IOSR-JAVS   Volume-9 ~ Issue-2 ~ FEB-2016

ABSTRACT: Preset paper analyses the changes in ova morphology to assess the reproductive development in ribbonfishes, Lepturacanthus savala. During the study, ova diameter observation showed Stage I (Immature ova) - majority in size range of 0.24-0.26 mm, Stage II - majority in size range of 0.54-0.56 mm, Stage III A - majority in size range of 0.63-0.65 mm, Stage III B - majority in size range of 0.90-0.92 mm, Stage IV A - majority in size range of 1.38-1.40 mm, Stage IV B - majority in 1.57mm, Stage V - majority in size range of 1.59-1.61, Stage VI A - majority in size range of 0.65-0.67 mm, Stage VI B - majority in size range of 0.32-0.34. The stages of oocytes classified according to the diameter were in accordance with the macroscopic analysis of the ovaries and peak spawning season appeared to be from March to May and October to December along the west coast of India.

[1]. Brown-Peterson, N., S. Lowerre-Barbieri, B. Macewicz, F. Saborido-Rey, J.Tomkiewicz, D. Wyansk., An Improved and Simplified
Terminology for Reproductive Classification in Fishes. (2008) www.usm.edu/gcrl/research/gonadal_terminology.php
[2]. Chacko, P. I., Marine plankton from waters around the Krusadai Island. Proc. Ind. Acad. Sci., 29 (1950) 162-174.
[3]. Eldridge M. B., King D. J., Eng, D. and Bowers M. J., Role of the oil globule in survival and growth of striped bass (Morone
saxatilis) larvae. Proc. West. Assoc. Game Fish. Comm., 57 (1977) 303 - 313.
[4]. James P.S.B.R, K. A. Narasimham, P.T., Meenakrhisunderam and Sastry, Y. A., Present status of ribbonfish fishery in India.
CMFRI. Sp. Publ. 24 (1986) 1-49.
[5]. Kwok, Y., Ni, I.-H., Reproduction of cutlassfishes Trichiurus spp. from the South China Sea.Mar.Ecol. Prog. Series, 176 (1999) 39
– 47.
[6]. Lazarus, S., Scariah,K. S., Khan, M. Z. and Veleyudhan, A. K., Present status of exploitation of fish and shellfish resources
:Ribbonfishes. Bull. Cent. Mar. Fish. Res. Inst., 45 (1992) 121-132.

ABSTRACT: 50 Campylobacter spp. were isolated from 759 samples, giving an overall prevalence of 6.58%. Individually, the highest prevalence rate of 13.54% was recorded in poultry meat, followed by 7.6% in chevon, 0.78% in pork and 2% from human stool samples. None of the isolates were recovered from beef and fish meat samples. Most of the obtained isolates were classified as C. jejuni (35 strains, 70%), whereas C. coli was identified in 15 (30%) samples, indicating that the C. jejuni was the most commonly found species. Of fifty Campylobacter isolates, 20 Campylobacter jejuni and 10 Campylobacter coli were examined for their sensitivity to 8 antibiotics. All of the C. jejuni and C. coli isolates were resistant to Cephalothin (100%) and sensitive to Gentamicin and Erythromycin (100%). While 80%, 50% and 40% resistance was observed against Suphamethoxazole, Ampicillin and Ciprofloxacin respectively. Among C. coli, 70%, 80% and 50% sensitivity was observed against Ciprofloxacin, Nalidixic acid and Gentamicin respectively and 50% isolates were resistant to Ampicillin.

[[1]. Adzitey, F., Rusul, G., Huda, N., Cogan, T. and Corry, J. 2012.Prevalence, antibiotic resistance and RAPD typing of Campylobacter species isolated from ducks, their rearing and processing environments in Penang, Malaysia. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 154: 197–205.
[2]. Little, C. L., Richardson, J. F., Owen, R. J., Pinna, E. and Threlfall, E. J. 2008. Campylobacter and Salmonella in raw red meat in the United Kingdom: prevalence, characterization and antimicrobial resistance pattern, 2003-2005. Food Microbiol. 25: 538-543.
[3]. LoewenherzLuning K., Heitmann M.and Hildebrandt G. 1996. Survey about the occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni in food of animal origin. Fleischwirtscha, 76: 958–961.
[4]. OIE Terrestrial Manual. 2008. Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli. pp. 1185-1191.
[5]. Padungton, P. and Kaneene, J.B. 2003. Campylobacter spp. in human, chickens, pigs and their antimicrobial resistance. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 65: 161–170.
[6]. Pant, K. 2011. Isolation, Identification & Molecular Characterization of Campylobacter jejuni & C. coli. M.V.Sc. Thesis submitted to G.B.P.U.A.T, Pantnagar.

