Volume-7 ~ Issue-7 ~ July-2014

Abstract: In this work, photocatalytic degradation of phthalic anhydride using Aeroxide P-25 and kronos 7050 was performed under external UV light source. The photocatalytic activity for both of the catalysts was investigated under external UV light source. The effect of various parameters such as catalyst loading, initial concentration and initial pH of PAN on degradation was studied. The results showed that phthalic anhydride was degraded to 71 % in 4h using Aeroxide P-25 at pH 3.5 while 55 % degradation was achieved by kronos 7050 at same conditions. It was observed that 51 % degradation of PAN was achieved by photochemical route. Under UV+Visible light illumination, 83 % of degradation of PAN was achieved using (C-doped TiO2) Kronos 7000 which proved to be the best among three catalysts. In this work the kinetic model (-rA= 0.005 CA 0.825 I b) was developed that satisfactorily described the photocatalytic degradation of phthalic anhydride across the different sets of experimental conditions and it was observed that the experimental data for different concentration of phthalic anhydride fit this equation.

Keywords: Aeroxide P-25, Kronos, phthalic anhydride, Photocatalyst, UV radiations.

[1]. A.A. Yawalkar, D. S. Bhatkhande, V. G. Pangarkar, and A.A.C.M. Beenackers, Solar assisted Photocatalytic and photochemical degradation of phenol, Journal of Chemtech Biotech, 76, 2001, 363-370.
[2]. Ksibi M., A. Zemzemi, and R. Boukchina, Photocatalytic degradability of substituted phenols over UV irradiated TiO2, Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology, 159, 2003,. 61-70.
[3]. M. Italo, P. Paola, and S. B. Luca, Degradation of organic pollutants in water by photochemical reactors, Catalysis Today, 48, 1999, 315-321.
[4]. J.B. Rodolfo, R. Gerardo, M. A. Orlando, and E. C. Alberto, Photocatalytic reactors reaction kinetics in a flat plate solar simulator," Catalysis Today, 76, 2002, 161-175.
[5]. U. Bali, E. C. Catalkaya, and F. Sengul (2003) Photochemical degradation and mineralization of phenol: a comparative study, Jr. of Environmental Science and Health, 38, 2003, 2259-75.

Abstract: The performance characteristics of the automotive crankcase oil, be it of synthetic or natural origin is basically a function of its stability at the engine operation temperature. The performance characteristics usually drop with aging occasioned by a combination of thermal and thermo-oxidative decomposition. The two modes oil degradation have been investigated by simulating those conditions encountered in the automotive crankcase engines under normal operation. Two commercially available multigrade crankcase lubricants (synthetic oil and mineral blend) were subjected to thermal and thermo-oxidative decomposition using a modified version of the turbine oil oxidation test apparatus. Thermal decomposition was carried out in the absence of air while thermo-oxidative degradation was achieved with an air flow rate of 1.0 litre per hour for 15hours. The physicochemical changes in oil composition were evaluated by measuring the Total Acid Number (TAN), Total Oxidation Products (TOP) and the infra-red spectral changes of the decomposition products at various temperatures ranging from 100°C to as high as 380°C. The results indicated that the mineral oil showed a higher aging characteristics in both the thermal and thermo-oxidative decomposition than its synthetic multigrade counterpart. The infra-red analysis revealed that the physicochemical changes associated with aging of the oil samples at high temperature were mainly due to the breakdown of additives and hydrocarbon matrix at the onset of aging into monomeric fragments of peroxides, organic acids and carbonyl compounds which polymerize at a much higher temperature into dark resinous materials. The physicochemical changes with temperature may therefore be used in evaluating the temperature-related aging hence the thermal and thermo-oxidative stabilities as well as the performance characteristics of crankcase lubricants.

Keywords: Mineral blend, Synthetic oil, decomposition, physicochemical changes

[1]. Korcek, S., Jensen, R. K. and Zimbo, M. (1980). Determination of the High Temperature Anti-oxidant capability of Lubricant Components. Industry & EC Prod. Res. Dev., 25:pp.617 – 623.
[2]. Gruse, W. A., (1967). Motor Oil Performance and Evaluation. Reinhold, NY, U.S.A., pp.73-79.
[3]. Chawla,S.Engineering Chemistry (Third Edition, Gagankapur for Dhanpatrai & Coy:Delhi,2003)
[4]. McGrechan, D. J.(1979). A Survey of mechanical design parameters affecting engine oil consumption. Soc. Am. Engr. Paper No. 790864: pp.35 – 38.
[5]. Jensen, R. K., Korcek, S., Mahoney, L. R. and Zimbo, M.(1981). Phase Auto-oxidation of organic compounds at elevated temperature 2: Kinetics and mechanisms of formation of cleavage products in n-hexadecane Auto-oxidation, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 103: 17 -42.

