IOSR-JAVS   Volume-8 ~ Issue-1 ~ JAN-2015

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted during two successive seasons (2013 and 2014) at Baloza, North Sinai governorate, Egypt. The aim of this research is to study the effect of spraying pear trees with some natural plants extracts on yield, fruit quality and fire blight infection of Le-Conte cultivar. Seven treatments were done as follows: control treatment (spraying with water), garlic extract at (2 and 4 %), moringa extract at (2 and 4 %) and licorice extract at (2 and 4g/ L.). All treatments were sprayed once every month started form January until the harvest time (July).The obtained results revealed that all treatments were very effective in stimulating growth parameters (leaf area, chlorophyll, shoot length, shoot diameter, leaf mineral contents (nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium), yield, physical and chemical characteristics and fire blight infection of the fruits. Generally, licorice extract at (4g/ L.) increased the leaf area, chlorophyll, shoot length, shoot diameter in both seasons. In addition, moringa extract at (4%) improved leaf mineral content (N, P and K), yield/ tree, number of fruits /tree, fruit length, diameter, shape, weight, volume, T.S.S., total sugar, vitamin C, and decreased total acidity. On the other hand, garlic extract at (4%) gave the highest number and percentage of healthy fruits.

Key word: garlic extract, licorice extract, moringa extract, Le-Conte "pear".

[1]. A. O. A. C., 1985. Official methods of analysis. Association of Official Agricultural Chemists,14th ed: Benjamin Franklin station Washington, DC, USA, pp: 490-510.
[2]. Abd El-Razek E.; M. M. M. Abd El-Migeed and N. Abdel-Hamid (2011). Effect of Spraying Garlic Extract and Olive Oil on Flowering Behavior, Yield and Fruit Quality of "Canino‟ Apricot Trees American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci. 11 (6): 776-781.
[3]. Abd El-Razek E.; M. M. M. Abd El-Migeed and N. Abdel-Hamid )2013). Response of "Le Conte' Pear Trees to Garlic Extract and GA as Budbreak Dormancy Agents Middle-East Journal of Scientific Research 14 (11): 1407-1413.
[4]. Adebayo A.G; H. A. Akintoye; O.O. Olufolaji; M.T. Aina; M.T. Olatunji and A. O. Shokalu (2011). Assessment of organic amendments on vegetative development and nutrient uptake of Moringa oleifera Lam in the nursery. Asian J. Plant Sci. 10(1):74-79
[5]. Ahmed, M. A. M.; A. A. Eman and M. M. M. Abd El-Migeed (2009). Effect of garlic extract and mineral oil spray on flowering, Harvesting time, yield and fruit quality of Peach trees c.v. 'Florida prince'. Eastern and Russian J. Plant Sci. and Biotechnol., 3: 53-57.
[6]. Anwar F.; S. Latif; M. Ashraf and A. H. Gilani (2007). Moringa oleifera: A food plant with multiple medicinal uses. Phytother. Res. 21:17-25.

ABSTRACT: An experiment was conducted during the rabi season of 2008-09 to study the effect of drip irrigation and fertilizer management on Capsicum at Research area farms of Assam Agriculture University Jorhat (Assam) India. Result reviled that the effect of drip irrigation and fertilizer management treatments (T3) were significant in respect of percent nitrogen content both in plant (2.18%) and fruits (1.19%). Similarly the highest uptake af p2o5 by plants (7.37 kg/ha) and by fruits (3.64 kg/ha) k2o by plant (47.05 kg/ha) and by fruits (26.07 kg/ha) recorded in treatment T3 at 100% EPR alone with the application of 75% RD of N and K through drip. The total Uptake of N (69.16 kg/ha) p2o 5 (11.0 kg/ha) and K20 (73.12 kg/ha) were also significant over the treatment T9 (N-48.27 kg/ha)p2o 5 (7.41 kg/ha) and K2o (48.85 kg/ha) respectively. The nutrient status determined in terms of available N, p2o 5, and K+O in kg/ha was significantly influenced by different drip irrigation and fertilizer management significantly highest fruit yield (87.20 q/ha) was recorded in drip irrigation at 100 EPR along application of 75 % Rd of N through drip irrigation over treatments.

