iosr-JDMS   Volume-24 ~ Issue-2 ~ February 2025

Abstract: Background In thyroid surgery neck mobility post-operatively and aesthetic scars are crucial factors in outcomes after incision in front of the neck for thyroid Surgeries. This randomised, blinded study compares these subcuticular sutures and skin glue in incision closures using tissue glue. Aim: To compare the efficacy of sutures vs surgical glue in thyroidectomy scars in elective thyroid surgeries. Patients And Methods.......

Keywords: Thyroidectomy incision, wound closure, Skin staples, Tissue glue, aesthetic scars

[1] Stillman RM, Bella FJ, Seligman SJ, Skin Wound Closure: The Effect Of Various Wound Closure Methods On Susceptibility To Infection. Arch Surgery, 1980; 115:674-680.
[2] Galli SKD, Constantinides M (2011) Wound Closure Technique Http://Emedicine.Medscape.Com/Article/1836438 Accessed 9 May 2011
[3] Coover HN, Joyner FB, Sheerer NH (1959) Chemistry And Performance Of Cyanoacrylate Adhesive: Special Technical Papers. 5:413-417.
[4] Dragua, Unglaub F, Schwarz S, Et Al (2009) Foreign Body Reaction After Usage Of Tissue Adhesives For Skin Closure: A Case Report And Review Of The Literature. Arch Orthop Trauma Surg 129:167–169.
[5] Borley N.R, Mortensen N.J. (2001) Topical Adhesive As A Wound Dressing For Elective Abdominal Surgery: Ann R Collsurg Engl. 80(4):285-286.

Abstract: A Acne is one of the most common chronic inflammatory skin conditions. It can be chronically inflammatory, affecting the polysebaceous follicle, and is of genetic, hormonal and/or multifactorial origin. This study evaluated the effectiveness of a new procedure using the mobile handle technique plus microcurrents. Eighteen patients with moderate to severe acne vulgaris of both sexes were treated, ranging in age from 18 to 35 years; 60% had moderate to severe acne, and 40% had moderate acne. Three mobile handle sessions were performed, one per week....

Keywords: Dermatological treatments, cryolipolise, microcurrents, acne vulgaris, dermatology

[1] Strauss Js, Krowchuk Dp, Leyden Jj, Et Al. Guidelines Of Care For Acne Vulgaris Management. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007; 56(4):651-63.
[2] Tan X, Al-Dabagh A, Davis Sa, Lin Hc, Balkrishnan R, Chang J, Feldman Sr. Medication Adherence, Healthcare Costs And Utilization Associated With Acne Drugs In Medicaid Enrollees With Acne Vulgaris. Am J Clin Dermatol 2013; 14(3):243-51.
[3] Thi M Pp, Bich Dd, Thi Hai Vn, Et Al. Microneedling Therapy For Atrophic Acne Scar: Effectiveness And Safety In Vietnamese Patients. Open Access Maced J Med Sci 2019; 7(2):293-7.
[4] Gold Md, Baldwin H, Lin T. Management Of Comedonal Acne Vulgaris With Fixed-Combination Topical Therapy. J Cosmet Dermatol 2018; 17(2):227-31..

Abstract: Ovarian tumors represent a diverse group of neoplasms with varying clinical presentations, histological features, and therapeutic challenges. This article presents three clinical cases of ovarian masses, each with distinct characteristics, to highlight the diagnostic and management complexities in this field. Case 1 features a 40-year-old patient with an ovarian mass diagnosed through imaging and confirmed by histological examination. Case 2 discusses a 65-year-old patient presenting with chronic pelvic pain and a large pelvic mass, with surgical and pathological findings consistent with peritoneal carcinoma. Case 3 describes a 50-year-old postmenopausal patient with an abdominal mass, later diagnosed with a tubulopapillary carcinoma after surgical resection and histopathological analysis......

