iosr-JDMS   Volume-15 ~ Issue-9 ~ September-2016

Abstract: Background: Leprosy, a disabling infectious disease, is a major public health problem in some regions, requiring knowledge of its epidemiological variations so that strategies for case detection and disease control can be subsidized. Objectives: This study aims to study epidemiological profile of leprosy patients attending Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy. Materials & Methods: Retrospective study of medical records of 111 diagnosed leprosy cases between January to December 2015 were analysed at the Department of Dermatology, Venereology and Leprosy, DR.S.C.G.M.C. vishnupuri Nanded, India. Results: Maximum no. 62(55.85%) of leprosy patients are in the age group..............

Keywords: Leprosy, multibacillary, new cases, paucibacillary, post leprosy elimination era.

[1]. J. Khubchandani, ―State of the globe: many challenges of the multifaceted leprosy,‖ Journal of Global Infectious Diseases, vol. 3,
pp. 315–316, 2011. View at Publisher · View at Google Scholar

[2]. M. C. C. Magalhães and L. I. Rojas, ―Time trends of Hansen's disease in Brasil,‖ Revista Brasileira de Epidemiologia, vol. 8, no. 4, pp. 342–355, 2005. View at Google Scholar
[3]. World Health Organization, ―Global Leprosy situation 2010,‖ The Weekly Epidemiological Record, vol. 35, pp. 337–348, 2010.
View at Google Scholar
[4]. G. P. S. Dhillon, ―NLEP—Current situation and strategy during the 11th plan period (2007–2012),‖ Journal of the Indian Medical Association, vol. 104, no. 12, pp. 671–672, 2006. View at Google Scholar · View at Scopus
[5]. ―NLEP—Progress report for the year 2011-2012,‖ 2012, http://www.nlep.nic.in/data.html.

Abstract: Foot ulcers are the major problems in Diabetic patients. One of the factors which prevent healing of plantar ulcer is pressure on the ulcer. The aim of present study is to find out aoff loading device, which is cheap and comfortable to the patient. 50 ambulant diabetic patients with foot ulcer treated in tertiary care centre, Pondicherry, between October 2010 to March 2012 were included in this study.The patients were randomized into two groups. One was Offloaded and other Not Off-loaded, by draw of lots...........

Keywords:- Diabetic plantar ulcer,Mandakini device, Off loading,Ulcer healing.

[1]. Sunil V.Kari, et al., The economical way to off-load diabetic foot ulcers (Mandakini off-loading device), Indian J Surg. 2010 Apr;
72(2):133-134.
[2]. SICCO A .Evaluation and Optimization ofTherapeutic Footwear for NeuropathicDiabetic Foot Patients Using In-ShoePlantar
Pressure Analysis. Diabetes Care 2011 34:1595–1600
[3]. Al-Maskari F, El-Sadig M. Prevalence of risk factors for diabetic foot complications. BMC. Fam. Pract.2007; 8:59.
[4]. Alwakeel JS, Al-Suwaida A, Isnani AC, Al-Harbi A, Alam A. Concomitant macro and microvascular complications in diabetic
nephropathy. Saudi Journal of Kidney Dis. Transpl. 2009; 20(3): 402-09.
[5]. Krittiyawong S, ANagarmukos c, Benjasuratwong Y, Rawdarce P, Leelawatana R, Kosachunhanun N, Plengvidhya N,
Deerochanawong C, Suwanwalaikorn S, Pratipanawatr T, Chetthakul T, Mongkolsomlit S, Bunnag P. Thailand diabetes registry
project : prevalence and risk factors associated with lower extremity amputation in Thai diabe5tics. Med. Assoc. Thai. 2006; 89(1):
43 – 48.

Abstract: Trismus, a tonic contraction of the jaw-closing muscles, has now received broader application in use, including all conditions characterized by the inability to open the mouth adequately. There are so many pathological conditions which causes trismus. One of the main cause is inflammation of masticatory muscle due to infection and trauma. Historically Esmarch was first one to perform osteotomy for TMJ ankylosis in 1851. A flap of masseter and medial pterygoid sutured and interposed between a wedge shaped osteotomy cut at angle of mandible and will act as a pseudojoint.

[1]. Ankylosis of temporomandibular joint : cure by Esmarch's operatrion
[2]. by I Douglus Miller,Sydney.
[3]. Management of Temporomandibular joint ankylosis:Literature review,Zubair Khatun FRCS,FFDRCS(Pakistan Oral and Dent.
Jr.25(2) Dec 2005
[4]. Limited painfull mouth opening :Nurhan Guler,DDS Phd,Perran Fulden Yumuk,MD,Dilhun Ilguy DDS Phd,Vakur Olgak MD,Jerry
Greer DDS ( JOMS 63:1201-1205,2005)
[5]. Surgical pathology of the mouth and jaws: R A Cawson,J D Langdon,J W Eveson.