ABSTRACT: This study examined the effects of social capital and access to micro credit on productivity of arable crop farmers inKwara State, Nigeria. A multistage sampling technique was employed for the collection of data from 150 households in two local government areas (LGAs) of the state using probability proportionate to size of the LGAs. Data analyses were carried out using descriptive statistics, and regression analysis. Average ageof farmersstood at 45±11.9 years, household size of 6.0±3.1with 84 percent been educated. Different credit sources available to farmers were banks, cooperative societies, local money lenders,government agency, friends and family in decreasing order of importance.

[1]. World Bank,Gender in Agriculture Sourcebook. Washington, DC: World Bank. 2008.
[2]. The Hunger Project,The African Woman Food Farmer: Her Future is Africa's Future. New York: The Hunger Project, 2000.
[3]. A. Diagne, and M. Zeller, Access to Credit and Its Impact on Welfare in Malawi. Research Report 116, IFPRI, Washington, D.C.
2001.
[4]. G. Feder, L. J. Lau, J. Y. Lin and X. Luo,(1990): The Relationship between Credit and Productivity in Chinese Agriculture: A
Microeconomic Model of Disequilibrium. Amer. Journal of Agricultural Economics, 72: 1990, 1151 - 1157.
[5]. A. Portes, Social Capital: Its origins and applications in modern sociology. Annual Review of Sociology, 24:19981-24.
[6]. M. Zeller, and M. Sharma,Rural finance and poverty alleviation. Washington DC. International Food Policy Research Institute,
1998.

ABSTRACT: Studies were carried out to compare the performance of a commercially available synthetic male produced aggregation pheromone of the plantain weevil (Cosmopolites sordidus, Germar) and the traditional methods of monitoring, using corm and pseudostem traps in a 2 year old cocoa-plantain intercrop management system. Trap effectiveness was conducted in the field in three seasons (major rainy season, minor rainy season and dry season) from June 2012 to February 2013. The results indicate that all the treatments attracted more insects compared with the control (only pitfall trap).

[1] K. Afreh-Nuamah and O. B. Hemeng. Musa constraints/research thrust in Ghana. In: Gold, C. S. and Gemmill, B. (Eds). Biological and Integrated Control of Highland Banana and Plantain Pests and Diseases: Proceedings of a Research Coordination Meeting held at Cotonou, Benin, 1991, 379-383.

[2] A. Udzu, Effects of banana weevil and nematode infestation on the growth and yield of plantain: Musa AAB: in Ghana. MPhil thesis, University of Ghana, Legon, Ghana, 1998.

[3] C.S. Gold, J.E. Pena and E.B. Karamura. Biology and integrated pest management for the banana weevil Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Integrated Pest Management Reviews 6, 2001, 79-155.

[4] Braimah, H. Laboratory studies on the host plant searching behavior and chemical ecology of the banana weevil, Cosmopolites sordidus (Germar 1824) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae). Ph.D. Thesis, University of Reading, U.K, 1997.

ABSTRACT: Foot and Mouth Disease virus (FMDV) comprises four structural and ten nonstructural proteins in its genome. The Leader proteinase (Lpro) is structurally and functionally related to papain-like cysteine proteinase with catalytic cystein and histidine residues which is the first functional component of the Aphthoviral polyprotein. Complete Lpro genes of six Bangladeshi isolates of FMDV of three different serotypes were sequenced and compared with each other as well as with those sequences available in the GenBank to evaluate the extent of mutation in this gene. Out of six isolates investigated a serotype O viruses (BD_SI_5_2013) showed highest level of amino acid (aa) substitution with a critical substitution at L10 by V10. The Lpro gene of the investigated viruses showed mutation in 9% (≤) nucleotide and substitution of aa in 11.4% position. A total of 55% variability of aa was seen in the N terminus end between first two conserved initiation codons at 1st and 29th aa positions of Lpro sequences.

