IOSR-JAP   Volume-14 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan. – Feb. 2022

ABSTRACT: The effect of dye extract on the Transmittance and Absorbance behavior of dye sensitized ZnSe thin film was investigated. The films were deposited using chemical bath technique by an aqueous mixture appropriate precursor to provide the needed Information Zinc ion and selenide ion. The dye extracted from the leaf of Chromolaena Odorata (Siam Weed) plant was used to sensitize the film. Uv spectrophotometer was used in the optical analysis. The results obtained indicate that the transmittance values for the ZnSe and dye sensitized ZnSe thin films showed a high value (20%-90%) in the spectral region as wavelength increases corresponding to maximum sensitivity for photonic vision.......

Keywords: Transmittance, Absorbance, Band gap, chemical bath, dye, UV– Spectrophotometer, Temperature and annealing.

[1]. Abeles, F. (1972). Optical properties of Metals and Solids. Amsterdom, North Holland Publishing Company, 97.
[2]. Agbo, P. E. and Nwofe, P. A. (2015). Structural and Optical properties of Sulphurised Ag2S thin films. International journal of thin Films Science and Technology, 4, 9-12.
[3]. Agbo, P. E. and Nwofe, P. A. (2015). Comprehensive studies on the Optical properties of ZnO-core. Journal of Nanotechnology Advance Material, 3, 63-97.
[4]. Chopra, K. L. and S. R. Das, 1983. Why Thin Films Solar Cells? Springer.
[5]. Dexter, D. L. (1956). Absorption of light by Atomsin Solids. Physical Review latters, 101, 48-55.

ABSTRACT: In this research, a poly-aniline polymer (PANI) was prepared using chemical oxidation polymerization method, and then it was doped with nano-graphene (GR) and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA), each separately with different weight ratios. The optical properties were studied through UV-vis (1800) Spectrophotometer within the range (300-900 nm) to measure the absorption, transmittance, reflection, refractive index, extinction coefficient, partial dielectric constant (real and imaginary), indirect energy gap, is estimated to be (3.02-3.60) ev. Used to determine X-ray diffraction the grain size and Interfacial distances of pure poly-aniline (PANI) samples, doped graphene (PANI / GR) and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PANI/PVA).

Keywords: Poly -aniline, graphene, poly (vinyl alcohol) optical properties, dielectric parameters

[1]. K I Ajeel and QS Kareem "synthesis and characteristics of polyaniline (PANI) Filled by Graphene (GR) nano-Films Journal of physics, lop conf. series 1234 (2019)
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ABSTRACT: The fine-structure constant denoted by α is a dimensionless number and very nearly equal to 1 / (137.036). For reasons of convenience, the reciprocal value of the fine-structure constant......

Keywords: Fine-Structure Constant α, Golden Ratio (Φ = 1.618034), Euler's number (e = 2.718282), and π = 3.1416.

[1]. Mohr, P. J.; Taylor, B. N.; Newell, D. B. (2019). "Fine structure constant". CODATA internationally recommended 2018 values of the fundamental physical constants. National Institute of Standards and Technology.
[2]. Fujii, Yasunori (2004). "Oklo Constraint on the Time Variability of the Fine-Structure Constant". Astrophysics, Clocks and Fundamental Constants. Lecture Notes in Physics. 648. pp. 167–185. ISBN 978-3-540-21967-5.
[3]. King, J. A.; Mortlock, D. J.; Webb, J. K.; Murphy, M. T. (2009). "Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods applied to measuring the fine structure constant from quasar spectroscopy". Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana. 80–864.
[4]. Fine-structure constant, Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine-structure_constant (Retrieved: 2022)
[5]. M. Planck. "The Theory of Radiation". International Journal of Theoretical Physics (1959) (translated from 1906).

ABSTRACT: The Ac conductivity of the system Te80S20-xAsx was very small under the effect of each of frequency and temperature. The exponent factor decrease with temperature and reach zero at high temperature. The zero value of the exponent factor keep the electric conduction at minimum constant value. The dielectric constant and dielectric losses very high at low frequency and their values depends the medium temperature. At high frequency, the dielectric constant and dielectric losses become temperature independent. The addition of As on expense of S decrease the Ac conductivity and increase dielectric properties. The low Ac conductivity and high dielectric properties confirm the use of these material as optic fiber cables.

[1]. Singh PK, Sharma SK, Tripathi SK, Dwivedi DK., Results in Physics. 2019 Mar 1;12:223-36.
[2]. Singh PK, Dwivedi DK,Ferroelectrics. 2018 Jul 27;531(1):72-83.
[3]. Fathy A. Abdel-Wahab* , Heba Abdel Maksoud, American Journal of Condensed Matter Physics 2017, 7(2): 41-49.
[4]. M.M.El-Zaidia,Z.H.El-Gohary,M.S.AboGhazala,G.M.Turky and E.A.Rebea,IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering volume 13, Issue 5,2018,pp 49-53.
[5]. Chandel N, Imran MM, Mehta N. Comprehensive studies of temperature and frequency dependent dielectric and ac conducting parameters in third generation multi-component glasses. RSC advances. 2018;8(45):25468-79.