[1] Anglesio MS, Kommoss S, Tolcher MC, Clarke BA, Garsed DW, Fereday S, Et Al. Molecular Characterization Of Ovarian Clear Cell Carcinomas Identifies Multiple Promising Targets. Gynecol Oncol. 2019;150(1):183-91.
[2] Sugiyama T, Kamura T, Kigawa J, Terakawa N, Kikuchi Y, Kaneuchi M, Et Al. Clinical Characteristics Of Clear Cell Carcinoma Of The Ovary: A Distinct Histologic Type With Poor Prognosis And Resistance To Platinum-Based Chemotherapy. Cancer. 2000;88(11):2584-9.
[3] Prat J, D’Angelo E, Espinosa I. Ovarian Carcinomas: At Least Five Different Diseases With Distinct Histological Features And Molecular Genetics. Hum Pathol. 2018;80:11-27.
[4] Shih IM, Kurman RJ. Ovarian Tumorigenesis: A Proposed Model Based On Morphological And Molecular Genetic Analysis. Am J Pathol. 2004;164(5):1511-8.
[5] Mackay H, Brady MF, Oza AM, Reuss A, Pujade-Lauraine E, Swart AM, Et Al. Prognostic Relevance Of Uncommon Ovarian Histology In Women With Stage III/IV Epithelial Ovarian Cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer. 2010;20(6):945-52..

Abstract: Background: The objective of this study is to assess the hearing status in pre- and post-operative canal wall down mastoidectomy with type III tympanoplasty with or without cartilage augmentation in patients with squamosal variety of chronic otitis media. Methods: This study included 32 patients. The patients were divided into two groups (Group A and Group B). In group A (16 patients) canal wall down mastoidectomy with cartilage augmented type III tympanoplasty and in group B (16 patients) type III tympanoplasty.......

Keywords: Chronic otitis media, Canal wall down mastoidectomy, Type III tympanoplasty, Cartilage augmentation

[1] Browning GG, Chapter 8. Etiopathology Of Inflammatory Conditions Of The External And Middle Ear. In: Kerr AG (Ed.). Scott-Brown’s Otolaryngology, 6th Edn. Vol 3. London: Arnold. 1997;6/8/5-25.
[2] Glasscock-Shambaugh, Surgery Of The Ear, 6th Edn. Ch 31. P. 515-27.
[3] Acuin J. World Health Organization. Chronic Suppurative Otitis Media: Burden Of Illness And Management Options. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2004.
[4] Godinho RN Goncalves T M Nunes F B Et Al. Prevalence And Impact Of Chronic Otitis Media In School Age Children In Brazil. First Epidemiologic Study Concerning Chronic Otitis Media In Latin America Int J Pediatr Otorhinolaryngol 2001. Dec;613223-32.
[5] Gray RF, Hawthorne M. In Synthesis Of Otolaryngology, 5th Edn. London: Butterworth Heinmann,1992:113-117.

Abstract: Background Osteoarthritis (OA) is a chronic, progressive degenerative joint disease primarily caused by wear and tear, affecting the articular cartilage, subchondral bone, ligaments, and synovium. Knee osteoarthritis (KOA), the most common form of OA, predominantly affects the elderly, significantly impairing daily activities and quality of life. Among non-surgical treatments, Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) and Hyaluronic Acid (HA) therapies have gained attention for their potential to alleviate........

Key Word: Osteoarthritis, knee osteoarthritis, Platelet rich plasma, Hyaluronic acid, Kellgren- Lawrence grading scale, VAS scale, WOMAC scale.

[1] Asraf Ramadan Hafed Et Al. Knee Osteoarthritis: A Review Of Literature, Physical Medicine And Rehabilitation International, Volume 1, Issue 5, 2014.
[2] Chandra Prakash Pal Et Al. Epidemiology Of Knee Osteoarthritis In India Related Factors, Springer, Indian Journal Of Orthopaedics, 2016 Sep; 50(5): 5186.–522.
[3] Aiyoun Cui Et Al. Global, Regional Prevalence, Incidence And Risk Factors Of Knee Osteoarthritis In Population-Based Studies, Volume 29, 2020.
[4] Monshefa Akhter Et Al. Etiology And Risk Factors For Developing Knee Osteoarthritis, Biomedical Journal Of Science And Technical Research, Volume 34, Issue 3, Pg 26844.March 2021.
[5] Inam Haq Et Al. Osteoarthritis. Pubmed, Research Gate, 79(933):377-83, August 2003.