[1] APHIS, 2007: Foot and mouth disease available at http//www.aphis.usda.gov/ publications/ animal health/.

[2] Shanmugam Y, Muthukrishnan M, Singanallur NB, Villuppanoor SA. Phylogenetic analysis of the leader proteinase (Lpro) region ofIndian foot and mouth disease serotype O isolates. Veterinaria Italiana. 2015; 51 (1):31-37.

[3] FAO/OIE 2012: FMD virus pools and the regional programmes Virus Pool 2-South Asia. FAO/OIE Global Conference on foot and mouth disease control. Bangkok, Thailand, 27–29 June 2012. [4] Rubina AA, Monzoor H, Amer BZA, Hamid I, Umer. Epedimiological analyses of foot and mouth disease in Pakistan. International Journal of Agriculture and Biology. 2002;01/1560; 8530:8-5.

[5] Brown F. The history of research in foot and mouth disease. Virus Research. 2003; 91(1): 3-7.

[6] Saiz M, Nunez JI, Jimenez-Clavero MA, Baranowski E, Sobrino F. Foot and Mouth disease virus: biology and prospects for disease control. Microbes and Infection. 2002; 4: 1183-1192.

ABSTRACT: Food self-sufficiency which is intensified announced by ignoring the climate change phenomenon could be impact on cropping systems and crop yields. One of the steps that can be taken is to return to local wisdom, such as pranata mangsa. This study aimed at analyzing the relationship of ENSO with local weather dynamics and pranata mangsa, then to evaluate the pranata mangsa. The experiment was conducted in June until December 2014 in the Pucangmiliran Village (Tulung District), Karangpandan Village (Karangpandan District) and Pereng Village (Mojogedang District) with descriptive exploratory survey methods. Data analysis was used correlation test.

[1]. Indonesian Ministry of Agriculture, Plan Performance of the Ministry of Agriculture. URL: deptan.go.id/sakip/admin/data/RKT_KEMENTAN_2014.pdf. Accessed on June 9th 2014.
[2]. GHPALR [Great House of Parliament of Agricultural Land Resources], The Agricultural Sector Vulnerable to Climate Change. Great House of Parliament of Agricultural Land Resources. URL: http://litbang.keuangan.deptan.go.id. Accessed on April 7th 2014.
[3]. Fidiyani R and Ubaidillah K, Translation of Natural Law According to Javanese People's Minds Based on Pranata Mangsa. Dynamics of Law Journal 12(3) 2012, 421-436.
[4]. Miranda T, Deny H, Herry Y, Gutomo BA, Ali YA, Farmer Adaptation to Climate Change Impact of Agriculture Management. Research Report: The Field of Human Ecology Research Center of Population. Jakarta: Indonesian Institute of Sciences. (LIPI) 2011.

ABSTRACT: The efficiency of CIDR®, Cloprostenol and their combinations in estrus synchronization was investigated in Red Sokoto Doe. Fifteen healthy Does weighing 14-25 kg were divided into 3 groups of 5. Group 1 received 2 injections of 125μg Cloprostenol 11 days apart, group 2 received CIDR® for 14 days while group 3 received CIDR® for 14 days with single injection of 125 μg Cloprostenol 24h prior to CIDR® removal. Estrus response was 80%, 100% and 100% for groups 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The onset of estrus for group 1, 2 and 3 was 39.0 ± 9.76h, 49.0 ± 0.83h and 44.8 ± 2.45h respectively. The duration of estrus was 40.6 ± 10.33h, 72.0 ± 0.89h and 73.6 ± 0.81h for groups 1, 2 and 3 respectively. The CIDR® retention, vaginal discharge and draw string breakage rates in group 2 were 100%, 80% and 0% while group 3 were 100%, 60% and 0% respectively. The duration of estrus was statistically significant (p< 0.05) between group 1 and 2 and between group 1 and 3. Vaginal discharge rate was 80% and 60% in group 2 and 3. These result showed that CIDR® protocols are more efficient in synchronizing estrus in Red Sokoto Does owing to more compact synchrony. Therefore the use of this protocol is recommended in controlled breeding programmes.