Abstract: Background: Urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the common infections encountered by the clinicians. Though a good number of antimicrobial agents are available, still UTIs have become difficult to treat due to development of resistance by the uropathogens. So regional data regarding the common uropathogens and their sensitivity pattern is required to guide the clinicians to start empiric therapy while managing UTIs. Objectives: The aim and objective of this study was to detect the common organisms causing community acquired UTI in our region which is a part of Eastern India and their sensitivity and resistance pattern towards different commonly used antimicrobial agents...............

Keywords: Community acquired,Urinary tract infection, Antibiotic susceptibility, Antibiotic resistance

[1]. Levi ME, Redington J, Barth L. The patient with urinary tract infection. Manual of Nephrology. 6th Edition. Lippincott Williams& Wilkins.2005;7:91
[2]. Rock W, Schaeffer AJ. Treatment of Urinary tract infections: Whats old, Whats new and What works. World J Urol. 1999;17:372-
82.
[3]. K Gupta, BW Trautner. Urinary Tract Infections, Pyelonephritis and Prostatitis.In: Denis L Kasper,Anthony S Fauci,Stephen L
Hauser, Dan L Longo, J L Jameson, J Loscalzo editors. Harrison,s Principles of Internal Medicine. Vol. 2, 19th Edn .861- 868.McGraw Hill Education.
[4]. Kahlmeter G. ECO.SENS. An Internationalsurvey of the antimicrobial susceptibility of pathogens from uncomplicated urinary
tract infections: The ECO.SENS Project. J Antimicrobial Chemothr. 2003;51:69-76
[5]. Manges AR, Natarajan P, Solberg OD, SietrichPS,Riley LW. The changing prevalence of drug-resistant Escherchia coli clonal
groups in acommunity:evidence for community out breaks of urinary tract infections. Epidemiol Infect. 2006;134: 425-31.

Abstract: Transitional cell carcinoma of the ovary is a rare variant of epithelial ovarian cancers(EOC).It has been described as a primary ovarian carcinoma with definite urothelial features but no benign, metaplastic and/or proliferating Brenner tumor (BT) identified. Recognition of such tumors is important because of its rarity, favorable response to chemotherapy and an improved patient survival. Treatment comprised multimodality approach using surgery, chemotherapy and radiotherapy. Surgery remains the mainstay of the treatment of this variant of EOC. Postoperative adjuvant radiotherapy improved local control in patients with adverse prognostic factors. Adjuvant radiotherapy improves outcome in patients with adverse factors.

Keywords: Transitional cell carcinoma, EOC, Brenner Tumor, Treatment.

[1]. Kumar R, Shih I-M. The Origin And Pathogenesis Of Epithelial Ovarian Cancer: A Proposed Unifying Theory. Am J Surgpathol.
2010;34:433–443.
[2]. Cuatrecasas M, Catasus L, Palacios J, Prat J. Transitional Cell Tumors Of The Ovary: A Comparative Clinicopathologic,
Immunohistochemical, And Molecular Genetic Analysis Of Brenner Tumors And Transitional Cell Carcinomas. Am J Surgpathol.
2009;33:556–567.
[3]. Oh S, Rha S, Jung S, Lee Y, Choi B, Byun J, Ku Y, Jung C. Transitional Cell Tumor Of The Ovary: Computed Tomographic And
Magnetic Resonance Imaging Features With Pathological Correlation. J Comput Assist Tomogr. 2009;33:106–112.
[4]. Kommoss F, Kommoss S, Schmidt D, Trunk M, Pfisterer J, Du Bois A. Survival Benefit For Patients With Advanced-Stage
Transitional Cell Carcinomas Vs. Other Subtypes Of Ovarian Carcinoma After Chemotherapy With Platinum And Paclitaxel.
Gynecoloncol. 2005;97:195–199.

Abstract: Acute appendicitis is perhaps the most common surgically correctable cause ofacute abdominal pain and its diagnosis remains difficult in many instances. Some ofthe signs and symptoms can be subtle to both the clinician and the patient and may notbe present in all the instances. Arriving at the correct diagnosis and decreasing therate of negative appendicectomy is essential. However a delay in diagnosis may allowprogression to perforation and significantly increase the morbidity and mortality.This study was a prospective study and comprised 60 patients admitted with suspected acute appendicitis and planned for Appendicectomy. The patients selected were older than 15 years, of either sex............

