Volume-7 ~ Issue-5 ~ May-2014

Abstract: In an attempt to study the biological activities of flavonoids, a flavone, flavanone and series of chalcones were synthesized and characterized by IR and 1H NMR and elemental analysis. All the targeted compounds were screened for their antibacterial activity against Bacillus cereus, Enterococcus faecalis, Kleibsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeroginosa and antifungal activity against Aspergillus fumigatus and Candida glabrata. Only 2'-hydroxy-4-chlorochalcone (3) and 2'-hydroxy-4-nitrochalcone (4) showed moderate antimicrobial activity against the Gram-positive bacteria with MIC 125 μg/ml and a very weak antifungal activity with MIC 250 μg/ml. All other compounds displayed very weak activities against all the tested microorganisms.
Keywords: Flavonoids, Chalcones, Flavone, Flavanone, antibacterial and antifungal

[1]. Srinivasa MR, Kotesh J, Narukulla R and Duddeck H: Synthesis and spectroscopic characterization of some chromanochalcones and their dihydro derivatives. Archive of Organic Chemistry. 2004; (xiv):96-102.
[2]. Reddy CS and Nagaraj A: Synthesis and biological study of novel bis-chalcones, bis-thiazines and bis-pyrimidines. Journal of the Iranian Chemical Society. 2008; 5:262–267.
[3]. Hamdi N, Fischmeister C, Puerta MC and Valerga P: A rapid access to new coumarinyl chalcone and substituted chromeno[4,3-c]pyrazol-4(1H)-ones and their antibacterial and DPPH radical scavenging activities. Medicinal Chemistry Research. 2010; 19:1–16.
[4]. Kamal A, Prabhakar S, Ramaiah MJ, Reddy PV, Reddy CR, Mallareddy A, Shankaraiah, Lakshmi, Narayan, Reddy TLN, Pushpavalli SNCVL and Pal-Bhadra M: Synthesis and anticancer activity of chalcone-pyrrolobenzodiazepine conjugates linked via 1,2,3-triazole ring side-armed with alkane spacers. European Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 2011; 46:3820–3831.

[5]. Niti GG, Rajput PR, Banewar VW and Raut AR: Synthesis and antimicrobial activity of some chalcones and flavones having 2-Hydroxy acetophenone Moiety. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Science. 2012; 3(3):389–395.

Abstract: Sensitive, accurate and precise methods for the qauantitative determination of Seven drugs viz., Cyclobenzaprine HCl (CYC), Cyproheptadine HCl (CYP), Dobutamine HCl (DOB), Moxifloxacin HCl (MOX), Pamiprioxole HCl (PAM), Sumatriptan succinate (SUM) and Trimetazadine 2HCl(TRI) haave been developed . The methods are based on the charge transfer interqction of iodine with drugs which resulted in the formation of I3- ion with absorbtion maximum at 366nm. The absorbance of the band increased with increasing concentration of the drug and formed basis for the quantitative determination of the drugs. The methods have been validated in terms of ICH guidelines and parameters affecting the absorbance are optimised.The stoichiometry of each of the CT complex is found to be 1:1 by Job's continuous varuiation methodts and the formation constants are determined by drawing tangents to the Job's plots
Key words: Drugs; Determinatio; Iodine ; spectrophotometry;validation

[1]. Borenstein, D.G.; Korn, S. Clinical Therapeutics, Efficacy Of A Low-Dose Regimen of Cyclobenzaprine Hydrochloride in Acute Skeletal Muscle Spasm: Results of Two Placebo-Controlled Trials (2003), 25(4), 1056-1073.
[2]. Browning, R.; Jackson, J. L.; O'Malley, P. G. ,Archiev Internal Medicine, Cyclobenzaprine and Back Pain: A Meta-Analysis (2001), 161, 1613-1620.
[3]. Coulter, C.; Taruc, M.; Tuyay, J.; Moore, C. Journal of Analytical,Toxicology, Antidepressant Drugs in Oral Fluid Using Liquid Chromatography-Tandem Mass Spectrometry (2010), 34(2), 64-72.
[4]. Constanzer, M.; Chavez, C.; Matuszewski, B. Journal of Chromatography B, Development and comparison of high-performance liquid chromatographic methods with tandem mass spectrometric and ultraviolet absorbance detection for the determination of cyclobenzaprine in human plasma and urine. (1995), 666(1), 117-126.
[5]. Hwang, P.; Young, D.; Straughn, A.; Meyer, M.; Journal of Liquid Chromatogaphy, Quantitative Determination of Cyclobenzaprine in Human Plasma by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography, (1993), 16, 1163-1171.