Keywords: CIDR, Cloprostenol, Doe, Estrus,Synchronization

[1]. J.O.Daramola,A.A.Adeloye, T.A.Fatoba, and A.O.Soladoye, Haematological and biochemical parameters of West African Dwarf goats. Livestok Research for Rural Development, 17(8), 2005,
[2]. M.O.Oyeyemi, and M.O.Akusu, Response of multiparous and primiparous West African Dwarf goats (Capra hircusL.) to concentrate supplementation.VeterinarskiArhiv, 72(1), 2002, 29-38.
[3]. P.I.Adigwe, and O.Fayemi, A biometric study of the reproductive tract of the red sokoto (Maradi) goats of Nigeria.Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 25(3), 2005,149-150.
[4]. H. Baldassarre, and C.N.Karatzas, Advanced assisted reproduction technologies (ART) in goats. Animal Reproduction Science,82-83, 2004, 255-266.
[5]. J. Roelofs, F. Lopez-Gatius, R. H. F. Hunter, F. J. C. M.Van Eerdenburg, and C.Hanzen, When is a cow in estrus? Clinical and practical aspects.Theriogenology, 74 (3), 2010, 327-344.

ABSTRACT: Field experiments were conducted to assess the impact of disc plough weight and draught on physical properties of sandy loamy soil at the National Center of Agricultural Mechanization (NCAM), Ilorin, Nigeria. The soil physical properties indicators were moisture content, bulk density, porosity, shear strength and cone index as well as depth and width of cut were examined in sampled soil accordance with the APHA (2005) standards. The tillage treatment in the study was conventional tillage by two passes operation for disc plough. The required soil physical properties were measured at various depth ranges from 0 cm to 21cm at 7cm intervals and analyzed.

[1]. Alletto.L and M. Coquet, 2009. Temporal and Spatial Variability of Soil bulk density and Near Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity under two contrasted Tillage Management System. Geoderma 152: 85 -94
[2]. American Public Health Association (APHA). 2005. Standard Methods for the soil and wastewater, American Water Works Association, Water Control Federation. Examination of Water and Wastewater, 21th Eds. Washington, DC;
[3]. Arsyid, M.A, Camacho, F.T, and Guo, P. 2009. Corn Basics: Corn Crop Management, Available Online: http://www.dekalb.
[4]. ASABE Standards, 2006. Procedures for using and reporting Data obtained with soil Cone Penetrometer. ASABE, St. Joseph: Michigan.
[5]. Franzluebbers, A.J. 2002. Soil organic matter stratification ratio as an indicator of soil quality, Soil & Tillage Research, 38: 95 – 158.
[6]. Jain, S.C, 2009. Farm Machinery. Standard Pub. New Delhi.

ABSTRACT: A knowledge gap exists in the study of Culicoides species in Nigeria, making it impossible to determine the possibility of evolutionary changes in Culicoides species due to climatic and ecological changes. To bridge this gap, a Taxonomic study of Culicoides species in Nigeria was conducted. Culicoides species were collected from four sites for six months using light suction traps and permanent slide mounts of collected biting midges were examined with CelestronR LCD digital microscope model #44340 and identifications were made using various identification keys for adult Culicoides species.One thousand five hundred and sixty-five adult Culicoides species were collected and the study showed female dominance with 1,548 (93.16%) while that of the male was 107 (6.84%). Culicoides species caught around hosts was reported to be highest around cattle 931 (59.49%) and lowest around sheep 258 (16.49%).

[1] Alahmed AM, Kheir SM, Al Khereiji MA (2010) Distribution of CulicoidesLatreille (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) in Saudi Arabia. Journal of Entomology 7(4): 227–234.

[2] Blackwell, A., 1997. Diel flight periodicity of the biting midge Culicoides impunctatus and the effects of meteorological conditions.Medical and Veterinary Entomology 11 (4), 361-367.