[1]. Badar, M.A. and El-Yazied, A.A.A. 2007. Effect of fertigation frequency from subsurface drip irrigation on tomato yield grown on sandy soil
[2]. Bhanu, R.K. and Mahavishnan, K. 2008. Drip fertigation in vegetable crops with emphasis on lady's finger [Abelmoschusesculentous (L.) Moench].Agric. Rev., 29(4): 298-305.
[3]. Nijamudeen, M.S. and Dharmasena, P.B.2002. Performance of chilli under drip irrigation with mulch.Annual of the Sri Lanka Department of Agriculture 4:89-94.
[4]. Mahajan, G.; Singh, K.G.; Gharda, R. and Siag, M. 2007.Response or red hot pepper (Capsicum annum L.) to water and nitrogen under drip and cheak basin method of irrigation.Asian Journal of Plant Science, 6(5): 815-820.
[5]. Muralikrishnasamy, S.; Veerabadan, V. and Krishnasamy, S. 2006.7th International Micro Irrigation Congress. 13-15 September, Kuala Lumpur.

ABSTRACT: Uterine prolapse is a common obstetrical problem, which adversely affects productive and reproductive performance of cattle by affecting postpartum return to estrus, conception rate and calving interval and the incidence of uterine prolapse as 42.9% among various obstetrical problems in cattle. In this study total uterine prolapse, replacement of everted organ of uterine proplase was done manually following proper precautionary measures. In this case of uterine prolapse was completely recovered.

Keywords: Crossbred cows, total uterine prolapse, Management, Correction

[1]. Arthur, G. H., Noakes, D. E., Peterson, H and Parkinson, T.J. 1996. Veterinary reproduction and Obstetrics, 7th edn. WB Saunders company Ltd.,London.
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[3]. Borobia-Belsue, J.2006. Replacement of rectal prolapsed in sows. Vet. Rec., 36: 380.
[4]. Fubini, S.L. and Ducharme,G.N. 2006. Surgical Conditions of the Post Partum Period. Text Book of Farm Animal Surgery, Pp: 333-338.
[5]. Gardner, I .A., Reynolds, J .P., Risco, C .A. and Hird, D. W. 1990.Pasterns of Uterine Prolapsed in Dairy Cows and Prognosis After Treatment. Journal of American Veterinary Medical Association, 197: 1021-1024.
[6]. Hanie, E.A.2006. Prolapse of the Vaginal and Uterus:Text Book of Large Animal Clinical Procedures for Veterinary Technicians. Elsevier, Mosby,Pp: 218-221.
[7]. Hosie, B.1993. Treatment of Vaginal Prolapse in Ewes. Practice, 15: 10-11.
[8]. Jackson, P.G.G.2004. Postparturient Problems in Large Animals. Hand Book of veterinary Obstetrics.2nd Edn., Elsevier Saunders, Pp: 209-231.

ABSTRACT: In recent years consumers' concerns regarding food safety have led to an increase in demand for organic products. The Global market for organic products has been growing steadily not only in Europe and North America but in Asian countries such as Japan and it is estimated that it will continue to be fastest growing sector in agriculture. Not surprisingly organic food production has increased all over the globe with much of the increase occurring in the developing countries where farmers are being attracted by export benefits and substantial price premiums. In India efforts are being made for organic crop production through contract farming. Experiences have shown that farmers are benefited from technical guidance, supply of quality farm inputs and assured purchases at remunerative price. Organic farming through contract basis would bring about favorable changes in the present conventional agriculture to make it sustainable and commercial and consumers would also get certified organic products at reasonable price. This paper will highlight the present situation and future strategiesof organic crop production through contract farming in India.

[1]. Bhattacharya, A. and T.F.Grover (1993). 'Profit inefficiency of Indian farms: A system Allison's Journal of productivity analysis, 4, 391-406
[2]. Chellppa, S., Times Agric.J.2003,2,34-36
[3]. Dr. N.Mahalingam' Agriculture in India: Paradoxes Galore' KISAN WORLD, May 07
[4]. Field notes on organic farming(1994) JW Njoroge. Kenya institute of organic farming
[5]. Glover, D and Kusterer, K (1990) 'small farmers, big business- contract farming and rural development'. Macmillan, London.
[6]. Mudholkar, N.J. and Gahukar, R.T., Baliraja, 2005, 36, 76-82
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[8]. Sidhu,H.S. (2002) 'Crisis in agrarian economy in Punjab - some urgent steps'. Economic and political weekly, 39: 5607-5610