Abstract: The hypoglycemic effects of graded quantities (200mg/kg, 300 mg/kg and 400mg/kg/day) of Ipomeabatatas leaf extracts at a dose of once daily for fourteen days on the blood glucose level of 20 rats whose glucose level exceeded 200mg/dl after alloxan induction were studied. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phytochemical ingredients of Ipomeabatatas leaf were also carried out. Data obtained were subjected to Analysis of variance (ANOVA) with probability set at p<0.05. The results showedthat oral treatment with 2ml of 200 mg/kg/day of Ipomoea batatas aqueous extract did not produce significant (p>0.05) alterations in the blood glucose concentration level when compared with basal value. Also, there was no significant difference (p>0.05) in the sugar level of rats treated with 300mg/kg/day and 400mg/kg/day of the extracts but the hypoglycemic effect significantly differ (p<0.05) from non-diabetic and rats treated with oral administration of 200mg/kg/day of Ipomeabatata extracts. Thehighest percentage blood sugar reductions of 69.67% was recorded in rats treated with 300 mg/kg/day, followed by 59.24%( 400mg/kg/day extract) while the least percentage sugar reduction of 52.18% was observed in 200mg/kg/day extract. The non-diabetic induced rats exhibited steady increase (8.03%) in their normal glucose level. It was revealed that alloxan induced rats treated with 200mg/kg/day, 300mg/kg/day and 400mg/kg/day sustained percentage weight loss of 48.91, 28.66 and 31.11 percent respectively compared with non-diabetic induced rats. The qualitative phytochemical screening investigation of Ipomeabatata indicated the presence of alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, steroids, phenol, anthraquinone, Phlobatannin, Glycosides and terpenoids. Also, quantitative phytochemical study revealed that saponin (6.21) was the highest phytochemical content followed by tannin (4.15) while Glycoside was the least (0.40).In conclusion, 300mg/kg/day of the extract produced the best hypoglycemic effect (69.67%) in diabetic induced rats.
Keywords: Alloxan-induced rats,Anti-diabetes, Diabetes, Ipomoea batatas, phytochemical analysis.

[1]. Shoback G. and Gardener D. 2011. Prevalence of diabetes. 15:499 – 501.
[2]. Mellisa C. and William D. 2010. Diabetes mellitus . 13 – 16.
[3]. Rother K. 2007. Diabetes treatment – bridging the divide. 356 (16):501.
[4]. Riserus U. and Willet W. 2009. Dietary fats and prevention of type 1 diabetes. 10 – 15.
[5]. Seidell J. 2008. Obesity, insulin resistance and diabetes. A world of epidemics. 5 – 8.

Abstract: The complex of 3-formyl chromone derivative ligand with the Cu(II) complex was isolated in the solid form. Which have been characterized using FTIR spectrums. The FTIR spectrum shows bands for characteristic frequencies at 1604 cm-1 indicates C=O group, belongs to pyrone ring. The frequency at 510 to 596 cm-1 and band at 916 to 964 cm-1 indicates the M-O and M-O=C- in pyrone ring respectively. The UV-Vis spectroscopy shows that carbonyl of aldehyde group and carbonyl of pyrone ring of chromone of ligand shows n- π*and π–-π* transition and complex shows electronic absorption at 369nm due to the 2B1g →2B2g transition. Thermo Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) of complexes and ligand was carried out to determine the procedural and decomposition temperatures. The temperature range in which decomposition occurs in the range between 209°C to 350°C. The magnetic properties were determined from Gouy balance method. The number of unpaired electron found in complex of Cu(II)-3-formylchromone derivative was one and it has dsp2 hybridization. The complex is soluble in DMSO. The molar conductance of the complex are measured in DMSO at a concentration 10-3M.The ligand and their copper complexes were screened for antimicrobial activities by the agar well diffusion technique using DMSO as solvent. The complexes were checked for their biological activity by using, Escherichia coli, and Bacillus subtilis bacteria. Keyword: Chromone derivative, Copper 3-formylchromone, Biological Screening.