ABSTRACT: We show in this short scientific announcement the logical and mathematical connections between the famous quintic problem of mathematics and T. Kaluza's five dimensional space time theory. The likelihood of the appearance of Cantorian fractals fine structure in this case is highlighted and the connection to Newtonian mathematics and engineering nonlinear dynamics is explained in some reasonable detail.

Keywords: Newton fractals, N. body problem, Cantorian spacetime, E-Infinity theory, Superstrings, Fractal M-theory, E.Witten, D.Gross, Penrose tiling universe, Golden mean number system, G.Parisi, G. 'tHooft, Platonic network, T.Kaluza the son, T. Kaluza the father, Nonlinear dynamic, Deterministic chaos, M. Feigenbaum.

[1]. Robert L. Delaney. An Introduction to chaotic dynamical systems . Addison-Wesley, New York [1989] (see in particular page 2 regarding iterative procedure as a discrete dynamical system).
[2]. 3 Blue 1 Brown. Newton's Fractal which Newton knew nothing about. YouTube video, October [2022]
[3]. Oscar Veliz. Newton Fractals. YouTube video. https:/www.YouTube.com/watch?V=MWD2A0Vg2Vo. January [2019].
[4]. Feigen Cilingr. Fractals arising from Newton's method. AIP conference proceeding 1470; 142 [2012].
[5]. M. S. El Naschie. A review of E-Infinity theory and the mass spectrum of high energy particle physics. C, S & F [2004]. Vol. 19 no. 1, pp. 209-236..

ABSTRACT: Space and Time are continuous absolute quantities. They don't change with anything at all. However, the dimension and duration of an object or event can change with the local gravitational field and aging of the universe. This is because that Wu's Unit Length (diameter) and Wu's Unit Time (period) of Wu's Pairs (building blocks of the universe) in an object or event can be affected by the bombardment of gravitons complying with gravitational field in accordance to Graviton Radiation and Contact Interaction Theory, and also the shrinkage of Wu's Pairs due to aging of the universe in compliance with Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMB). According.......

[Keywords]
Space, Time, Spacetime, Special Relativity, General Relativity, Velocity Time Dilation, Gravitational Time Dilation, Wu's Spacetime Equation, Wu's Spacetime Shrinkage Theory, Cosmological Redshift, Gravitational Redshift, Subatomic Equilibrium, Corresponding Identical Object, Principle of Equilibrium, Principle of Correspondence, Principle of Parallelism, Yangton and Yington, Wu's Pairs, Graviton Radiation and Contact Interaction,.

[1]. Edward T. H. Wu, "Yangton and Yington–A Hypothetical Theory of Everything", Science Journal of Physics, Volume 2015, Article ID sjp-242, 6 Pages, 2015, doi: 10.7237/sjp/242.
[2]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Subatomic Particle Structures and Unified Field Theory Based on Yangton and Yington Hypothetical Theory". American Journal of Modern Physics. Vol. 4, No. 4, 2015, pp. 165-171. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmp. 20150404.13.
[3]. Edward T. H. Wu" Five Principles of The Universe and the Correlations of Wu's Pairs and Force of Creation to String Theory and Unified Field Theory." IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), vol. 10, no. 4, 2018, pp. 17-21.
[4]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Time, Space, Gravity and Spacetime Based on Yangton & Yington Theory, and Spacetime Shrinkage Versus Universe Expansion". American Journal of Modern Physics. Vol. 5, No. 4, 2016, pp. 58-64. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmp.20160504.13.
[5]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Gravitational Waves, Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation and Coulomb's Law of Electrical Forces Interpreted by Particle Radiation and Interaction Theory Based on Yangton & Yington Theory". American Journal of Modern Physics. Vol. 5, No. 2, 2016, pp. 20-24. doi:10.11648/j.ajmp.20160502.11

ABSTRACT: The structural, physical and optical properties of glasses of composition (50-x)TeO2-40B2O3-10BaO-xNa2O (x=0, 2.5, 7.5 and10 mol%) and the role of Na2O have been studied in this work. The amorphous phase of the glasses was confirmed through an X-ray diffraction study. The optical band gap energy (Eopt) was decreased with the addition of Na2O, whereas, the refractive index values were increased. Urbach energy (ΔE) of the glasses varied from 0.18 to 0.26 eV and and refractive index of the glass system also increased. Density (ρ) of the studied glasses was found to increase from 3.46 g/cm3 to 3.87 g/cm3 with Na2O content. Glass transition temperature (Tg) was increased with Na2O content..