ABSTRACT: Viral infections induce stress in animals and this alters cellular and systemic functions. In this study, we investigate the presence of cellular stress proteins in Boid Inclusion Body Disease (BIBD)infected snakes. Tissue samplesfromliver, kidney, pancreas, brain, spleen and heart of a BIBD positive albino python (Python bivittatus) and a BIBD negative Pythonreticulatus obtained at post mortem were used for the study. Total protein was isolated and separatedusingSDS-PAGE. Protein bands of various sizes were trypsin-digested and identified bymass spectrometry. Peptidesequences obtained were analysedusing Mascot sequence matching software [Matrix Science] with Ludwig NR Database. The sequences were compared to known protein sequences on thedatabase. Peptidereads from the BIBD positive samples were found to correspond to proteins ofthe 70 kDa heat shock protein family. Heat shock cognate protein 71 (Hsc71), heat shock protein 70 (Hsp70) and glucose-regulated protein 78 (Grp78) were identified.Samples from theBIBD negative python did not show these proteins in their profile. Since heat shock proteins have been observed in several protein aggregation diseases, they may potentially play an important role in understanding the pathogenesis of this important disease of boid snakes.

Keywords: Boid inclusion body disease, Heat shock protein, Stress

[1]. Berndt, P., Hobohm, U., and Langen, H. 1999. Reliable automatic protein identification from matrixassisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometric peptide fingerprints. Electrophoresis 20: 3521–3526.
[2]. Borges, J. C., and Ramos, C.H. 2005. Protein folding assisted by chaperones. Protein Pept. Lett. 12: 257–261.
[3]. Boston, R. S., Viitanen, P. V., and Vierling, E. 1996. Molecular chaperones and protein folding in plants. In In Post-Tr. Springer Netherlands.
[4]. Carrell, R. W., and Lomas, D.A. 1997. Conformational disease. Lancet 350: 134–138.
[5]. Chang, L. W., Fu, A., Wozniak, E., Chow, M., Duke, D. G., Green, L., and Jacobson, E.R. 2013. Immunohistochemical Detection of a Unique Protein within Cells of Snakes Having Inclusion Body Disease, a World-Wide Disease Seen in Members of the Families Boidae and Pythonidae. PLoS One 8: e82916.
[6]. Chen, L., Xia, H., Wang, Y., Chen, K., Qin, L., Wang, B., and Zhao, E. 2013. Proteomic profiling of liver from Elaphe taeniura, a common snake in eastern and southeastern Asia. Genetics and molecular biology, 36(3): 438-447.
[7]. Denk, H., Franke, W. W., Dragosics, B., and Zeiler, I. 1981. Pathology of cytoskeleton of liver cells: demonstration of Mallory bodies (alcoholic hyalin) in murine and human hepatocytes by immunofluorescence microscopy using antibodies to cytokeratin polypeptides from hepatocytes. Hepatology 1: 9–20.

ABSTRACT: Objective of the research was to study the effect of application time and dosage of biourine on increasing the growth and production of rice. The research applied the Split Plot Design by 3 replications. The main plot is the application time of biourine that comprises of 2 levels: in the morning and in the afternoon. The sub plot is the dosage of biourine that comprises of 4 levels: 0, 500, 1000, 1500 and 2000 l ha-1. Result of the research showed a significant interaction between time of application and dosage of biourine on diverse-observed parameters and ages. On parameter of growth, the application time in the morning by dosage of 1500 l ha-1 and application time in the morning by dosage of 2000 l ha-1 could increase leaf area, numbers of plantlet per clump and total dry weight of the crops, which are better than other treatments. On parameter of yield, the application time in the morning by dosage of 1500 l ha-1 and application time in the morning by dosage of 2000 l ha-1 could increase numbers of panicle per clump, weight of harvested dry spikelets, and weight of 1000 spikelets, which are better than other treatments.

Keywords: Biourine, rice (oryza sativa L.), time of application, dosage

[1]. Azwir. 2008. Legowo Planting System and P-Stater Application on High Elevation Rice. Journal Akta Agrosia 11 (2):102-107.
[2]. Dachlan. 2012. Inoculation of Azotobacter sp. and Compost of Agricultural Wastes on Growth and Production of Rice. Journal of Agrivigor 2 (2) : 117-128
[3]. Fatonah, S., D. Asih, Mulyanti and Iriani. 2013. Time Determination of the Stomatal Openings on Melastoma malabathricum L. weeds at the Gambir Kampar Estate, Riau. Journal of Biospecies 6 (2) : 15-22.
[4]. Lingga. 2011. Directions in Applying Fertilizer. Penebar Swadaya. Jakarta.
[5]. Leskona, Linda and Mukarlina. 2013. The Growth of Corn by the Application of Glamus Agregatum and Biofertilizer in Soil at the Old Site of Gold Mining. Journal of Protobion 2 (3): 176-180.
[6]. Martinsari, T., Y. Wijayanti, and E. Purwanti. 2010. Optimizing Fermentation of Cow's Urine with Additive Drops of Sugar Cane to Produce High Qualified-Diluted Organic Fertilizer. Creativity Program of the Students. State University of Malang.