Keywords: Acute Appendicitis,Appendicectomy,C-Reactive Protein, Modified Alvarado Score

[1]. Teicher IR, Landa B, Cohen M, Kabnick LS, Wise L. Scoring system to aid indiagnosis of acute appendicitis. Ann Surg
1983;198:753-9.
[2]. Zinner MJ, Ashley SW. Maingot's Abdominal Operations. 11 th ed. McGraw Hill;2007. p. 589-608
[3]. Ohmann C, Yang Q, Franke C. Diagnostic scores for acute appendicitis. Eur J Surg1995;161:273-81.
[4]. Macklin CP, Radcliffe GS, Merei JM, Stringer MD. A prospective evaluation of themodified Alvarado scores for acute appendicitis
in children. Ann R CollSurgEngl1997;79:2035.
[5]. Kalan M, Talbot D, Cunliffe WJ, Rich AJ. Evaluation of the modified Alvarado scorein the diagnosis of acute appendicitis: A
rospective study. Ann R CollSurgEngl1994;76:418-9

Abstract: Background : The diaphyseal fractures of humerus were traditionally treated conservatively, but the needs of the patients warranted Surgical fixation of these fractures now. The two most popular methods of fixation are Plate Osteosynthesis and Intra-medullary fixation with Inter-locking Nail. In this study we tried to compare these two methods of fixation to arrive at the ideal choice of implant for these fractures. Permission of the Ethical committee Materials & Methods : In this study we included 38 patients with diaphyseal fractures of humerus, who attended the department of Orthopedics and Traumatology, Osmania General Hospital, Hyderabad. The period of study was 2 years i.e, from September 2013 to September 2015..........

Keywords: Diaphyseal fractures, Plate fixation, Interlocking Nailing, Fracture Humerus.

[1]. Rose SH, Melton LJ, Morrey BF, Ilstrup DM, Riggs BL. Epidemiologic features of humeral fractures, Clin.Orthop Relat Res. 1982 Aug; (168): 24-30.
[2]. Rockwood CA, Bucholz RW, Green DP, Heckman JD, Rockwood and Green's Fractures In Adults, Vol 1, 4th Edition, Lippincott Raven; 1996.
[3]. Buckholz RW, Heckman JD, Rockwood, Green's. Fractures in Adults.Vol 1, 5th Edition.Lippincott Williams and Wilkins; 2001.
[4]. Rockwood CA, Bucholz RW, Green DP, Heckman JD, Rockwood and Green's Fractures In Adults, Vol 1, 4th Edition, Lippincott Raven; 1996
[5]. Gustilo RB, Kyle RF, Templeman D fractures and dislocations. Ist edition Mosby publications; 1993.

Abstract: Introduction:Haemovigilance is a set of surveillance procedures covering the whole transfusion from collection of blood and its components to the follow up of its recepients.Haemovigilance programe of India was launched on 10th December 2012 . Objective:To identify and prevent occurence or recurrence of transfusion related unwanted events and to increase the safety ,efficacy and efficiency of blood transfusion. Materials And Methods:Transfusion reactions reported over a period of 3 months(march,april,may 2016)were reviewed and analysed...........

Keywords: Haemovigilance,Acute transfusion reactions,Febrile reactions,Allergy,Whole blood transfusion.

[1]. Callum JL, Pinkerton PH. Transfusion reactions. In: Callum JL, Pinkerton PH, editors. Bloody Easy: Blood Transfusions, Blood Alternatives and Transfusion Reactions, A Guide to Transfusion Medicine. Toronto (Ontario): Sunnybrook andWomen's College Health Sciences Centre; 2005. p. 34‑65.
[2]. Sahu S, Hemlata, Verma A. Adverse events related to blood transfusion. IndianJ Anaesth 2014;58:543‑51.
[3]. Quaranta JF, Canivet N. What is the use of hemovigilance? Transfus Clin Biol1998;5:415‑21
[4]. Faber JC. Worldwide overview of existing haemovigilance systems. TransfusApher Sci 2004;31:99‑110
[5]. Andreu G, Morel P, Forestier F, Debeir J, Rebibo D, Janvier G, et al. Hemovigilancenetwork in France: Organization and analysis of immediate transfusion incidentreports from 1994 to 1998. Transfusion 2002;42:1356‑64.

Abstract: Background:-The students are in the best position to comment on the effectiveness of any teaching system and they may be regarded as the best judges to assess the teaching and evaluation methods. The aim of this study was to elicit the perception and feedback regarding tutorials as teaching learning method in pharmacology along with their excellence in university examination. Methods:-This cross sectional study was carried out by the department of pharmacology at osmania medical college , Hyderabad, Telangana, India..........

Keywords: Tutorials, Pharmacology, small group teaching methods, MBBS students.