[1]. N. S. Joshi, B. K. Karale, C. H. Gill,S. B. Bhirud―Synthesis and characterization of new biologically active 2-(1, 3-disubstituted pyrazolyl)chromonesand corresponding pyrimidine, thiopyrimidine, pyrazolyl derivatives,‖ Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry,2004,41(4):541–548.
[2]. Nathan R. Guz, Frank R. Stermitz, Jeffrey B. Johnson, Teresa D. Beeson, Seth Willen, Jen- Fang Hsiang, and Kim Lewis ―Flavonolignan and Flavone Inhibitors of a Staphylococcus aureus Multidrug Resistance Pump: Structure−Activity Relationships,‖ J Med Chem.2001, 44: 261–268.
[3]. Masami Kawase,Toru Tanaka, Hiroyuki Kan, Satoru Tani, Hideki Nakashima and HiroshiSakagami, ―Biological Activity of 3-Formylchromones and Related Compounds‖ In Vivo,2007, 21: 829-834.
[4]. Chandra KantaGhosh, Anirban Ray and AmarendraPatra, ―Benzopyrans. Part 42. Reactions of 4-Oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-3-carbaldehyde with some active methylene compounds in the presence of ammonia,‖ J. Heterocycl. Chem,2001, 38 :1459.

[5]. Nohara A, Umetani T and SannoY studies on antianaphylactic agents –I : A Facil synthesis of 4-oxo-4H-1-benzopyran-3-carboxaldehydes by Vilsmeier reagents― Tetrahedron ,1974,30: 3553.

Abstract: Single crystal and powder EPR of sulphto bridged Cu(II) complex were studied at X-band frequency. EPR of powder samples exhibit a single exchange narrowed resonance at 300 K and an orthorhombic spectrum at 77 K. Single crystal spectra show a single exchange - collapsed resonance line for all the orientations indicating the complex to be in the strong exchange regime. The magnitude of intrachain exchange coupling constant, J=0.1154(4) cm-1, calculated from the angular variation of the line width clearly reveals strong coupling between the magnetic Cu(II) centers. The ratio of interchain/intrachain = 3.5 x 10-2 and line shape analyses are indicative of quasi two dimensional behaviour of the system. The interchain super exchange pathway is provided by H-bonding.

Keywords: X-band EPR; Exchange interactions, Quasi-2D system, Cu(II) imidazole complex

[1] V.P. García, R. C. Santana, R. Madrid, B. Baldo, A. Vega, E. Spodine, J. Inorg. Biochem., 114, 2012, 75-81
[2] R.N. Patel, K.K. Shukla, A. Singh, M. Choudhary, U.K. Chauhan, S. Dwivedi, Inorg. Chim. Acta, 362, 14, 2009, 4891–4898.
[3] E. I Solomon, M.J. Baldwin, and M.D Lowery, Chem. Rev., 92, 1992, 521.
[4] M.Choudhary, R.N. Patel, S.P. Rawat, J Mol. Struc.e, 1060, 2014, 197–207.

5] R.N. Patel, K.K. Shukla, Anurag Singh, M. Choudhary, U.K. Chauhan, S. Dwivedi, Inorganica Chimica Acta, Volume 362, Issue 14, 10 November 2009, Pages 4891–4898