ABSTRACT: A cross-sectional study was carried out from April to July/2012 to estimate the prevalence of brucellosis in sheep and to investigate potential risk factors associated with the disease in North Kordofan state. A total of 318 serum samples were collected from sheep. 2.5% (8/318; 95% CI from 0.78 to 4.22) and 22.0% (70/318; 95% CI from 17.5 to 26.6) prevalences were parallel estimated by Rose Bengal Plate Test (RBPT) and Serum Agglutination Test (STA). All the RBPT and SAT positive serum samples were serially tested by a Competitive Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). The investigated potential individual risk factors included: localities, breeds, age groups, body condition, sexes and parity while herd size, mixed herd, housing, feeding and drinking equipments, having aborter animals in the herd, disposal of the foetal membranes after abortion, practicing milking hygiene and presence of insects and dogs in the herd were the management risk factors.

[1] S.M. Abdel Hafez, Abd El-Razik K.A., Hassan H.M. and Gad I. 2011. Comparative diagnosis of ovine brucellosis using single step blood-PCR with old and new serological tools. Afric. J. Micro. R., 5(23), 3976-3980.
[2] P.N. Acha, and Szyfres, B. 2001. Zoonoses and Communicable Disease Common to Man and Animals, Washington D.C., PAHO, E (3) Vol. (1), 40-67.
[3] J. Akbarmehr, and Ghiyamirad, M. 2011. Serological survey of brucellosis in livestock animals in Sarab city (East Azarbayjan Province), Iran. Afric. J. Micro. R., 5 (10), 1220-1223.
[4] F. Ashenafi, Teshale, S., Ejeta, G., Fikru, R. and Laikemariam, Y., 2007. Distribution of brucellosis among small ruminants in the pastoral region of Afar, eastern Ethiopia. Rev. Sci. Tech. Off. Int. Epiz., 26(3), 731-739.
[5] W.J. Bertu, Ajogi, I., Bale, J.O.O., Kwaga, J.K.P. and Ocholi, R.A., 2010. Sero-epidemiology of brucellosis in small ruminants in plateau state, Nigeria. Afric. J. Micro. R., 4(19), 1935-1938.
[6] S.I.B. Cadmus, Ijagbone, I.F., Oputa, H.E., Adesokan, H.K. and stack, J.A. 2006. Serological survey of Brucellosis in livestock animals and worker in Ibadan, Nigeria. Afric. J. Biomed. R., 9, 163-168.

ABSTRACT: The main objective of the FLD is to demonstrate newly released crop production and protection technology and its management practices on the farmer‟s field by the scientists themselves before taking it into main extension system of State Department of Agriculture under different agro-climatic regions and in real farming system. Presently the FLDs are mainly conducted through KVKs in all over the country. This is the mandatory function of KVK to remove lack of knowledge and constraints in the adoption of improved soybean production technology. Keeping all these views in mind, the present investigation entitled "Study on knowledge and adoption level of soybean growers through Front Line Demonstrations (FLDs‟) in Ujjain district of M.P." For this purpose the data collected on a well prepared interview schedule. through personal interview method by the investigator. The major findings of the study is majority of the respondents (beneficiaries of FLD programme and non-beneficiaries) possessed medium level of adoption level. The "t‟ test indicated that there is a significant difference between scores mean of both the group. Thus, it can be stated that, there is an impact of FLD programme on the adoption level of the soybean growers.

[1]. Jatav, H.R. and M.M.Patel (2010). Impact of Front Line Demonstration on Scientific Temperament of soybean growers in Indore and Dewas districts of Madhya Pradesh. M.Sc. (Ag.) thesis submitted to J.N.K.V.V., Jabalpur.
[2]. Kirar, B.S., R.Nashine, A.K. Gupta and S.C. Mukherjee (2006) Demonstration: An effective tool for increasing the productivity of urd. Indian Res. J.Extn. Edun. 6 (3):1-3
[3]. Patel, A.J. and M.A. Tunver (2004) Evaluation of frontline demonstration on groundnut. Gujarat J. Extn. Edun. 15 (1): 77-79
[4]. Mahoviya, R., (2006) A study to investigate the extent of adoption of reccommended mustard cultivation technology in different farm size of farmers of Morena block of Morena district (M.P.) M.Sc. (Ag.) thesis, JNKVV, Jabalpur
[5]. Meena, R. (2002) ; "Role of KVK in adoption of improved production practices of groundnut by the farmers of Bikaner distt. of Rajsthan", Ph.D. thesis .MPUAT, Udaipur.
[6]. Mushtaq Ahmad; Kalra, R. K. and M. L. Bansal (2008). Adoption of