[1]. Vasundara K, Kanchan P, Pundarikaksha HP, Girish K, Prassana S, Jyothi R. An imperative need to change pharmacology
curriculum: A pilot survey. Indian J Pharmacol. 2010; 42:420
[2]. Dinesh K.Badyal, Suman Bala, Prasthant Kathuria. Student evaluation of teaching and assessment methods in pharmacology. Indian
J Pharmcol 2010; 42(2); 87-89
[3]. Mohammad younis Bhat et al , A questionnaire based study of pharmacology curriculum in undergraduate students, Int.J.of Res. in
pharmacology & pharmacotherapeutics vol-3(4)2014(382-386)
[4]. Tripathi RK, Sarkate PV, Jalgaonkar SV, Rege NN. Development of active learning modules in pharmacology for small group
teaching. Educ Health. 2015;28(1):46-51.
[5]. Kaufman M, Mann V. Achievement of students in a conventional and problem based learning (PBL) curriculum. Adv Health Sci
Edu Theory Pract. 1999; 4:245–60.

Abstract: Research question:-What is the health status of food handlers working in various food eating establishment in Jalgaon city. Objectives: - To assess the socio-demographic profile and health status of food handlers. Study design: - A cross sectional study was conducted in Jalgaon city. There were 417 food establishments in Jalgaon Municipal Corporation area consisting of 2094 food handlers. Out of this 10% sample was selected by simple random sampling technique. Thus 210 food handlers comprised the study group. After obtaining permission from hotel management and oral consent of food handlers, interviews were taken and physical examinations of food handlers were done to assess their health status...........

Keywords: Food handlers, Health status, Hotel workers

[1]. Mohan V, Mohan U, Dass L, Lal M. An Evaluation of Health Status of Food Handlers of Eating Establishments in Various
Educational and Health Institutions in Amritsar City, Indian Journal of Community Medicine 2001;26(2):80-84.
[2]. Jacob M. Safe Food Handling-A Training Guide for Managers of Food Service Establishments, WHO Monograph Series 1989; 1- 78.
[3]. Mohan U, Mohan V, Raj K. A Study of Carrier State of S. Typhi, Intestinal Parasites and Personal Hygiene amongst Food Handlers in Amritsar, Indian Journal of Community Medicine 2006;31(2):60-61.
[4]. Mead PL, Slutsker V, Griffin PM, Tauxe RV. Food related illness and death in the United States. Emerg. Infect Dis. 1999;
5: 607–625.
[5]. World Health Organization. Vaccines, Immunization and Biologicals. The World Health Organization, Geneva, 1998. Available
on:www.who.int/vaccines.diseases/diseases/typhoid_fever.html, Accessed 12 May 2009

Abstract: Introduction: Ocular neoplasm being the most important cause of morbidity and mortality, early diagnosis and detection of the pathology is crucial for proper treatment and better prognosis. In clinical practice, eye Tumours and Tumour-like lesions can be classified into extra- and intra-ocular. Benign growth of eyelid includes xanthelasma, molluscum, warts, naevus, angioma and other tumers common to skin and cutaneous glands. Present study conducted with following Objectives: 1. To highlight the benign and malignant Tumours of eyelid, conjunctiva and orbit for early diagnosis and management. 2. Histopathological analysis to establish the type and subtype of benign and malignant Tumours..........

Keywords: Benign tumour of eyelid, conjunctiva and orbit. Malignant tumour of eyelid, conjunctiva and orbit.

[1]. Parson M. Diseases of the Lids, In:Parson's Diseases of the Eye, 20th Ed, Noida, Elsevier, 2008, p 439.
[2]. Nema HV, Nema N. Diseases of the Lids, In: Text book of Opthalmology, 6th Ed, New Delhi, Jaypee publisher, 2012, p 429.
[3]. Khurana AK. Diseases of the Orbit, In: Comprehensive Opthalmology, 5th Ed, New Delhi, New Age International Publishers, p 424.
[4]. Deprez M, Uffer S. Clinicopathological features of eyelid skin Tumours. A retrospective study of 5504 cases and review of literature. American Journal of Dermatopathology, May 2009;31(3):256-262.
[5]. Paul S, Vo DT, Wilkiss RZ. Malignant and Benign eyelid lesions in San Francisco:study of a diverse urban population. American Journal of Clinical Medicine, Winter 2011;8(1):40-46.

Abstract: Dengue is the most important viral vector transmitted disease world wide in terms of morbidity and mortality. According to WHO around 5,00,000 cases of DHF(Dengue hemorrhagic Fever) and DSS(Dengue Shock Syndrome) occur annually with 22,000 deaths. It is found that some individuals have only undifferentiated fever while others progress to DHF. Our study is an attempt to find out the factors that determine the severity of dengue in our population. Among the 50 individuals with dengue fever that were studied those with hypertension, diabetes, renal failure and alcohol abuse tended to have severe dengue