Abstract:Thepoly(urethane-urea)basedonα,Ω,hydroxyterminatedpolystyrene(OH-PSt-OH), 4,4'-methylenediphenyldiisocyanate(MDI) and three different diamines is prepared by a melt polymerization method. The length of the soft segmentis varied from 2310 to 9366 g/mol using MDI as a chain extender. The synthesized copolymer is characterized by viscosity measurements, FT-IR,temperature dependent FTIR,DSC, TGA,swelling ratio and solvent resistivity. The inherent viscosity of the polymeris found to be in the range of 0.5-2.3dL/g is suggesting that the polymerare of high molecular weight. Differential scanning colorimetry (DSC) data'sare confirming that the melting temperature of the polymer varies from 237°C to 263°C. From the temperature dependent FTIR, the crystallinity obtained for hard segment is around85%. The TGA data reveal that the polymer shows single stage decomposition center around 414°C.The solubility in chloroform and swelling ratio of the polymer depending on the concentration of the hard segment.
Keywords: Poly(urethane- urea), decomposition, crystallinity, swelling ratio, solvent resistivity

[1]. G Holden, N R Legge, R Quirk, H E. Schroeder, 'Thermoplastic Elastomers', 2nd. Hanser Publishers, Munich(1996).
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[5]. D.B Klinedinst, Structure-property behaviour of segmented poly (urethane-urea) copolymers based on an ethylene-butylene soft segment. Polymer, 46(23), 2005, 10191-10201.

Abstract: Soil samplesin metal dumpsites in Abeokuta metropolis was assessed for possible availability, concentration of heavy metals, micronutrients and theireffects. The soil samples were collected from three (3) different dumpsites, analyzed using AAS and the data subjected to statistical analysis of variance.Metals were detected in all the sampling sites. Sodium content determined are 0.24 ± 0.03, 0.23 ± 0.04and 0.94 ± 0.05 mg/kg in soil samples found in metal dumpsites of Sabo, Lafenwa and Ojere respectively. Potassium content determined are 0.44 ± 0.04, 0.38 ± 0.03and 0.23 ± 0.02 mg/kg, Manganese content determined are 1.30 ± 0.20, 1.45 ± 0.15 and 0.80 ± 0.00 mg/kg, Chromium content determined are 1.15 ± 0.15, 1.15 ± 0.15 and 0.24 ± 0.02 mg/kg, Cadmium content determined are1.35 ± 0.15, 0.90 ± 0.10 and 0.75 ±0.05 mg/kg. Concentration of Nickel was highest in Lafenwametal dumpsite with a value of 1.88 ± 0.00mg/kg while Zinc showed a high concentration of 2.00 + 0.00, 2.95 + 0.77 and 1.20 + 0.00mg/kg in all soil samples and Calcium has 4.13 + 0.18, 4.25 + 0.35 and 1.81 + 0.09mg/kg respectively.Copper has the highest concentration as 4.30 + 0.42, 8.80 + 0.28 and 2.55+ 0.35 mg/kg respectively. The concentrations of Magnesium in the soil sample are 1.65 + 0.08,1.70+ 0.14 and 7.30 + 0.04mg/kg and that of Iron are 1.55 + 0.21, 1.60 + 0.28 and 0.90 + 0.14mg/kg while Cobalt concentration were 1.73 + 0.42, 2.17 + 0.14 and 0.02 + 0.00mg/kg.It is evident that the soil from dump sites of Abeokuta contained low concentration of heavy metals compared to other studies. However, the continuous use of this area as a metal dumpsite may lead to heavy metal build up in soils to undesirable level, coupled with automobile mechanic activity which could increase the risk of serious environmental pollution in the nearest future.
Keywords: Environmental Impact,Heavy Metal Contaminants, Metal Dumpsites,Micronutrients, Soil Contamination.

[1]. GoorahS.S., M. I. Esmgot and R. Boojhawon al. 2009. The health impact of Non-harzardous solid waste disposal in a community: the case of the more chioose landfill in Mauritius. J I Environ, Health, 72:48-54.
[2]. KouznetsoraM.S.X.,Huarg J.mas L. lessner and D. O. Carpenter, 2007. Increased rate of hospitalization for diabetes and residential proximity of hazardous waste sites. Environ. Health perspect, 115:75-79
[3]. Nubi, O. A., O. Osibanjo and A. Y. Nubi, 2008. Impact assessment of dumpsite leachate on the qualities of surface water and sediment of river Eku, Ona-Ara local government, Oyo state, Nigeria sci. world J., 3:17-20.
[4]. Uba, S. A. Uzairu, G. F. S. Harrison M. L. Balarabe and O. J. Okunola, 2008. Assessment of heavy metal bioavailability in dumpsites of Zaira metropolis, Nigeria Afr. J. Biokenrol.112-130.
[5]. Greenland D. J. and M. H. Hayes, 2000. The chemistry of soil processes. A wide inter-science publication, New York, USA, pp201-213