ABSTRACT: In order to obtain superior varieties of bean that contain high antioxidant content and high yield, a crossbred between local parent varieties (Mantili, Gilik Ijo and Gogo Kuning) by the introduction varieties (Purple Queen and Cherooke Sun). Evaluation and selection are the main activities that must be done after obtaining high variability initial population. Objectives of the research were to evaluate genetic variability and genetic advance, as well as to select the expected lines of purple pod common beans and high yield in F3 and F4 populations. From the previous research, 42 expected lines have been selected that based on pedigree selection method, and result of the evaluation showed that 42 lines, which were tested in F3 population, have high genetic variability on qualitative characters (growth type, pod color, pod shape, and the pod texture), therefore, further selection is required to obtain the homogenous lines qualitatively.

[1]. Allard, R.W., 1960, Principles of plant breeding. John Wiley and Sons Inc., New York, USA.
[2]. Anderson, J.W., Smith B.M .and Washnock C.S., 1999, ‗Cardiovascular and renal benefits of dry bean and soybean intake', Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 70: 464S-474S
[3]. Aryana, M.I.G.P , 2010, ‗Testing on uniformity, heritability and genetic advance of red rice line as a result of reverse crossbred at the upland rice environment', Crop Agro 3 : 12—20.
[4]. Aditya, JP., Bhartiya P. & Bhartiya A., 2011, ‗Genetic variability, heritability and character association for yield and component characters in soybean (G.max (L.) Merrill)', J. Central Europ. Agric., 12(1):27-34.
[5]. Barmawi, M., Andika Yushardi, Nyimas Saidah, 2013, ‗Inheritability and expectation of selection advance on agronomic character of soybean of F2 generation as a result of crossbred between Yellow Bean and Taichung', J. Agrotek Tropika, 1(1):20-24
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[7]. Bello, OB. 2012. ‗Heritability and genetic advanced for grain yield and its related attributes in maize (Zea mays L.). Intasci J. of Micro and Biotech. 2(1):1-14

ABSTRACT: Appreciation of the multiple benefits of conservation is always incomplete without a good understanding of their impact on local peoples' livelihoods.This study investigates the impact of Terai Arc Landscape (TAL) program on households' livelihood in Nepal by examining how the various types of livelihood options contribute to community and household assets and income. A survey of 400 household was conducted to obtain information before and after community based forest management (CBM) interventions within TAL.
Sustainable livelihood framework was utilized along with principal component analysis (PCA) and regression model to analyze the factors that contribute to household livelihood and income. The study found that communities in CBM areas have improved their access to different assets.The regression results show that the contribution of the selected components are significant to livelihood index and household income.Future poverty alleviation policy options need to give priority to investments in sustainable livelihood assets. Keywords: Terai Arc Landscape, Principal component analysis and Multiple linear regression

[1]. Acharya, D.P; Bajimaya, S.; Ferguson, A. (2010). Mid -Term Evaluation of WeternTerai Landscape Complex Project, UNDP Nepal
[2]. Allen, D., Darwall, W. Dubois, M., Kimsreng, K., Lopez, A., McIvor, A., Springate- Baginski, O., &Try, T. (2008). Integrating people into conservation planning: An integrated assessment of the biodiversity, livelihood and economic implications of the proposed special management zones in the Stung TrengRamsar Site, Cambodia. IUCN, Cambodia.
[3]. CGIAR (2011). Proposal on Forests, Trees and Agroforestry: Livelihoods, Landscapes and Governance, CGIAR Research Program 6, February 2011.
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ABSTRACT: A field experiment was conducted at the Bangladesh Institute of Nuclear Agriculture (BINA) farm Mymensingh, Bangladesh during the irrigated ecosystem in December, 2009 to May 2010, with a view to study the performance of aromatic fine rice under different date of transplanting. The experiment was carried out with four aromatic fine rice (V1= Chinisagar, V2= Chiniatab, V3= Basmati, V4=Awnless Minicat) and three different date of transplanting (D1=20 January, D2=5 February, D3=20 February). The experiment was laid out in split-plot design with three replications assigning four varieties in the main plot and the three different transplanting dates in the sub plot. Aromatic fine rice and dates of transplanting individually showed significant effect on the agronomic parameters. Among the aromatic fine rice Awnless Minicat gave the highest yield (3.10 t ha-1) but that was at per with those of Basmati (1.77 t ha-1). Transplantation on 20 January gave the highest grain yield (2.41 t ha-1) which was at per with the transplantation on 5 February (1.99 t ha-1).The result revealed that 20 January and 5 February produced highest grain yield by all the variety. In later date of transplanting 20 February produced lower grain yield.