Abstract: Introduction : Extra-skeletal Ewing sarcoma (EES) is a malignant tumor with a male predominance, accounting for less than 1% of malignant tumors in the head and neck. The definitive diagnosis is histopathological. Treatment consists of surgical excision, as well as postoperative radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Case Report : A 13-year-old girl was admitted for severe anemia following prolonged active bleeding from an intraoral mass. She underwent embolization......

[1] Ewing J. Diffuse Endothelioma Of Bone. Proc N Y Pathol Soc. 1921;21:17.
[2] Prindull G, Willert HG, Notter G. Local Therapy Of Rhabdomyosarcoma, Osteosarcoma And Ewing's Sarcoma Of Children And Adolescents. Eur J Pediatr 1985;144(2):120-4.
[3] Brockstein B. Management Of Sarcomas Of The Head And Neck. Curr Oncol Rep 2004;6(4):321–7.
[4] Alvarez A, Schut L, Bruce D. Localized Primary Intracranial Ewing’s Sarcoma Of The Orbital Roof. Case Report. J Neurosurg 1979; 50:811- 3.
[5] Hadfield MG, Luo VY, Williams RL, Ward JD, Russo CP. Ewing’s Sarcoma Of The Skull In An Infant. Pediatr Neurosurg 1996; 25:100- 4..

Abstract: Speech and language play a crucial role in the development of childrenand its delay results in subpar academic achievement, learningproblems, deficient socializing.By the age of 5, roughly 6% of children are diagnosed with a speech impairment, while 5% have both speech and language impairments (1). The external Influences encompass several stimuli such as narratives, auditory impairment, educational setting, parental expertise, family atmosphere, parenting styles, and customary pastimes. An enriching environment is a crucial determinant that can impact the linguistic development of youngsters (2). Maintaining a balance between interactive screen time and other forms of engagement, such as face-to-face interactions and outdoor........

[1] Behrman RE, Kliegman R, Jenson HB. Nelson Textbook Of Pediatrics. Elsevier España; 2004. 2694 P.
[2] Fowler W, Swenson A. The Influence Of Early Language Stimulation On Development: Four Studies. Genet Psycholmonogr. 1979;100(1):73–109.
[3] Alamri MM, Alrehaili MA, Albariqi W, Alshehri MS, Alotaibi KB, Algethami AM. Relationship Between Speech Delay And Smart Media In Children: A Systematic Review. Cureus. 2023 Sep 17;15(9):E45396. Doi: 10.7759/Cureus.45396. PMID: 37854747; PMCID: PMC10580299.

Abstract: Stroke is a leading cause of disability worldwide, often presents with sudden onset of neurological deficits. The World Health Organization (WHO) emphasizes that the lifetime risk of experiencing a stroke has increased significantly, with 1 in 4 individuals expected to suffer from a stroke in their lifetime(1),the burden of stroke is particularly pronounced in lower and middle-income countries, where approximately 86% of stroke-related deaths occur(2).Acute ischemic stroke which account for about 80% of all strokes, results from the obstruction of blood flow to the brain......

[1] World Stroke Day 2022 [Internet]. [Cited 2025 Jan 30]. Available From: Https://Www.Who.Int/Srilanka/News/Detail/29-10-2022-World-Stroke-Day-2022
[2] Eclinicalmedicine. The Rising Global Burden Of Stroke. Eclinicalmedicine 2023 May 1 [Cited 2025 Jan 30];59. Available From: Http://Www.Thelancet.Com/Article/S2589537023002055/Fulltext
[3] Medscape Registration. [Cited 2025 Jan 30]. Available From:
Https://Emedicine.Medscape.Com/Article/1916852-Overview?Form=Fpf
[4] Kay J, Upchurch KS. ACR/EULAR 2010 Rheumatoid Arthritis Classification Criteria. Rheumatology. 2012 Dec 1 [Cited 2025 Jan 30];51(Suppl_6):Vi5–9. Available From: Https://Dx.Doi.Org/10.1093/Rheumatology/Kes279
[5] Price HL, Campbell SG. Isolated Lower Limb Weakness Following Hemorrhagic Stroke: A Case Report. Cureus [Internet]. 2023 May 10 [Cited 2025 Jan 17];15(5):E38798. Available From:
Https://Pmc.Ncbi.Nlm.Nih.Gov/Articles/PMC10250139.