Abstract: In this paper we report on the use of surface modified electrodes in conjunction with cyclic voltammetry to study the redox profiles of quinine in unconventional drugs-herbal medicine. The unconventional drugs used in the study include cinchona bark and malbet. The results show quinine in cinchona is redox active with the oxidation and reduction potentials on bare carbon graphite electrode occurring at 0.495V and 0.345V respectively. The oxidation/reduction potential on bentonite modified electrode occurred at 0.450V/ (0.345V and -0.030V). It was observed that, when in contact with the bentonite over along period, quinine in cinchona is physi-sorbed. The redox process of the quinine extract is diffusion limited. In the case of malbet the quinine in Alstonia scholaris was detected . The other natural products in malbet appear not to be electroactive. The oxidation and reduction peak potential for quinine in alstonia scholaris appeared at 0.540V and 0.225V in 1M H2SO4 and 0.525V and 0.330 V in HCl.The malbet appears to ingress into bentonite lattice and is pre-concentrated in the bentonite hence, giving enhanced redox signals.The electrochemical signal obtained in malbet is attributed to quinine in Alstonia scholaris.
Key Words: Cinchona, Malbet, unconventional (herbal) drug, surface modified electrode

[1]. Acton N. and Roth R.J., (1992), On the conversion of dihydroartemisinic acid into artemisinin. J. Org. Chem. 57, 3610-3614.
[2]. Avery, M. A., S. Mehrotra, J. D. Bonk, J. A. Vroman, D. K. Goins, and R. Miller, (1996). Structure-activity relationships of the antimalarial agent artemisinin. 4. Effect of substitution at C-3. J. Med. Chem. 39, 2900-2906.
[3]. Bachi, M. D., Korshin E. E., Hoos R., and Szpilman A. M., (2000). Synthesis and reactions of antimalarial bicyclic peroxides. J. Heterocycl. Chem. 37:639-646.
[4]. Bakhshi, H. B., T. Gordi, and M. Ashton. (1997). In-vitro interaction of artemisinin with intact human erythrocytes, erythrocyte ghosts, haemoglobin and carbonic anhydrase. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 49:223-226.
[5]. Benoit-Vical F., Robert A. and Meunier B., (2000), In vitro and in vivo potentiation of artemisinin and synthetic endoperoxyde antimalarial drugs by metalloporphyrins. Antimicrob. Agents Chemother. 44, 2836-2841.

Abstract: In this paper we present results obtained for energy storage units developed using polyaniline and polythiophene modified electrodes. The voltage potential profiles for recharge/discharge are either linear or exponential. Nucleation over-potential has been observed in some profiles where there is a phase transition. It is observed that hydrocarbon gel: bentonite electrolyte mixtures yielded relatively high initial voltages and that, this voltage also depended on the hydrocarbon: bentonite ratio. The potential decay profile for potential at Vo, 3/4Vo, 1/2Vo and 1/3Vo yielded linear and exponential curves for various hydrocarbon:bentonite mixtures.
The capacity (C) were 0.0014 Ah, for the 2:1 energy unit and 0.00035 Ah for the 3:1 energy unit.
The electric storage density (ESD) for the 2:1 and 3:1 energy units were 4.7 × 10-4 Ah/g and 8.8 × 10-5 Ah/g
Key words: Electronically conducting polymers, Bentonite, Hydrocarbon gel, discharge profile

[1]. Abrissani C., Bongini A., Mastragostino M., Zanelli A., Barbarella G., Zambianchi M., 1995, Conductive electroactive polymers: intelligent polymer systems, Advanced materials, 7, 57.
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[4]. Aizawa M., Khan G.F., Shinohara H., and Ikariyama Y., 1996, Voltage-assisted peptidesynthesis in aqueous solution by α-chymotrypsin immobilized in polypyrrole matrix, J. Am. Chem .Soc., 118, 1824-1830.
[5]. Alcacer L., 1987, Conducting Polymers, D. Reidel Publishing Company, 20.