[3] Borkent, A. 2005: The biting midges, the Ceratopogonidae (Diptera). In W.C. Marquardt, Biology of disease vectors, 2nd ed., Elsevier Academic Press, San Diego, p. 113-126. [4] Braverman, Y., 1988. Preferred landing sites of Culicoides species (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) on a horse in Israel and its relevance to summer seasonal recurrent dermatitis (sweet itch). Equine Veterinary Journal 20 (6), 426-429.
[5] DEFRA (2008) Bluetongue: latest situation. Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs (DEFRA) UK. Available at http://www.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/farmanimal/diseases/atoz/bluetongue/latest/index.htm Accessed July 2008

[6] Delécolle JC: Nouvelle contribution à l'étudesystématiqueeticonographique des espèces du genre Culicoides (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae) du Nord-Est de la France. PhD thesis.Université Louis Pasteur de Strasbourg, 'Vie et Terre'. 1985

[7] Dipeolu, O.O., 1976. Studies on the Culicoides species of Nigeria. II. Speciescollectedaround wild animals at Ibadan. VeterinaryParasitology 1: 257--263.

ABSTRACT: Wood remains the preferred construction material for talking drum, but the scarcity of the preferred choice of C. millenii for wood carvers has forced them to explore non-suitable species. Hence, need to research into lesser known wood species. This study was aimed to determine selected physico-mechanical properties of Aningeria robusta for the manufacture of talking drum. Three trees of Aningeria robusta were obtained, and samples were collected at the base, middle and top portion of each tree to determine physical and mechanical properties of the wood species. Wood samples were weighed and oven dried to a constant weight at 103oC ± 2 for 24 hours and the weight was recorded thereafter for physical properties.

[1]. Adeniyi, I.M., Adebagbo, C.A., Oladapo, F.M. & Ayetan G (2013): Utilization of Some Selected Wood Species in
Relation to their Anatomical Features, Global Journal of Science Frontier Research Agriculture and Veterinary Volume 13
Issue 9 Version 1.0
[2]. Aiyeloja, A. A. Adedeji, G. A. and Adebisi L. A. (2015): Suitability of G. arborea (Roxb.) wood for making talking drum in
Nigeria. IOSR Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science (IOSR-JAVS). Volume 8, Issue 2 Ver. II PP 95-100.
[3]. Agun, F. (2014): The talking drum –Kalangu, Gangan, Odondo drum. Article retrieved from
http://tony55.hubpages.com/hub/The-Talking-Drum-The-Talking-Drum- Kalangu-Gungun- Odondo-drum.
[4]. Ajala, O.O and Ogunsanwo, O.Y. (2011): Specific gravity and mechanical properties of Aningeria robusta wood from
Nigeria; journal of tropical forest science 23(4): 389–395
[5]. Akachuku, A. E. (1982): Variation in wood density of dicotyledons as a guide for forest plantation management. Agric
Research Bulletin 3: 4–11.
[6]. Albert, D.J. Clare, T.A. Dickson, R.L. and Walker, J.C.F. (2002): Internation Forest review 4(1) pg 12, 13,
14 and 16.

ABSTRACT: This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of different PGF2α analogues dinoprosttromethamine, cloprostenol and d-cloprostenol on P4 concentration, days to estrus and pregnancy in dairy cattle.The present work was carried out on 30 apparently healthy dairy cows having functional CL.The animals were divided into three groups according to treatment. Lutalyse group (n=10): each animal received 25 mg dinoprosttromethamine IM. PGF Veyx® forte group (n=10): each animal received 500 μgcloprostenolIM. Luteosyl group (n=10): each animal received 150 μg d-cloprostenolIM. Blood samples were collected from all animals at day 0 and 2 days after treatment for P4 concentration. There was a significant variation between P4 at day 0 and 2 days after treatment. A significant variation was present in P4 concentration between Luteosyl group and other two groups.

[1]. Lindell J-O, Kindhal H, Jansson L, Edquist L-E. (1982): Postpartum release of prostaglandin F2a and uterine involution in the cow.
Theriogenology;17:237–45.
[2]. Armstrong DT. (1981): Prostaglandins and follicular functions. J ReprodFertil; 62:283–91.
[3]. Hanzen C. (1984): The role of prostaglandins in human and animal reproductive physiology. J GynecolObstetBiolReprod; 13:351–61.
[4]. Wenzel JGW. (1991): A review of prostaglandin F products and their use in dairy reproductive herd health programs. Vet Bull; 61:
433–47.
[5]. Niswender, G. D., Juengel, J. L., Silva, P. J., Rollyson, M. K., McIntush, E.W., (2000): Mechanisms controlling the function and live
span of the corpus luteum. Physiol.Rev.80, 1–29.