Keywords : Density, cut-off wavelength, Urbach energy, indirect band gap

[1]. D. Yardımc, M. Çelikbilek, A.E. Ersundu, S. Aydin, Thermal and microstructural characterization and crystallization kinetic studies in the TeO2 − B2O3 system, Mater. Chem. Phys., 137 (2013), pp. 999-1006
[2]. G. Upender, M. Prasad, Raman, FTIR, thermal and optical properties of TeO2-Nb2O5-B2O3-V2O5 quaternary glass system. Taibah Univ. Sci., 11 (2017), pp. 583-592
[3]. H. Tomoharu, Optical properties of Bi2O3 –TeO2 –B2O3 glasses, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 357 (2011), pp. 2857-2862
[4]. N. Manikandan, A. Ryasnyanskiy, J. Toulouse, Thermal and optical properties of TeO2–ZnO–BaO glasses, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 358 (2012), pp. 947-951
[5]. N. Elkhoshkhany, S. Marzouk, Sh Shahin, Synthesis and optical properties of new fluoro-tellurite glass with in (TeO2-ZnO-LiFNb2O5- NaF) system, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 472 (2017), pp. 39-45

ABSTRACT: In this work, we study the change in the degree of compensation of surface states (In+Sn) at the interface of the nITO-pCdTe structure and the resistance of the near-surface layer of the pCdTe semiconductor. The temperature I – V characteristics were investigated in the temperature range (273–373 )K. The values of the impurity activation energy for ITO / pCdTe were determined and the values of the spectral distribution of the collection coefficient Q (λ) and photosensitivity S λ of the ITO / pCdTe structures were determined. Analysis of the dependences V ( ψ s ), N s ( ψ s ) shows that in the modes of accumulation and depletion, the recharging of defects occurs in the near-surface layer of the semiconductor and at the interface.

Keywords : Polycrystalline, resistivity, layer, oxide, temperature, surface states, potential, characteristic.

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ABSTRACT: The ultra-thin film is nanoscale layers of material that play an important role in functionalizing surfaces to building devices. This theoretical study deal with systems of metal growth on weakly interacting substrates. The adatoms particles assemble into dispersed islands and grow in size until they affect each other and eventually form a continuous layer that covers the whole substrate surface. The surface diffusion of an adatom occurs in a certain time interval, as a film grows, between its adsorption and its final position of the film. In most deposition models, the subsurface and bulk diffusion features are neglected so that the film morphology is only determined by the surface dimension.

Keywords : Ultra-thin film growth, Coverage dependent diffusion coefficient, Fick's second law equation, (MOL) finite difference method

[1]. M. H. AL-Musaoi ,Theoretical study of Ion-diffusion in Heterostructure, University of Basrah, Iraq,(2020) .
[2]. Qasim S. K. Al – Shook, Effect of an Adsorbed Atom on Resonant Charge Exchange in Atom Scattering off Solid Surface , The College of Education – University of Basrah in Iraq ,(2010).
[3]. Musa Kadhim. S. Theoretical Study in the Molecular Chemisorption for Diatomic Molecule on Transition Metal Surfaces, The College of Education-University of Basrah, Iraq, (2006).
[4]. Hisham Yousif Al-Mhdi , Dr. J.M. Al-Mukh ,The Chemisorption of Cobalt atom on Noble Metal Surfaces: Konda Effect, University of Basrah, Iraq, (2008).
[5]. Gervilla Palomar, Víctor. Metal film growth on weakly-interacting substrates: Multiscale modeling. Diss. Linköping University Electronic Press, (2020).

ABSTRACT: The fine-structure constant α is a dimensionless number and very nearly equal to 1 / (137.036). For reasons of convenience, the reciprocal value of the fine-structure constant.....

Keywords : Fine-Structure Constant α, Golden Ratio (Φ = 1.618), Euler's number (e = 2.7182), and π = 3.1416.

[1]. Mohr, P. J.; Taylor, B. N.; Newell, D. B. (2019). "Fine structure constant". CODATA internationally recommended 2018 values of the fundamental physical constants. National Institute of Standards and Technology.
[2]. Fujii, Yasunori (2004). "Oklo Constraint on the Time Variability of the Fine-Structure Constant". Astrophysics, Clocks and Fundamental Constants. Lecture Notes in Physics. 648. pp. 167–185. ISBN 978-3-540-21967-5.
[3]. King, J. A.; Mortlock, D. J.; Webb, J. K.; Murphy, M. T. (2009). "Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods applied to measuring the fine structure constant from quasar spectroscopy". Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana. 80–864.
[4]. Fine-structure constant, Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine-structure_constant (Retrieved: 2022)
[5]. M. Planck. "The Theory of Radiation". International Journal of Theoretical Physics (1959) (translated from 1906).