/EEC of 14 June 1993 concerning medical devices. Official J. Eur. Commun., vol. L169, pp. 1–43, 1993.
[2]. P. McAllister and J. Jeswiet, "Medical device regulation for manufacturers," Proc. Inst. Mech. Eng. Part H J. Eng. Med., vol. 217, pp. 459-467, 2003.
[3]. BS EN ISO 13485: 2003 Medical devices - Quality management systems-Requirements for regulatory purposes. London: British Standards Institute, 2003.
[4]. PD CEN ISO/TR 14969: 2005 Medical devices - Quality management systems - Guidance on the application of ISO 13485:2003. London: British Standards Institute, 2005.
[5]. FDA 21CFR820 Quality System Regulation. Rockville, Maryland, USA: Food and Drug Administration, 2006.

Abstract: Heat transfer enhancement in pipe in pipe helical coils has been research by many researchers. While the many literatures available on heat transfer characteristics of helical coil heat exchangers. There is very few published on validate experimental results through Computational Fluid Dynamics. This paper focuses on experimental investigation of fluid-to-fluid heat transfer enhancement of pipe-in-pipe helical coil tubes. The methodology of experimental analysis of a helical tubes heat exchanger, the effect of the inside tubes at constant value of mass flow rate in Dean Number and also established the surface heat transfer coefficient. Heat transfer characteristics inside pipe-in-pipe helical coils for various boundary conditions, that the specification of a constant temperature at hot water inlet, constant mass flow rate. Hence, the pipe-in-pipe heat exchanger is considering different mass flow rate inside and annulus. The fabrication of experimental setup is estimate the heat transfer enhancement in inside helical coil tubes.

Keywords: Dean Number, Heat Transfer, Helically Pipe, Nusselt Number, Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient.

[1] J.S. Jayakumar, S.M. Mahajani, J.C. Mandal, "Experimental and CFD estimation of heat transfer in helically coiled heat exchangers", Chemical engineering research and design, Vol. 86, (2008), pp. 221-232. [2] Mohamed A. Abd Raboh, Hesham M. Mostafa,Mostafa A. M. Ali and Amr M. Hassaan "Experimental Study for Condensation Heat Transfer Inside Helical Coil". [3] Pablo Coronel, K.P. Sandeep "Heat Transfer Coefficient in Helical Heat Exchangers under Turbulent Flow Conditions" International Journal of Food Engineering, Volume 4, Issue 1 2008 Article 4. [4] Rahul Kharat, Nitin Bhardwaj, R.S. Jha "Development of heat transfer coefficient correlation for concentric helical coil heat exchanger" International Journal of Thermal Sciences 48 (2009) 2300–2308. [5] Ashok Reddy K, Bhagvanth Rao M. Ram Reddy. "Effect of dean number on heating transfer coefficients in an flat bottom agitated vessel. IOSR Journal of Engineering May. 2012, Vol. 2(5) pp: 945-951.

[6] Timothy J. Rennie, , and Raghavan, V. G. S., 2005, "Experimental Studies of a Double-Pipe Helical Heat Exchanger," Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science, 29(8) pp. 919-924.

Abstract: The relatively stable voltage output DC power supply is often required in electrolytic plating electrochemical reactions. Based on the analysis of several circuit structures, full-bridge configuration electromagnetic isolation has advantages in efficiency and pressure range. The entire system using voltage feedback loop PI control method of segmentation and the pressure range is divided into multiple parts separately controlled. Finally, MATLAB simulation comparison, it was verified that this control method can not only improve the voltage regulator circuit output voltage range and can reduce the amount of ripple output voltage waveform.

Keywords: Full-bridge converter circuit, DC power supply, High-frequency PWM; Section PI control.

[1]. Nakaoka, M, Saha, B, Sugimura, H, Sang Pil Mun, Hiraki, E, Omori, H. Direct High Frequency Soft Switching Inverter Type AC-DC Power Converter with Boost Function for Consumer Magnetron Drive, Industrial Electronics Society, 2007. IECON 2007. 33rd Annual Conference of The IEEE, Page(s): 1336-1341
[2]. P. Shamsi and B. Fahimi "Design and development of very high frequency resonant DC-DC boost converters", IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 8, pp.3725 -3733 2012.
[3]. Nymand M, Andersen M A E. High-efficiency isolated boost DC–DC converter for high-power low-voltage fuel-cell applications [J]. Industrial Electronics, IEEE Transactions on, 2010, 57(2): 505-514.
[4]. Choe, H. J., et al. (2014). "Passive Snubber for Reducing Switching-Power Losses of an IGBT in a DC-DC Boost Converter." IEEE Transactions on Power Electronics 29(12): 6332-6341.
[5]. J. Hu, A. D. Sagneri, J. M. Rivas, Y. Han, S. M. Davis, and D. J. Perreault,"High-frequency resonant SEPIC converter with wide input and output voltage ranges,"IEEE Trans. Power Electron., vol. 27, no. 1, pp. 189–200, Jan. 2012.