Keywords: Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever, Severity

[1] Dengue: Guidelines for Diagnosis, Treatment, Prevention and Control: New Edition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2009.
[2] Guzmán MG, Kouri G, Bravo J, Valdes L, Vazquez S, Halstead SB. Effect of age on outcome of secondary dengue 2 infections. Int
J Infect Dis. 2002 Jun;6(2):118-24.
[3] García-Rivera EJ, Rigau-Pérez JG. Dengue severity in the elderly in Puerto Rico. Rev Panam Salud Publica. 2003 Jun;13(6):362-8.
[4] Lye DC, Lee VJ, Sun Y, Leo YS. The benign nature of acute dengue infection in hospitalized older adults in Singapore. Int J Infect
Dis. 2010 May;14(5):e410-13.
[5] Karunakaran A, Ilyas WM, Sheen SF, Jose NK, Nujum ZT. Risk factors of mortality among dengue patients admitted to a tertiary
care setting in Kerala, India. J Infect Public Health. 2014 Mar-Apr;7(2):114-20.

Abstract: Primary intra-osseous squamous cell carcinoma (PIOSCC) is a rare malignant tumor of the jaw. It is more common in adults, in six to seven decades of life with a male to female ratio of 3:1 and predominantly located in posterior mandible. Its etiology is not clear however the most common factor may be a reactive inflammatory stimulus with or without genetic predisposition. We hereby report a case of PIOSCC involving the mandible of a 48-year-old female..........

Keywords: A Primary intra-osseous squamous cell carcinoma, mandible, jaw

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Geneva: World Health Organization; 1991. p. 35-6.
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Oral Maxillofac Surg 1987;25:427-32.
[3] Anneroth G, Hansen LS. Variations in keratinizing odontogenic cysts and tumors. Oral Surg Oral Med Oral Pathol 1982;54:530-46.
[4] Suei Y, Tanimoto K, Taguchi A, Wada T. Primary intraosseous carcinoma: Review of the literature and diagnostic criteria. J Oral
Maxillofac Surg 1994;52:580-3.
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Oral Med Oral Pathol 1989;67:716-24.

Abstract: Acute organophosphate poisoning is one of the commonest poisoning and have reached epidemic proportion in most parts of the world especially in developing countries, where the toxicity of poison and its medical management is lacking and leads to its high fatality rate. Their ease of access and socio-cultural factors play important role in the choice of OP as a self-poison and the incidence is higher in younger, economically active group with a case fatality ratio of 20. According to WHO, world wide estimates of pesticide poisoning number 3 million each year, with 2 million hospitalized from suicide attempt and 2,20,000 death, the majority of which are actually intentional.Poisoning due to occupational exposure, accounted for about one fifth of the incident with a fatality ratio of less than 1. More than 90% of the non-occupational incidents were suicidal, with a fatality ratio more than 10% and the majority of the subjects are young male.

[1]. Sahin aslan,MD,Zeynep cakir, MD,Mucahit emet, MD, Mustafa Serinken,MD ,hayati kandis,MD, and Mustafa uzkeser,MD
doi:10.1016/j.jemermed.2010.05.072.
[2]. Dr abhay nath chaturvedi,dr soumyakanti dutta,dr sanjay , dr tushar kanti saha,dr subhajyoti adhikary, dr sukdeb das, dr mitali
basu:www.iosrjournal.org
[3]. Dr subhash vijay kumar,md. Fareedullah,sudhakar,b. venkateswarlu,Vaagdevi college of pharmacy,dept. of pharmacy
practice,Warangal,AP
[4]. Dr sahin,onbasi,karakaya,in hum exp toxicology 2012
[5]. Lee WC,yang cc,dang jf,wu ML, lin HU:J TOXICOL CLIN TOXICOL 1998s

Abstract: Early detection and prompt treatment is the basis of tuberculosis controlthrough reducing the reservoir of infection .The objective of the present study is to assess the yield of sputum smear positivity among chest symptomatics with cough duration of two weeks compared to three weeks or more

[1]. Government of india .Managing the RNTCP programme in your area, a training course, module (1-4) central TB division, Directorate generate of health services, Ministry of health and Family welfare, New Delhi, April 2005;1-3.
[2]. Central TB division .Directorate General of health services (DGHS).Ministry of Health and family welfare. Government of India. Technical guidelines for tuberculosis controil, Delhi: DGHS, 2000.
[3]. Santha T et al ,comparison of coughof 2and 3 weeks to improve detection of smear positive tuberculosis cases among outpatients in india. Int J Tuber Lung Dis 2005;1:61-68.
[4]. Indian I tubere 2008 ; 55(2),77-83, A, Thomas et al showed 2 weeks symptoms showed good sputum yield
[5]. Online I Health Allied Scs 2009,8(2);7 Nimbarte et al revealed that by screening patients with symptoms >2 weeks improved yield by 1.3 times.