Abstract: In this paper electrochemical profiling of quinine, an effective anti- malarial drug administered to humans, was done using primarily the very versatile electrochemical technique- cyclic voltammetry. In the electro-analysis, the main supporting electrolyte used was sulphuric acid. The surface of the working electrode was modified using electronically conducting polymer- polyanailine and a clay montmorillonite- bentonite. Quinine and metal cation Cu2+, Co2+, Zn2+ and Sn2+ were also used to modify the electrode surface.The results obtained showed that quinine oxidation /reduction potential on bare carbon graphite electrode occured at 0.495V/0.300V and 0.015V (0.25M H2SO4 supporting electrolyte). Bentonite modified electrode gave 0.434V/0.480V (1M H2SO4 supporting electrolyte) and 0.360V/0.345V (1M HCl supporting electrolyte). A mechanistic pathway for the oxidation of quinine has also been proposed. It was also observed from the results obtained from studies on the effect of consumables such as tea, glycine and milk on quinine, that milk totally suppressed the redox process in quinine. Amino acids which are the building blocks in proteins and which is an important macromolecule in humans, does not affect significantly the redox process in quinine.
Cyclic voltammetric profiling of quinine interaction with metal cations such as Cu2+, Co2+, Zn2+ and Sn2+ and drugs such as paracetamol, acetyl salicylic acid, hydrocortisone and ferrous fumarate revealed interactions between the redox centers.
Key Words: Surface modified electrodes, cyclic voltammetry, polyaniline, bentonite and quinine

[1]. Bloland P.B., (2001), Drug Resistance in Malaria, Malaria Epidemiology Branch, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention WHO/CDS/CDS/DRS.4, 27
[2]. Blumberg P.M. and Strominger J. L., (1974), Interaction of Penicillin with the bacterial cell: Penicillin – binding proteins and penicillin – sensitive enzyme, Bact. Rev. 38, 291.
[3]. Acton N. and Roth R.J., (1992), On the conversion of dihydroartemisinic acid into artemisinin. J. Org. Chem. 57, 3610-3614.
[4]. Avery, M. A., S. Mehrotra, J. D. Bonk, J. A. Vroman, D. K. Goins, and R. Miller, (1996). Structure-activity relationships of the antimalarial agent artemisinin. 4. Effect of substitution at C-3. J. Med. Chem. 39, 2900-2906.
[5]. WHO (Roll Back Malaria), (1985).

Abstract: In this paper we report on the electrochemical behavior of paracetamol or N-acetyl-p-aminophenol. In the electro-analysis bare carbon graphite and bentonite modified working electrode has been used in conjunction with cyclic voltammetry to study its redox properties. The results indicate that, the oxidation and reduction potentials of paracetamol occur at 0.600V and 0.750V. The paracetamol cyclic voltammogram is reversible.From the results obtained we observe that, paracetamol interacts with consumables such tea and< milk; metal ions such as CO2+ and Fe2+. It is also shown to interact with vitamin, ferrous fumarate and hydrocortisone. The observed electrochemical behaviour of paracetamol, if replicated at the cellular level, can< give insight into its mechanistic and interactive pathways.
Keywords: N-acetyl-p-aminophenol (paracetamol), surface modified electrode, working electrode

[1]. Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network (SIGN) (2008). Guideline 106: Control of pain in adults with cancer. Scotland: National Health Service
[2]. Khashab M., Tector A.J., Kwo P.Y. (2007). "Epidemiology of acute liver failure". Curr Gastroenterol Rep 9 (1): 66–73
[3]. Hawkins L.C., Edwards J.N., Dargan P.I. (2007). "Impact of restricting paracetamol pack sizes on paracetamol poisoning in the United Kingdom: a review of the literature". Drug Saf 30 (6): 465–79.
[4]. Larson A.M., Polson J., and Fontana R.J. (2005). "Acetaminophen-induced acute liver failure: results of a United States multicenter, prospective study". Hepatology 42 (6): 1364–72
[5]. Hinz, B., Cheremina O. and Brune K. (2008). "Acetaminophen (paracetamol) is a selective cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitor in man.". The FASEB journal : official publication of the Federation of American Societies for Experimental Biology 22 (2): 383–390