Abstract: Available chlorine has an effect on the sterilization and disinfection of a water supply, especially for drinking water. In order to obtain available chlorine industrially, it is important to generate available chlorine at high-concentrations with high-efficiency. However, it is difficult to simultaneously attain high concentration with high-efficiency. In this paper, the optimum operation conditions for available chlorine production are proposed from the standpoint of high-efficiency. The experiment was conducted using a flow-type reactor with narrow and parallel electrode plates, even though it lacks a barrier membrane between the plates. The governing factors are: the electrode plate interval and the flow rate of sodium chloride solution from the viewpoint of hydrodynamics, and the concentration of sodium chloride of the medium and current density supplied to the electrode plates from the standpoint of chemical reactions..

[1] C. L. Hawkins and M. J. Davies, Hypochlorite-induced Damage to Protein: Formation of Nitrogen-centered Radicals from Lysine
Residues and Their Role in Protein Fragmentation, Biochemical Journal, 332, 1998, 617-625.
[2] C. L. Hawkins and M. J. Davies, Hypochlorite-induced Oxidation of Proteins in Plasma: Formation of Chloramines and Nitrogencentered
Radicals and Their Role in Protein Fragmentation, Biochemical Journal, 340, 1999, 539-548.
[3] M. Nishimura, N. Kariya, U. Hulan, C. Y. Duan and T. Shimono, Comparison of the Hand Disinfectant Effects between Super
Hypochlorous Water and 7.5% Povidone-iodine, Pediatric Dental Journal, 14(1), 2004, 1-3.
[4] M. E. Parish, L. R. Beuchat, T. V. Suslow, L. J. Harris, E. H. Garrett, J. N. Farber and F. F. Busta, Methods to Reduce/Eliminate
Pathogens from Fresh and Fresh-Cut Produce, Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety, Chapter V, 2, 2003, 161-
173.
[5] H. Kasai, M. Yoshimizu and Y. Ezura, Disinfection of Water for Aquaculture, Proc. of International commemorative Symposium,
70th Anniversary of the Japanese society of Fisheries Science, Fisheries Science, 68, Supplement I, 2002, 821-824.

Abstract: Machining of hard metal is difficult by conventional method to get high accuracy. Modern or non conventional machining method are widely use now a days. Wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) is also a non conventional machining process which is mostly used. In machining of conductive materials by using precisely controlled sparks that occur between a very thin wire and a work piece in the presence of a dielectric fluid. The thin wire considered as a cutting tool..

[1]. Sivaraman B, Eswaramoorthy C and Shanmugham E.P, "Optimal control parameters ofmachining in CNC Wire-Cut EDM for Titanium" Int. Journal of Applied Sciences and Engineering Research(IJASER), Vol. 4, Issue 1, 2015, ISSN 2277 – 9442.
[2]. Aqvinash Minj, Kapil Tamrakar, Abhinav Sharma and Harsh Pandey, "Analysis of Quality and Productivity in Wire Electrical Discharge Machining", International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology (IRJET), Volume: 02, Issue: 04 | July-2015, e-ISSN: 2395 -0056, p-ISSN: 2395-0072.
[3]. Pratik A. Patil and C.A. Waghmare, "Optimization of process parameter in wire EDM using response surface methodology", Proceedings of 10th IRF International Conference, 01st June-2014, Pune, India, ISBN: 978-93-84209-23-0.
[4]. Sonu Dhiman , Ravinder Chaudhary and V.K.Pandey, "Analysis and study the effect of various control factors of CNC-wire cut EDM for S7 steel ", Mechanical Engineering: An International Journal ( MEIJ), Vol. 1, issue 1, May 2014.

Abstract: Humans prefer comfort in every form. The same reason has prompted him to lay the roads and invent motor vehicles. This is the era we are seeing very huge number of vehicles on the roads. But to his dismay, with this comfortless, there came the problem of accidents due to increase in traffic volume. The increased human misery and serious economic loss caused by road accidents demand the attention of the society and call for the solution of this problem. The causes for accidents are many. It may be either due to the fault of the driver or vehicular defect, tough weather condition or due to improper road design and many more. Precisely, if accidents occur frequently at a particular road stretch then, the location is coined as Black Spot. In the present work, an attempt has been made to evaluate the effects of highway geometrics and speed parameters in increased accident rates at the black spot. The black spot of our interest is Busthenahalli bypass (spot-A) on National Highway-48 between Bangalore and Mangalore, Karnataka, India..

[1] Cohen. J. and B. Preston, Causes and Prevention of road accidents, Faber and Faber, London, 1968.
[2] Road User Cost Study, Final Report, Central Road Research Institute, New Delhi, 1982.
[3] Road Accident Forms A-1 and 4, the IRC. New Delhi, 1982.
[4] Report of the study group on road safety, ministry of transport, New Delhi, 1972.
[5] Road Safety-A Committee Report, Ministry of Shipping and Transport, New Delhi, 1983.
[6] Safety of motor-cycle and scooter riders, Editorial, Transport Communications Monthly Review, No. 254, New Delhi, 1973.
[7] Special Issue on Motor Vehicle Accident Statistics in India, 1986, Transport Research Division, Ministry of Surface Transport, New Delhi, 1986.