Abstract: Background and Objectives: Hypothyroidism has significant cardiovascular manifestations. Inadequate number of studies and elusive nature of diagnosis of cardiovascular manifestations in hypothyroidism due to less prominence of symptoms and signs; attracted a great deal of investigatory endeavor. This study aims at studying the cardiovascular aftermath in hypothyroid patients by electrocardiography, lipid profile and echocardiography. The completely reversible nature of these complications, after starting treatment is well
known.........

Keywords: Hypothyroidism, ECG, ECHO.

[1]. Guyton AC and Hall JE. Thyroid Metabolic Hormones. Chapter 76. In: Guyton AC and Hall JE, editors. Text book of Medical
Physiology. 11th ed. Pennsylvania: Saunders Elsevier; 2006. p. 931-43.
[2]. Brent GA, Larsen PR and Davies TF. Hypothyroidism and Thyroiditis. Chapter 12. In: Kronenberg HM, Melmed S, Polonsky AS
and Larsen PR. Williams Text book of Endocrinology. 11th
ed. Philadelphia: Saunders Elsevier; 2007. p. 377-387.
[3]. Jameson LJ, Weetman AP. Disorders of thyroid gland. Chapter 341. In: Longo DL, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Jameson JL
and Loscalzo J. Harrison's principles of internal medicine. 18th edition. USA: The McGraw Hill Companies; 2012. p. 2911-22.
[4]. Menon UV, Sundaram KR, Unnikrishnan AG, Jayakumar RV, Nair V, Kumar H. High prevalence of undetected thyroid disorders
in an iodine sufficient adult south Indian population. J Indian Med Assoc. 2009; 107: 72-7.
[5]. Klein I and Danzi S. Thyroid Disease and the Heart. Circulation. 2007; 116: 1725-35.s

Abstract: Background: Empirical antibiotics when employed in clinical practice should be supported with culture results or valid clinical signs/symptoms. Modification of the empirical regimen is recommended when warranted in order to control antimicrobial overuse and resistance. This study aimed to assess the frequency of starting empirical intravenous antibiotics, the characteristics of this empirical regimen and the clinical characteristics of the patients at the time of start of therapy. It also sought to determine the change in regimen within the first 5 days of admission based on clinical profile and culture reports...........

[1]. Cosgrove SE. The relationship between antimicrobial resistance and patient outcomes: mortality, length of hospital stay, and health
care costs. Clin Infect Dis 2006; 42(suppl 2): S82-89.
[2]. Goossens H et al. Outpatient antibiotic use in Europe and association with resistance: a cross national database study. Lancet 2005;
365:579-87.
[3]. Fridkin S, Baggs J, Fagan R et al. Vital signs: improving antibiotic use among hospitalized patients. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly
Rep 2014; 63: 194-200.
[4]. Werner NL, Hecker MT, Sethi AK, Donskey CJ. Unnecessary use of fluroquinolone antibiotics in hospitalized patients. BMC Infect
Dis. 2011; 11:187.
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Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 2002; 51:343.

Abstract: 50 patients with cirrhosis of liver admitted in SMS Hospital, Jaipur were selected for the study. Ultrasonography was performed in all the cases and diameter of portal vein and spleen size was recorded. Endoscopy was performed in all the selected cases to look for oesophageal varices. Out of 50 patients 40(80%) had oesophageal varices at the time of presentation. Average Spleen size in variceal group (14.69±1.08)cm was higher than in non-variceal group(12.45±0.65)cm, p<0.01. The average portal vein diameter of patients in nonvariceal group was 11.78±1.58mm and that of patients with varices 14.05±2.26 mm, p <0.01. There was a positive correlation between spleen size and the Grades of oesophageal varices (r=0.6771) and the difference was statistically significant(p<0.01).........

[1]. De Franchis R, Primignani M. Natural history of portal hypertension in patients with cirrhosis. Clinics in liver disease. 2001 Aug
1;5(3):645-63.
[2]. D'Amico G, Garcia-Tsao G, Pagliaro L. Natural history and prognostic indicators of survival in cirrhosis: a systematic review of
118 studies. J Hepatol. 2006;44:217–231
[3]. D'Amico G, De Franchis R. Upper digestive bleeding in cirrhosis. Post-therapeutic outcome and prognostic indicators. Hepatology.
2003;38:599–612.
[4]. Rigo GP, Merighi A, Chalen JN, et al. A prospective study of the ability of three endoscopic classifications to predict hemorrhage
from esophageal varices. Gastrointest Endosc 1992 ; 38 : 425-9.
[5]. Jensen DM. Endoscopic screening for varices in cirrhosis : findings, implications and outcomes. Gastroenterology 2002 ; 122
:1620-30.