Abstract: In this work, smokeless briquettes of various compositions were produced using coal and rice husk, starch was used as the binder while Ca(OH2) was the desulphurizing agent. The briquettes were produced in the following ratio of mixtures; coal and rice husk 100:0, 80:20, 60:40, 40:60, 20:80 and 0:100 respectively. The proximate analysis of the raw coal sample showed ash content 19.12%, moisture content 6.25%, volatile matter 41.12%, fixed carbon 33.51% and calorific value 117 KJ/g. the rice husk had the following values ash content 7.53%, moisture content 10.48%, volatile matter 68.74%, fixed carbon 13.25% and calorific value 65.24 KJ/g. The prepared briquettes were sun dried for seven days, subjected to various tests to assess their fuel quality. Of the briquettes produced, the 60% coal: 40% rice husk briquette showed the following values; ash content 20.26%, fixed carbon 50.06%, moisture content 4.42%, density 0.414 g/cm3, volatile matter 25.26%, porosity index 40.7%, calorific value 142.86 KJ/g, water boiling test 2.15 minutes, burning time 20.43 minutes, ignition time 33.67 seconds and sulphur content 4.69%. The briquette showed improved properties with regards to combustible property when compared to the other briquettes produced with the same binder but different compositions.
Key words: briquette, biomass, coal, rice husk, starch

[1]. American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), (1992). Annual Book of ASTM Standards, Petroleum Products, Lubricants and Fossil Fuels, New York, Section 5.50(12), pp. 210-218.
[2]. Belonio, A.T., (2005). Rice Husk Stove Handbook. Appropriate Technology Center, Department of Agricultural Engineering and Environmental Management, Iloilo City, Philippines, pp. 155-160.

[3]. Bhattacharya, C., (1985). "Densified Biomass in Thailand: Potential, Status and Problems", Elsevier Applied Science Publishers, London, pp. 255-259.
[4]. Jackson, M.L., (1958). Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey, pp. 134-320.
[5]. Kim, H., Kazuhiko, S. and Masayoshi, S., (2001). Biomass Briquette as a Technology for Desulphurizing and Energy Saving, Renewable Energy Journal, 8: 33-75.

Abstract: The Canavalia glandiata used for this study was cultivated for the purpose of this study in Owo, Ondo State, Nigeria. The seed flour was subjected to different processing methods, which includes cooking, roasting and autoclaving. The effects of various processing methods on the nutritional, anti-nutritional, mineral composition and protein quality of seed flours were assessed. Again, the minerals detected in all the samples were; calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, iron copper, and zinc. The results in several aspects, compared favourably with those reported for many conventional edible legumes. Again, there is evidence of anti-nutritional factors in the seed, which were reduced by the processing methods adopted. However, the raw and processed seed flours appeared to be unsuitable as sole sources of dietary protein especially in human diets. Their incorporation in diets along with other protein resources is therefore suggested as a way of enhancing the utilization of these differently processed legume seed flours.
Key words: Canavalia glandiata, processing, proximate, amino acid, antinutritional

[1]. A. D. Ologhobo, Biochemical and Nutritional studies of cowpeas and Lima bean with particular reference to some inherent anti-nutritional factors, doctoral diss., University of Ibadan, Ibadan, Nigeria, 1980.
[2]. B, Mackinder. R. Pasquest. Polhell and B.Vardcourt,(2001). leguminosae (papilinoideae: phaseoleae). Plenum press. United Kingdom, 2001, 261.
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[4]. D. B. Oke, O.O. Tewe and B.L. Fatuga, The nutritional composition of some Cowpea varieties. Nigeria Journal of Animal Production. 22, (1), 1995, 32-36.
[5]. C.H. Bosch, Canavalia gladiata (Jacq) DC. Plant resources of tropical Africa