Abstract: Background: Mandibular first molars often presented with extra root either on disto-lingual or mesiobuccal aspect. Radix Entomolaris is present distolingually and its presence not only complicate the root canal system but if undetected leads to treatment failure. Cleaning and shaping of root canals during endodontic treatment is not possible until illustrative knowledge regarding such complexities is acquired by a clinician. Inadequate proficiency regarding such aberrations of root canals may cause missed or undetected canals leading to treatment failure.......

Key Words: RE (Radix Entomolaris), CBCT, Micro-CT, IOPA Xray, MB (mesiobuccal), ML (mesiolingual), DB (distobuccal), DL (distolingual)

[1] Al Nazhan S. Incidence Of Fourth Canal In Root Canal Treated Mandibular First Molars In A Saudi Arabian Sub-Population. Int Endod J 1999; 32:49-52.
[2] Calberson FL, De Moor RJ, Deroose CA. The Radix Entomolaris And Paramolaris: Clinical Approach In Endodontics. J Endod 2007;33(1):58-63.
[3] CH Jonker “Root And Canal Morphology Of The Maxillary First Molar: A Micro-Computed Tomography-Focused Observation Of Literature With Illustrative Cases. Part 2: Internal Root Morphology” SADJ March 2024, Vol. 79 No.2 P75-85
[4] Turner CG. Three-Rooted Mandibular First Permanent Molars 16. And The Question Of American Indian Origins. Am J Phys Anthropol. 1971;34(2):229-41.
[5] Curzon M, Curzon J. Three-Rooted Mandibular Molars In The 17. Keewatin Eskimo. J Can Dent Assoc. 1971;37(2):71..

Abstract: Diabetes mellitus is a group of metabolic diseases characterized by chronic hyperglycemia and long-term complications involving the eyes, kidneys, heart, foot and nerves1. Erectile dysfunction is the most common sexual dysfunction in men living with diabetes. It defines a persistent inability to achieve or maintain an erection for satisfactory sexual intercourse for more than 6 months2.
Erectile dysfunction (ED) affects the sexual health of men, with a worldwide prevalence of 3-76.5% with its wide range accounted for by......

[1] American Diabetes Association. Classification And Diagnosis Of Diabetes: Standards Of Medical Care In Diabetes-2021. Diabetes Care. 2021;44(10):S15–33.
[2] Serwaa D, Bello FA, Osungbade KO, Nkansah C. Prevalence And Determinant Of Erectile Dysfunction In Type II Diabetes Mellitus And Healthy Men. Scimedicine J. 2021;3(1):23–34.
[3] Ugwumba FO, Okafor CI, Nnabugwu II, Udeh EI, Echetabu KN, Okoh AD, Et Al. Prevalence Of, And Risk Factors For Erectile Dysfunction In Male Type 2 Diabetic Outpatient Attendees In Enugu, South East Nigeria. Ann Afr Med. 2018;17(4):215–20.
[4] Al-Shaiji TF. Breaking The Ice Of Erectile Dysfunction Taboo: A Focus On Clinician–Patient Communication. J Patient Exp. 2022;9.
[5] Olamoyegun MA, Ala OA, Fagbemiro EY. Frequency And Determinants Of Erectile Dysfunction Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients In A Tertiary Health Institution In Nigeria. J Adv Med Med Res. 2020;32(23):139–47..

Abstract: Background: Bacterial plaque is the primary cause of periodontal disease, necessitating its effective removal. Routine oral hygiene is essential, and chemical plaque control with agents like chlorhexidine can enhance treatment. However, side effects restrict its long-term use, prompting the search for alternative agents with fewer side effects. Ayurvedic treatments, such as Moringa oleifera, have been historically used for periodontal diseases. The nutrient-rich leaves of M. oleifera contain active compounds like flavonoids, alkaloids, phenolics, and triterpenoids, which offer antibacterial properties......