Abstract: Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder (ANSD) is a condition of multifactorial origin in which transmission of sound to the brain is abnormal. Children who suffer from this condition experience difficulties with speech perception, especially in noise, and the development of language skills. This study is intended to determine the prevalence and audiological profile of auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder in NICU high risk infants as defined by joint commission of infant hearing(JCIH 2007)..........

Keywords: Auditory neuropathy spectrum disorder,Prevalence ,Nicu infants

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[5]. Rance G, Beer DE, Cone-Wesson B, Shepherd RK, Dowell RC, King AM, et al. Clinical findings for a group of infants and young children with auditory neuropathy.Ear Hear. 1999 20: 238 - 252

Abstract: Introduction: Obesity has reached epidemic proportions worldwide India rank 3rd after USA and China. The health consequences range from increased risk of premature death due to serious chronic illness like Hypertension and DM which reduces the overall quality of life. LSG produces long lasting control of Obesity as well as DM Material and Methods: A prospective cohort study was conducted between the periods of January 2015 to March 2016. The criteria for selection were BMI ≥ 40 kg/m2 or BMI ≥ 35 kg/m2 with co-morbidities. All the patients were screened by a multidisciplinary team. All the patients were operated by the same surgeon to avoid any procedural biasness. At each follow-up visit, weight loss and glycemic control status were evaluated........

Keywords: Diabetes Mellitus, Laparoscopic Sleeve Gastrectomy, Morbid obesity,

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Abstract: Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate preoperative anemia in patients undergoing oral and maxillofacial surgery under general anesthesia. Material and methods: A prospective cross sectional hospital-based study was carried at Khartoum Teaching Dental Hospital. Five hundred and twenty three patients were included in the study, 324were males and 199 were females. Patients' age was ranging from 6 months to 84 years. Children formed 34.6% of the patients. Cleft lip and palate constituted the largest number of the patients (173). There were 70 oral cancer patients, 126 trauma patients and 154 patients with benign lesions.........

Keywords: Anemia, general anesthesia, oral cancer, cleft lip and palate, oral surgery.

[1]. nissenson ar, goodnough lt, rw. d.anemia: not just an innocent bystander? .arch intern med 2003;163(12):1400-4.
[2]. clevenger b, t. r. pre-operative anaemia. anaesthesia.2015;70 suppl 1:20 –8, e6–8.
[3]. auerbach m. intravenous iron in the perioperative setting. am j hematol. 2014;89(9):933.
[4]. dharmarajan ts, avula s, jayakrishnan l, jospeh p, talamati j, ep. kmn. mild anemia increases the risk of falls in
hospitalized older adults. . j am geriatr soc. 2005;53(s94).
[5]. munsoor mohammed munsoor, mohammed omer gibreel, mubarak el saeed el karsani. nutritional anemia among
patients referred to hematology laboratories in port sudan city. clinical medicine journal, . 2015;1(2):38 -42.

Abstract: Introduction: Renal transplantation has become the most effective means of rehabilitating patients with end stage renal disease. In well-established centers, 90% 1 year graft survival and 95% patient survival is achieved. In spite of this, infection occurs more than 60% of renal transplant recipients and being the one of the main cause of death in renal transplant recipients. If the net state of immunosuppression is minimal then an overwhelming exposure only causes the disease. . Routine antimicrobiologic prophylaxis is aimed at common infection i.e. That includes trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole (toxoplasmosis , pneumocystis, Nocardia........ .

[1]. Nina E. Tolkoff-Rubin and Robert H. Rubin-infection in Renal transplant recipients-Massory&Glassock Text book of Nephrology.
[2]. Joy A. Fishman MD infection in Renal transplant Recipients : semininNeph vol27, No4, jul 2007 445-461
[3]. Camille N. Kotton and Jay A. Fishman viral infection in the Renal transplant recipient. JASN 16:1758-1774, 2005
[4]. Rubin RH: The direct and indirect effects of infection in liver transplantation: a. currclinTopInfec Dis 22:125-154,2002.
[5]. Mitchell BM, Bloom DC, Cohrs Herpes simplex virus-1 and varicella zoster virus latency in ganglia. J Neurovirol 9:194-204, 2003

Abstract: The financial burden of managing breast cancer is enormous. This financial hardship becomes more worrisome when patients have to pay out of pockets, especially in low income countries where state supports is poor or absent. This study thus determined the extent and effect of the financial hardship in managing metastatic breast cancers in a low income country located in Sub-Saharan African. We prospectively enrolled all newly diagnosed patients with metastatic breast cancers who were gainfully employed or not but could estimate their monthly income........