Abstract: The seed and pulp of Cola millenii were assessed with respect to their nutritional compositions and anti-nutrient factors. Also, the inhibitory activities were equally investigated. The result of the nutritional compositions of seed and pulp were in the range value; protein (4.10 to 5.76 g/100kg), crude fibre (2.22 to 2.83 g/100kg), crude fat (30.03 to 43.00 g/100kg), ash content (2.76 to 3.15 g/100kg), moisture content (6.90 to 9.80g/100g) and carbohydrate (10.46 to 13.79g/100kg). The result for mineral compositions showed that the seed and pulp contained the range value; calcium (168.73 to 394.78mg/100g), magnesium (459.47 to 610.29mg/100g), iron (446.56 to 1901.75mg/100g), zinc (310.26 to 481.53 mg/100g), manganese (100.02 to 555.32 mg/100g), sodium (140.99 to 187.15 mg/100g), potassium (356.47 to 417.72 mg/100g), and copper (7.80 to 9.90 mg/100g). The anti-nutrient factors detected in the seed and pulp was tannin, phytate and oxalate. The level of these anti nutrients were however low and might not pose any health hazard when compared to anti nutrients of 10-60mg/g in diet.The antimicrobial activities indicate that, the seed and pulp inhibits some species of bacteria. The result of the assessment implies that the seed and pulp can be used as a supplement because essential nutrients needed in the body were moderately present. Finally, the nutritional composition compares favourably with some common fruits.
Keywords: Cola millenii, nutritional, mineral, tannin, antimicrobial.

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Abstract: Osteoporosis is a systemic disease of the skeleton, characterized by low bone mass and alteration in the micro-architecture of the bone tissue that lead to an increase in brittleness with the ensuing predisposition to bone fracture. Global statistics show that women are more exposed to this disease than men and in particular at menopause. Like osteoporosis, type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is also greatly prevalent in aging populations, causing substantial morbidity and mortality. Diabetes mellitus affects skeletal system and bone metabolism through multiple pathways and it has been standard as a major risk factor for osteoporosis.Objective: To evaluate the level of serum ostocalcin, adiponectin, insulin levels of osteoporotic menopausal women with and without T2DM.Subjects& Methods: Blood samples were collected from 90 postmenopausal women; 60 women were patients with osteoporosis who have been divided into 2 groups; group A included 30 postmenopausal patients with osteoporosis without T2DM; group B included 30 postmenopausal patients with osteoporosis and T2DM while the third group included 30 apparently healthy postmenopausal women as a control group . Serum were separated for the estimation of ostocalcin ,adiponectin and insulin by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) Kits. Insulin resistance (IR) was calculated in term of homeostatic model assessment (HOMA) Results: Body mass density (BMD) were significantly lower in osteoporotic menopausal women without T2DM than healthy group; while it is significantly higher in osteoporotic menopausal women with T2DM than the healthy group(p < 0.001) . The levels of osteocalcin and adiponectin were significantly higher in patients of group A compared with control group (P <0.01) , and group B (P <0.001). While serum insulin, fasting serum glucose (FSG), insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) were significantly higher in patients of group B comparedwith the controls and group A. There was a significant negative correlation between adiponectin level and insulin in patients of group A(r = - 0.370,p = 0.044) And a positive significantly correlation between adiponectin level and BMD in patients of group B(r = 0.419,p = 0.021).

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Abstract: A single step environnemental friendly approach is employed to synthesise Silver nanoparticles using Ocimum tenuiflorum L. green and purple (Tulasi) varieties. Synthesised AgNps are analysed by using UV-Visible, FTIR, Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscope(EDX). The formation of nanoparticles was confirmed by colour change and the surface Plasmon absorption band was measured by the UV-Visible spectroscopy .The FTIR peak corresponds to the presence of C-H vibration of the aromatic ring and the stretch vibration of C-O indicates carbonyl group and flavonoids. SEM analysis of the synthesised Silver nanoparticles are clearly distinguishable and the particles are measured <100nm in size. The EDX spectra show the purity of the material. Synthesis is conventional and found to be efficient in terms of reaction time as well as cost effective.
Keywords : Ocimum tenuiflorum, EDX, SEM analysis, Silver nano particles

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