Abstract: Qualitative phytochemical analysis of the plant Clerodendron infortunatum confirms the presence of various phytochemicals like terpens, carbohydrates, glycosides, saponin, in its hexane extracts. The present investigation deals with the presence of these phytochemicals by phytochemical analysis of leaves of medicinally active plant for purification of bioactive constituents terpene. In the field of phytochemistry, it is necessary to choose solvent according to biological activity required. This preliminary study draws attention to the need for further studies of the active principles identified in the reported species for the treatment of many diseases as well as to understand their mode of action in controlling diseases.

Keywords: Phytochemical; Clerodendron infortunatum; Hexane Extract; Methanolic phase..

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Abstract: The effects of some animal materials, viz feather, hide and hoof, as fillers incorporated into propylene matrix were investigated. Composites of two varying weight percentages of fillers in fixed weight of the polymer resins were produced for each filler type by the injection moulding technique. The physico-mechanical properties of the composites prepared showed positive effects in the properties such as, tensile strength, elongation at break, compressive strength, flexural strength and surface hardness. Polypropylene hide composite increased the tensile strength from 18MPa to 21MPa at 1% filler loading. The decrease in elongation at break was experienced for the three fillers incorporated into the propylene polymer matrix. The compressive and flexural strengths were seen to be enhanced by these fillers. These animal fillers gave polypropylene composites great strength by enhancing its mechanical properties with the hide filler showing the best reinforcing qualities. These materials of animal origin can be used as fillers and also as biodegradable fillers for polymer resins and mimic bio-plastics.

Keywords: Chicken feather, cow hide, hoof, mechanical properties and polypropylene matrix

[1]. H. Morawetz, Polymers: The Origins and Growth of a Science (New York: John Wiley and Sons, 1985).
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Abstract: Return to nature is now adays target of view so the aim of this study to evaluate aqueous extract effects of Neem leaf on streptozotocin (STZ) experimental diabetic rats. Sixty male rats were divided equally into 4 groups. first group used as healthy normal control, second group injected with STZ (50 mg/kg.B.W) and act as control diabetic, third group injected I/P with STZ for induction of diabetes and treated with Neem leaf extract (200 mg/kg.B.W orally / day) for 30 days and the fourth group administrated with Neem leaf extract for 15 days before induction of diabetes, then during and after injection of STZ .for 30 days Blood samples were collected at 15 & 30 days from onset of treatment. Serum was directed for estimation of glucose, lipid profile, insulin hormone, insulin receptor, HMG-coA reductase, cortisol and total IgE . Hepatic tissue subjected to PCR for stimulation insulin receptors. The recorded results revealed significant increase in glucose, cholesterol, TG, insulin and HMGcoA reductase in diabetic rats when compared to control .The treatment with Neem extract resulted in significant decrease in all these parameters whereas serum cortisol has non significant change in all groups, while HDL showed non change in diabetic. In conclusion Neem act as potent antidiabetic, antihyperlipidemic and has a good molecular activity on insulin receptor gene expression by PCR

Key words: diabetes, Neem, hormone, lipid profile and PCR for insulin receptors

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Abstract: Kinetics of oxidation of Levamisole hydrochloride (LVM) by sodium N-bromo-p-toluene sulfonamide or bromamine-T (BAT) in presence of HCl has been investigated at 303K. The Stoichiometry of the reaction was found to be 1:1 and the oxidation product of levamisole hydrochloride was identified as Levamisole S-oxide was characterized by GC–MS analysis. The rate of reaction shows first-order dependence on [BAT]0, [LVM]0 and fractional-order dependence with [H+]0. Effects of added p- toluene sulfonamide (PTS) and halide ions, varying ionic strength (NaClO4) and dielectric constant of the medium on the rate of reaction have been investigated. Activation parameters were calculated and the reaction constants involved in the mechanisms have been computed. The proposed mechanisms and the derived rate laws are consistent with the observed kinetics.

Keywords: Kinetics, Levamisole hydrochloride, oxidation, bromamine-T, mechanism.

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Abstract: A simple and convenient procedure for tetrahydropyranylation of alcohols and phenols in the presence of organocatalyst, 3,5-dinitrobenzoic acid, has been developed. 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid is an effective, very cheap and viable catalyst in above synthetic transformations with various alcohols, phenols. A large number of alcohols and phenols have been tolerated well in this protocol.
Keywords: Organocatalyst, 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid, Tetrahydropyranylation, alcohols, phenols

[1]. Greene, T. W.; Wuts, P. G. M. Protective Groups in Organic Synthesis, 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons: New York, 1999.
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Abstract: A novel procedure for Ferrier rearrangement of tri-O-acetyl-D-glycals in the presence of 3,5-
dinitrobenozic acid has been developed. 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid is an effective, very cheap and viable catalyst
in above synthetic transformations with various alcohols and thiophenols.
Keywords: Organocatalyst, 3,5-Dinitrobenzoic acid, Ferrier rearrangement, Alcohols, Thiophenols

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Abstract: Vapor phase nitration of benzene has been carried out, using dilute nitric acid as the nitrating agent, over Fe/Mo/SiO2 solid acid catalyst with more than 80% benzene conversion and 99% selectivity for mononitrobenzene. A series of Fe/Mo/SiO2 catalysts with various compositions were prepared using a sol–gel technique and characterized using X-ray diffraction analysis (XRD), BET specific surface area analysis, temperature-programmed desorption (TPD) of ammonia, and FTIR spectroscopic analysis of adsorbed pyridine. The results are correlated with structure and acidity of the catalysts.