ABSTRACT: Abstract:Population Dynamics and Thrips (Thysanoptera) Attack on Chili Plant (Capsicum annuum L.) in Jambi Province, Indonesia.Thripsare insects that damage agricultural plants such as chili plants (Capsicum annuum L.). the attacks which was caused by the thrips starting from mild to severe attacks. In Jambi province there isn't any report of thripsattacks in chili plants. The research aims to analyze of thrips attack in chili plant. The study was conducted by observing the attacks of thrips on the leaves chili plant. Observations of thrips population and the attack percentage, as well as the abundance of predators were performed on 400 chili plants in the field experiment in Jambi University.

[1]. Ananthakrishnan T.N. Bionomics thrips. Annual Review Entomology.1993. (38):71-92.
[2]. Funderburk J. 2002. Ecology of Thrips. Proceding Of the 7 th International Simposium on Thysanoptera121. 2002.
[3]. Gonzalez D. &LT Wilson. A food-web approach to economic thresholds: a sequence of pests/ predaceous arthropods on California cotton. Entomophaga. 1982. 27:31-43.
[4]. Gonzalez D, BR Patterson, TF Leigh &LT Wilson.Mites: a primary food source fortwo predators in San Joaquin Valley cotton. Calif.Agric. 1982. 36 (3):18-20.
[5]. Hegland SJ, Totland O. Relationships between species floral traits and pollinator visitation in a temperate grassland. Oecologia. 2005. 145(4):586–594.
[6]. Kalshoven L.G.E. The pests of crops in Indonesia (revised by P.A. Van der Laan).PT. IchtiarBaru-van Hoeve. Jakarta. 1981.
[7]. Kandori I. Diverse visitors with various pollinator importance and temporal change in the important pollinators of Geranium thunbergii (Geraniaceae).Ecological research.Journal Academic. 2002. 17(3):283–294.

ABSTRACT: A 6 week old male brown Mongrel breed of dog with history of ectoparasites infestation from purchase was presented with clinical manifestation of generalized dry crusty lesions, pruritus, and rough hair coat. Microscopic examination and identification of submitted ectoparasites using CelestronR LCD digital microscope indicated Canine pediculosis caused by Heterodoxus spiniger. The patient was treated topically using Veterinary insecticides dusting powder containing Carbaryl at 10 days intervals for four consecutive
weeks.
Keywords: Pediculosis, Heterodoxus spiniger, Mongrel, Canine

1]. Curtis F.C., 2012. Ectoparasites. In: Jackson H., Marsella R. (Eds), BSAVA Manual of Canine and Feline Dermatology, 3rd edition.
BSAVA Woodrow House, Gloucester, 153-163.
[2]. Dantas Torres, F.; Figueredo, L.A.; Faustino, M.A.G. (2003a): Ocorrencia de Heterodosus spiniger (Enderlein, 1909) em Canis
familiaris na cidade de Olinda-Pemambuco-Brasil: relato de caso. In: CONGRESSO BRASILEIRO DA ANCUIVEPA, 24., Belo
Horizonte, 2003. Anais… Belo Horizonte: Associacao Nacional de Clinicos Vterinarios de Pequenos Animais.
[3]. Dantas Torres, F.; Figueredo, L.A.; Faustino, M.A.G. (2003b): Infestacao mista por Heterodosus spiniger (Enderlein, 1909) e
Rhipicephalus sanguineus (Latreille, 1806) em Canis familiaris, no bairro de Campina do Barreto, na Cidade do Recife-
Pemambuco-Brasil: relato de caso. In: CONGRESSO DE INICIACAO CIENTIFICA, 3., Recife, 2003. Anais… Recife:
Universidade Federal Rural de Pemambuco.
[4]. Emerson, K.C, and R.D. Price. 1985. Evolution of Mallophaga on mammals. In K.C. Kim, ed., Coevolution of Parasitic Athropods
and Mammals, pp. 233-255. John Wiley & Sons, New York
[5]. Ettinger, S.J., Feldman, E.C.: Textbook of Veterinary Internal Medicine: Diseases of the Dog and Cat. 6th edn., Vol. 1, Elsevier
Saunders, St. Louis, Missouri. 2005; 63-70.