Key Words: Dates of transplanting, Aromatic fine rice, Yield and Irrigated ecosystem

[1]. Aditya, T.L., Salam, M.A., Ahmed, H.U., Islam, M.R., Bhuiyan, A.R., Biswas, P.S. and Khatun, M. 2009. BRRI dhan46: Avariety for late planting in the flood-prone environment of Bangladesh. Bangladesh Rice J. 14:181-182.
[2]. BARC, 2005. Fertilizer Recommendation Guide. Bangladesh Agril. Res. coun.(BARC). Farmgate, New Airport Road, Dhaka-125. pp. 117.
[3]. BBS(a). 2011. Bangladesh Bureau of Statisties, Statisties Division, Ministry of Planning. Government of the peoples Repubic of Bangladesh. Dhaka. Bangladesh. p. 578.
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[6]. Dey, M.M., Miah, Mn., Mustafi, B.A. and Hossain, M. 1996. Rice production constraints in Babgladesh: Implication for further research priorities. In Rice Research in Asia: progress and priorities, CAB International & IRRI philippines.
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ABSTRACT: A pot culture experiment was conducted for establishment critical limit of zinc in soil and soybean crop at Department of Soil Science and Agricultural Chemistry, Marathwada Agricultural University, Parbhani during Kharif 2010 with objective to establish critical limit of zinc in soil and for soybean crop as well as to study the effect of zinc application on growth, yield and uptake of nutrients in soybean crop. The experimental soil was alkaline in nature, electrical conductivity of the soil was in safe limit for crop growth. The organic carbon status was low to medium and soil was moderately calcareous in nature.

[1]. Cate, R.B. and Nelson, L.A.(1965) Tech. Bull. North Carolina Agric. Exp. Stn., Int. Soil Test Service1.
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[4]. Mehra, R.K., (2003). Effect of Application of zinc and phosphorus on the yield and Nutrient uptake (N,P,Z) by wheat (Tritium aestivum L.). Indian J. Agric. Chem., XXX(1):1-12.
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ABSTRACT:The field investigation was conducted at Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Kathalagere, Davanagere district, Karnataka during summer 2010 and Kharif 2010 (wet season) to study the efficacy of different biomass degradable microorganisms on rice straw. The results of the present investigation showed that rice straw treated with combination of cow dung slurry @ 5% + Trichoderma harizianum @ 5 kg/ha + Pleurotus sajor caju@ 5 kg/ha had significant influence in degrading rice straw as evidenced through the activity of N- fixing and P- solubilizing microorganisms in the soil.

[1]. Anonymous, Exploring new opportunities, The Hindu Survey of Indian Agric, 2004,29-31.
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ABSTRACT: The field experiments on Integrated Nutrient Management in rice were carried out ( Kharif 2010,2011 and 2012 and summer 2011 and 2012) in red loamy soil at Agricultural and Horticultural Research Station, Kathalagere, Channagiri taluk, Davanagere district of Karnataka, India to develop suitable integrated nutrient management practices for rice using organic and inorganic sources of nutrients through integration of paddy straw treated with combination of cow dung slurry @ 5% + Trichoderma harizianum @5 kg ha-1 + Pleurotus sajor caju @ 5 kg ha-1.The organic sources of nutrients used in the present study were FYM (Farm yard manure), paddy straw and Gliricidia sipium. The results of the present investigation clearly indicated that the supply of recommended dose of NPK with FYM or paddy straw treated with cow dung slurry @ 5% + T. harizianum @5 kg ha-1 + P. sajor caju @ 5 kg ha-1 or Gliricidia yielded significantly positive response in increasing yield attributes like grain and straw yield in rice. The pooled experimental data of five season experimentation confirmed the results for sustainability of rice productivity.