Keywords: Financial burden, metastatic breast cancer, low income countries

[1]. Beaston JR and Jatol I . global breast cancer burden. Future oncol 2011 8(6) 697-702.
[2]. Comparison of treatment cost for Breast cancer, by Tumour Stage and Type of Service. American Health and Drug Benefits. Vol 9 No 1february 2016
[3]. TK Yau, CW Choi, Esther NG, Rebecca Yeung, Inda S Soong and Anne WM lee 2013. Delayed presentation of symptomatic breast cancers in Hong Kong: experience in a public cancer centre. Hong Kong Med J., 16(5):373-377.
[4]. Eisenberg JM. Clinical economics: a guide to the economic analysis of clinical practices. JAMA 1989;262:2879-886
[5]. Richard J Sperry. Principle of economic analysis. Anaesthesiology. 1997;86:1197-1205.

Abstract: The styloid process is a cylindrical, long cartilaginous bone located on the temporal bone. The styloid process elongation can be assumed when either the styloid process or the adjacent stylohyoid ligament ossification shows an overall length greater than 30 mm. The purpose of this study was to obtain data for the prevalence of elongated styloid process in an elderly Turkish population. The study sample consisted of orthopantomographs of 100 subjects, aged between 65-90 years. 38 subjects (38%) demonstrated styloid process elongation at least one side. This study has been showed that elongated styloid process is a common radiological finding in elderly people

Keywords: styloid process, stylohyoid ligament, elongation, elderly

[1]. Marçal Vieira EM, Guedes OA, De Morais S, De Musis CR, De Albuquerque PAA et al. Prevalence of elongated styloid process in a central Brazilian population. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9: ZC90-ZC92.
[2]. Bagga MB, Kumar CA, Yeluri G. Clinicoradiologic evaluation of styloid process calcification. Imaging Science in Dentistry. 2012; 42:155-61.
[3]. Gokce C, Sisman Y, Sipahioğlu M. Styloid process elongation or Eagle's syndrome: Is there any role for ectopic calcification? Eur J of Dent. 2008; 2:224-228.
[4]. Shaik MA, Kaleem M, Wahab A, Hameed S. Prevalance of elongated styloid process in Saudi population of Aseer region. Eur J Dent. 2013: 7:449-54.
[5]. Balcioglu HA, Kilic C, Akyol M, Ozan H, Kokten G. Length of the styloid process and anatomical implications for Eagle's syndrome. Folia Morphol. 2009; 68:265-270.

Abstract: Background: Infection is the commonest and the most serious problem in patients who survive the initial shock phase of major thermal injury. It is an important cause of mortality in burns. Rapidly emerging nosocomial pathogens and the problem of multi-drug resistance in burn patients providing a important periodic review of isolation patterns and Antibiograms in the burn ward. Aim and Objective: The present retrospective study from wounds of patients admitted to burns unit was undertaken to determine the bacteriological profile and the resistance pattern from the burn ward over a period of one year and four months (January 2012 to April 2013)..........

[1]. Murray, C., Hospenthal, D.R. (2008). "Burn Wound Infections". Emedicinehttp://emedicine.medscape.com/article/213595-
overview (Accessed 14 Apr 2009).
[2]. Vindenes H, Bjerknes R. Microbial colonization of large wounds. Burns 1995;21:575-9.
[3]. Church, D., Elsayed, S., Reid, O., Winston, B., Lindsay, R. (2006) Burn Wound Infections. Clinical Microbiology Reviews, 19 (2),
403 – 434.
[4]. Thomsen M. The Burns unit in Copenhagen.Scand J PlastReconst Surg. 1970;4:126–39.
[5]. Monafo WW, Freedman B. Topical therapy for burns. SurgClin North Am. 1987;67:133–45. [PubMed]

Abstract: Financial relationships between doctors and industry (biotechnology, medical device, and pharmaceutical manufacturers) are common. Payments are made for public speaking, consulting, as well as for research. Due to increased concerns about the nature and implications of these relationships, the United States government enacted the Physician Payments Sunshine Act to increase transparency of the financial relationships between industry and doctors. Industry began collecting and reporting payments made to healthcare professionals through the Open Payments website beginning in 2013. Thus, our study aims to evaluate non-research payments made to physicians in the US by the type of payments, the geographic distribution of payments, and the key manufacturers making the payments in 2014.

Keywords : Conflict of interest; Financial relationships; Open Payments; Physician Payments Sunshine Act

[1]. Levin A. Doctors and Medical Industry. Paediatric Child Health. 2008;13(2):119-120.
[2]. Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services. Open Payments: Dataset
[3]. The Facts About Open Payments Data. Accessed July 21, 2016.
[4]. Moy B, Jagsi R, Gaynor R, Ratain M. The Impact of Industry on Oncology Research and Practice. American Society of Clinical Oncology Educational Book. 2015;35:130-137. doi:10.14694/edbook_am.2015.35.130.
[5]. Jastifer J and Roberts S. Patients' awareness of and attitudes toward gifts from pharmaceutical companies to physicians. Int J Health Serv, 2009;39 (2) 405- 414