Keywords: Benzene nitration, mixed oxides, Selectivity, Sol gel, Vapor phase,

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Abstract: In this paper, the study of the behavior temperature of the Y zeolite is discussed. In first we have synthetized the product from the two precursors of aluminate and silicate. The characterization was carried out by using X-ray diffraction powder. In the last step of the synthesis, we have chosen the crystallization temperature. The obtention of the Y zeolite is mostly affected by this parameter. In order to follow the effect of this, 3 values are chosen for this synthesis. The 3 powders were characterized by XRD. The obtained spectrawere decomposed and indexed to obtain the Laue group space. The research of the best space group is undertaken in CheckCell program. The analysis of the different solution with different CFOM allowed the choice of the true solution. To validate the result, profile matching with Fullprof program is made. This transition let us think that the evolution from cubic to tetragonal systems can be explained by the relation group-subgroup.

Keywords: Y zeolite, Crystallization Temperature, XRD, Fullprof, CheckCell

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[2] BA Hobmberg, HT Wang, JM Norbeck etal.MicroporeuxMesoporous Mater., 59 (2003), p.13

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[4] NajibTijani, Khalid Yamni, Said Lamsiah and Abdelhadi El Krouk(IOSR-JESTFT).Volume 8, Issue 5 Ver. IV (May. 2014), pp 90-93 [5 ] Shiun Sang, Zhongmin, Pen Tian; Ziyu Liu and Yangyang Zhang Synthesisofsmallcrystals zeolite NaY Materials Lettre 60 (2006) 1131-1133

[6] N. Tijani, H. Ahlafi, M. El SMAIHI, a.elmansouri, Preparation and characterization of NaA Zeolite membranes and its application

Abstract: In this study, the levels of some trace metals (As, Co, Cr, Cd, Pb, Al, Ni and Mn) were determined in boreholes and hand-dug well water sources in Lafia town and its environs using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry (AAS). Sampling, preservation of the water samples, pre-concentration and analyses of the trace metals were carried out as prescribed by APHA, AWWA, and WEF Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Waste Water. In the wet season(WS), the highest mean concentrations(mg/L) of trace metals from boreholes (BH) was Mn(0.7787 +0.2389) in Lafia West while the least was Pb(0.0049 +0.0001) in Lafia South. Similarly for hand –dug wells (HDW) in wet season, the highest was Mn(0.6227 + 0.0260) in Lafia West while the least was As(0.0106 + 0.0001) in Lafia East. In dry season(DS), the highest mean concentration of trace metals from BH was Mn(0.3815 + 0.0907) in Lafia West while the least was Cr(0.0042 + 0.0001) in Lafia South. Similarly for HDW in dry season, the highest was Mn(0.3588 + 0.0762) in Lafia West while the least was Ni(0.0065+0.0001) in Lafia Central. However Cd and Al were not detected within the two seasons. In all, the analyses revealed the presence of 40%As, 40%Co, 37.5%Cr, 25%Pb, 25%Ni and 97.5%Mn from the total ground water samples. Their mean concentrations were compared with standards of a number of regulatory bodies such as World Health Organization (WHO), National Agency for Food Drug and Control (NAFDAC), National Standard for Drinking Water Quality (NSDWQ for Borehole). In comparison, the results showed higher levels of these metals than the maximum tolerable limits, particularly those of As(0.2710+0.0001 – 0.0106+0.0001), Co (0.2406+0.2114-0.0281+0.0001), Cr(0.5049+0.5871-0.0272+0.0001) for all the water samples throughout the seasons. However those of Pb(0.0423+0.0537-0.0049+0.0001),Ni(0.3729+0.0001-0.0841+0.0001),Mn(0.7787+0.2329-0.1049+0.0322) were within tolerable limits in most cases. The results indicate that these ground water sources were polluted more prominently in wet season; BH (WS)>HDW(WS)>BH(DS)>HDW(DS) in all locations, with specific reference to As, Pb, because of their high toxicities and therefore not safe for drinking.

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Abstract: Psyllium (Psy) mucilage, a food grade polysaccharide is reported as a substrate for the graft copolymerization of acrylic acid (AA). Psyllium mucilage was extracted from psyllium husk. Polymerization was initiated by ceric ion in aqueous medium under N2 atmosphere. The progress of the reaction was monitored gravimetrically. The effect of different reaction parameter, such as monomer concentration, level of ceric ammonium nitrate /HNO3 (CAN) initiator, reaction time temperature, on the percentage grafting PG was studied. Grafting of polyacrylic acid (PAA) onto Psy was confirmed by Fourier – transform infrared spectroscopy.

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