Keywords: Rice Straw, Integrated Nutrient Management, Sustainable. Trichoderma harizianum, Pleurotus sajor caju, cow dung slurry

[1]. A. Dobermann and T.H. Fairhurst, Rice Straw Management, Better Crops International,16(Suppl), 2002, 7-9.
[2]. M. Imagawa, S. Kawai, T. Kinoshita, H. Mayumi, and H. Ohshima, Accumulation of carbon in soil brought about by application of rice straw and its effects on properties and productivity of mineral upland soil, Res. Bull.AichikenAgril. Res, 21, 1989, 281-288.
[3]. V.P. Gina, Agri-waste for soil productivity improvement in a low land rice ecosystem, Proc. III Symposium on Agricultural and Agro industrial waste management, SAO PEDRO,SP, Brazil, 2013,12-14.
[4]. H.Shiga, Y. Miyamori, and K. Kimura, Evaluation of soil nitrogen fertility in the paddy soil field with the continuous application of rice straw, Bull. Hokkaido Prefectual Agril. Expt, 60, 1990, 125-131
[5]. N.Sundararaj, S. Nagaraju, M.N. Venkataramu, and M.K. Jagannath, Design and Analysis of Experiments, UAS, Publ, Bangalore, India, 1972.
[6]. L.M.Man, N.N. Ha , P.S. Tan, T. Kon, and H. Hiraoka, Integrated nutrient management for sustainable agriculture at Omon, Vietnam, Omonrice, 9, 2001, 62-67.

ABSTRACT: Horticultural crop production is one of the major crops grown in arid and semi-arid lands especially in Laikipia County, Kenya.Market facilitators' help in linking smallholder farmers to high value market either in rural or urban markets. The underpinning factors in choice of market facilitators by smallholder farmers are not yet well understood. Therefore, this paper aims to determine those factors influencingchoice of market facilitators by farmers while marketing their produce. A multi-stage sampling technique was used to select 396 farmers in Laikipia East district. Binary Logit model was used as the major analytical tool; it is applicable when analyzing binary decision or response. The results showed that, household size, age of household head and marketing through a group positively influenced choice of market facilitators by smallholder farmers. On the other hand, number of members in the group, access to market information, purpose of farming and amount of output produced negatively influenced choice of market facilitators. Based on these findings, policy was drawn to improve access to facilitators by farmers that linked them to high value output market.
Keywords: Logit Model, Market Facilitators, Smallholder Farmers, Market Access

[1]. GOK, (2010).Government Policy Documents.The Agricultural Sector Development Strategy (ASDS), Kenya Rural Development Strategy (KRDS) (2002 – 2017) and the Kenya Vision 2030.
[2]. Kirimi, L., Gitau R. and Olunga M. (2013).Household Food Security and Commercialization among Smallholder Farmers in Kenya.A paper Presented at the 4th International Conference of the African Association of Agricultural Economists, April, 2013
[3]. Omiti, J. M., Otieno. J. D., Nyanamba, O. T. and Mccullough, E. (2009). Factors Affecting the Intensity of Market Participation by smallholder farmers: A Case Study of Rural and Peri-urban Areas of Kenya. African Journal of agricultural and Resource Economics, 3(1): 57-82.
[4]. Minot, N. and Ngigi, M. (2004). Are horticultural exports a replicable success story? Evidence from Kenya and Coˆte d'Ivoire. Environment Production and Technology Division Discussion Paper No. 120 and MTID Discussion Paper no. 73. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute.
[5]. Anderson, J. R. (2003). Risk in Rural Development, Challenges for Managers and Policy Makers. Agricultural Systems, 75: 161-197.
[6]. Jaleta, M., Gebremedhin, B. and Hoekstra D. (2009). Smallholder commercialization: Processes, determinants and impact. Discussion Paper No. 18. Improving Productivity and Market Success (IPMS) of Ethiopian Farmers Project, ILRI (International Livestock Research Institute), Nairobi, Kenya

ABSTRACT:The research study was carried out to evaluate the comparative effect of some proprietary vitamins/trace mineral mixtures on the performance and egg quality of laying hens. Two hundred and fifty- six fifty weeks old Yaffa strain laying birds were used. The birds were randomly allotted to four premixes fortified experimental diets; PPGODOMIX, PPOMIX, PPROCHE and PPWRITEX with each diet containing isocaloric and isoproteinous. Sixty four birds were randomly assigned to each of the dietary treatments. The birds were further sub- divided into four replicates with sixteen birds per replicate. The four dietary treatments elicited no significant (P>0.05) influence on the overall performance of birds