ABSTRACT: A cross sectional study was conducted from June to August 2013 in Khartoum state toestimate the prevalence of Haemonchuscontortuseggs in sheep feces and to investigate potential risk factors associated with them.Floatation technique, modified McMaster technique,and fecal incubation were used for identification of the egg of the parasite,egg count, and larval identification. The overall prevalence of H. contortus eggs was 12.1% with a 95% CI ranging from 7.97 to 16.23 while by risk factor category a prevalence that ranged from 3.7% to 22.2% (95% CI from -1.33 to 41.40)was reported.

[1]. Chaudary F.R, Khan M.F. and Qayyum M., 2007. Prevalence of Haemonchuscontortus in naturally infected small ruminant grazing
in the Potohar area of Pakistan. Pakistan Veterinary Journal, 27(2), 73-79.
[2]. Dagnachew S., Amamute A. and Temesgen W. 2011. Epidemiology of gastrointestinal Helminthiasis of small ruminants in selected
sites of north Gondar zone, Northwest Ethiopia. Ethiopia Veterinary Journal.15 (2), 57-68.
[3]. Fayza O., A. Bushra, Osman H.O.,and A. Majid, 2003. The seasonal prevalence of adult and arrested L4 Larvae of
Haemonchuscontortus in naturally infected Sudanese desert sheep. The Sudan Journal of Veterinary Research, 18, 89-92.
[4]. Fransisco J.A., L. Garcia-Coiradas, and Montserrat C., 2007. Haemonchuscontortus–sheep relationship: a
review.RevistaCientifica,17(6), 577-587.
[5]. Gadahi J.A., Arshed J.M., Ali Q., Javaid B.S. and Shah I.S. 2009. Prevalence of Gastrointestinal parasites of sheep and Goat in and
around Rawalipindi and Islamabad. PakistanVeterinary World, 2(2), 51-53.
[6]. Garedani Y., Hashem Z.H. and Esmaeli A., 2013. Study on the prevalence and species composition of Abomasal Nematodes in
small Ruminants Slughtered at Behshar Town, Iran. Journal of Veterinary Advance, 3(2), 55-59.
[7]. Ghada H.A., Elsayed E.E. and Hamid S.A., 2011. Prevalence of gastrointestinal Helminths in sheep from centeralKordofan Sudan.
J. Vet. Med. Anim.Prod., 2(2), 90-104.

ABSTRACT: Remittances play an important role in the development of households at micro level and the development of community or country at macro level and have become an important source of income and foreign exchange for many developing countries including Nigeria. This study analyzed the types, sources and uses of remittance by rural households for agricultural purposes in three local governments of Enugu state. A random sampling technique was used in the selection of respondents. The data was analyzed using frequency, percentages and mean statistic. The study revealed that most of the households surveyed (75.6%) received internal remittance from friends and family members living in other parts of the country and that most of the remittance sent were received quarterly and in form of cash and non-cash items. The most common source of remittance to rural households is through informal means.

[1]. International Organization for Migration (IOM), IOM and Remittances. 2007 Retrieved from
http://www.egypt.iom.int/Doc/final_reduce_2007_EN.pdf
[2]. Adams, Jr., R., The Effects of International Remittances on Poverty, Inequality and Development in Rural Egypt. Research Report
86. (Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 1991)
[3]. Solimano, A., Remittances by Emigrants: Issues and Evidence, in A.B. Atkinson (ed.), New Sources of Development Financing,(
Oxford: Oxford University Press for UNU-WIDER 2004)
[4]. Addison, E.K.Y., The Macroeconomic Impact of Remittance in Ghana, Bank of Ghana, Ghana International Food Policy Research
Institute, Washington, DC.
[5]. World Bank, World Development Finance (Washington, DC: World Bank 2005).