[1]. Abdul-Salam, M., Aboaysha and Kratzer (1979). Interrelationships between dietary pyriodoxine and free plasma amino acids in chicks. Poultry science 58 (1) 117-122
[2]. Aduke, A. O. (1992). Practical livestock feeds production in the tropics. Aseko and Co. publishers, Zaria.
[3]. AOAC, 1990. Official Methods of Analysis of the Association of Official Analytical Chemists, Washington DC., edited by Kenneth Helrich. 15th, pp: 69-88.
[4]. Anisuzzaman, M., 1993 Influence of different types of litter on the performance of broiler chicks. M. Sc. Thesis. Dept. of Poultry Science, BAU.

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the performance of turkey poults fed indomie waste (IW) based-diet. A total of one hundred and forty-four (144) local strain of turkey poults were allotted to four dietary treatments in which indomie waste was used to replace maize at 0%, 33.33%, 66.67%, and 100% levels, representing treatments one to four (T1- T4) respectively. Each treatment was replicated three times with 12 poults per replicate using the Completely Randomized Design (CRD). The study lasted for eight weeks. The initial weights of the poults were taken while the final weight record was taken at the end of the study. The feed intake record was taken daily and computed as total feed consumed per bird at the end of the study while weight gain, feed conversion ratio and feed cost were calculated.

[1]. E.F. Gueye, The role of family poultry in poverty alleviation, food security and the promotion of gender equality in rural Africa. Outlook on Agriculture 29, 2000, 129-136
[2]. R. Amumueller, Certified production of commercial turkeys. World Poultry Magazine Production on Turkeys. 10, 2008, 18
[3]. O.O. Adejinmi, R.A. Hamzat, and J.B. Fapohunda, Pereformance and nutrient digestibility of rabbits fed fermented and unfermented cocoa pod. Nigerian Society for Animal Production. 34(1), 2007, 63-68
[4]. G.O. Farinu, Effect of feeding a compound diet based on non-conventional feedstuffs on growth and carcass characteristics of rabbits. World Rabbit Science. 2(4), 2004, 123-126
[5]. L.A.F. Akinola and P. Ekine, An Assessment of the Performance and Carcass Yield of Broilers Fed Indomie Waste® in the Humid Tropics. Iranian Journal of Applied Animal Science. 4(1), 2014, 123-126
[6]. F.O. Ajayi, O.O. Balogun, S.S. Ovuru and O.O. Mgbere, Reproductive performance of rabbits fed maize milling waste based diets. African Journal of Biotechnology, 4(5), 2005, 439-43

ABSTRACT: This investigation was carried out during two successive seasons (2010 and 2011) on 5 years old Nabq (Zizyphus spina christi) trees at Ras Suder Research Station, Desert Research Center- South Sinai Governorate, Egypt. This investigation aimed to study the effect of saline water treatments, water regulation and water irrigation levels on vegetative growth, some fruit parameters, leaf mineral contents, yield and fruit quality. The treatments contained the combination of three main factors: The first factor: two wells as a saline water source (well I and well II with EC values 3.68 and 6.80 dS/m, respectively). The second factor: water regulation method (WR): DI= deficit irrigation and RDI = regulated deficit irrigation by partial root zone drying (PRD). The third factor:

[1]. Aganchich B.; Tahi1 H.; Wahbi1 S.; Elmodaffar C. and R. Serraj (2007). Growth, water relations and antioxidant defence mechanisms of olive (Olea europaea L.) subjected to partial root drying (PRD) and regulated deficit irrigation (RDI). Plant Biosystems, 141 (2): 252-264.
[2]. Ahmadi S.H.; M.N. Andersen; F. Plauborg; R.T. Poulsen; C.R. Jensen; A.R. Sepaskhah; and S. Hansen (2010). Effects of irrigation strategies and soils on field grown potatoes: Gas exchange and xylem [ABA]. Agricultural Water Management, 97: 1486-1494.
[3]. Al-Abdoulhadi I. A.; H. A. Dinar; G. Ebert and C. Buttner (2012). Influence of salinity stress on photosynthesis and chlorophyll content in date palm (Phoenix dactylifera L.) cultivars. African Journal of Agricultural Research; 7: 22, 3314-3319.
[4]. Al-Hayani A. M. and I. A. Manar (2009). Effect of soil salinity on some physical and chemical parameters of lemon (Citrus limon Burm) fruits. Diyala Agricultural Sciences Journal, 1: (2): 25-29.