Key Words: Moringa Oleifera, Mouthwash, Chlorhexidine, saline

[1] Duarte K, Thomas B, Varma SR, Kamath V, Shetty B, Kuduruthullah S, Nambiar M. Antiplaque Efficacy Of A Novel Moringa Oleifera Dentifrice: A Randomized Clinical Crossover Study. European Journal Of Dentistry. 2022 Oct;16(04):768-74.
[2] Kumar GK, Ramamurthy S, Ulaganathan A, Varghese S, Praveen AA, Saranya V. Moringa Oleifera Mouthwash Reinforced With Silver Nanoparticles–Preparation, Characterization And Its Efficacy Against Oral Aerobic Microorganisms–In Vitro Study. Biomedical And Pharmacology Journal. 2022 Dec 20;15(4):2051-9
[3] Bhat N, Mitra R, Oza S, Mantu VK, Bishnoi S, Gohil M, Gupta R. The Antiplaque Effect Of Herbal Mouthwash In Comparison To Chlorhexidine In Human Gingival Disease: A Randomized Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Journal Of Complementary And Integrative Medicine. 2014 Jun 1;11(2):129-37.
[4] Parwani SR, Parwani RN, Chitnis PJ, Dadlani HP, Prasad SV. Comparative Evaluation Of Anti-Plaque Efficacy Of Herbal And 0.2% Chlorhexidine Gluconate Mouthwash In A 4-Day Plaque Re-Growth Study. Journal Of Indian Society Of Periodontology. 2013 Jan 1;17(1):72-7.
[5] Duarte K, Thomas B, Varma SR, Kamath V, Shetty B, Kuduruthullah S, Nambiar M. Antiplaque Efficacy Of A Novel Moringa Oleifera Dentifrice: A Randomized Clinical Crossover Study. European Journal Of Dentistry. 2022 Oct;16(04):768-74...

Abstract: Aim: The aim of the survey was to assess the dentists knowledge, attitude and practice of root canal retreatment Procedures in Melmaruvathur.The study aims to identify the factors influencing their approach to retreatment, including their understanding of indications, techniques, and patient outcomes. Materials and methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted using a structured questionnaire distributed among practicing dentists in Melmaruvathur. The questionnaire was designed to assess their knowledge of endodontic......

Key Words: Endodontic retreatment, dentists, knowledge, attitude, practice, Gutta percha removal, survey, Melmaruvathur,

[1] Barreto, M. S., & Freitas, J. A. (2017). Success Rate Of Non-Surgical Retreatment: A Systematic Review Of The Literature. Journal Of Endodontics, 43(5), 678-684. Https://Doi.Org/10.1016/J.Joen.2017.01.004
[2] Mellonig, J. T., & Johnson, M. M. (2018). Advances In Endodontic Retreatment. Endodontic Topics, 38(1), 1-10.
Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/Etp.121173. Ng, Y. L., Mann, V., &
[3] Ng, Y. L., Mann, V., & Gulabivala, K. (2010). Outcome Of Root Canal Treatment And Retreatment: A Systematic Review Of The Literature. International Endodontic Journal, 43(3), 171-185. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/J.1365-2591.2009.01652.X[4]
Hussey, D. L., & Loushine, R. J. (2014). Factors Influencing The Decision To Retreat Or Extract A Tooth After Root Canal Failure. Journal Of The American Dental Association, 145(7), 622-630. Https://Doi.Org/10.14219/Jada.Archive.2014.0134
[5] Siqueira, J. F., & Rôças, I. N. (2008). Clinical Implications And Microbiology Of Bacterial Persistence After Treatment Procedures. Endodontic Topics, 18(1), 1-22. Https://Doi.Org/10.1111/J.1601-1546.2008.00139.X.

Abstract: Introduction: Acute respiratory illness such as the common cold, pharyngitis, laryngitis, tracheitis,bronchitis, bronchiolitis, pneumonia, and bronchopneumonia, pose serious problems owing to their great prevalence with associated high mortality rates and economic costs. Lung infections are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, often presenting with a diverse range of microbial etiologies. This study helps in understanding the spectrum of bacterial and fungal pathogens that cause these infections and hence crucial for appropriate diagnosis, treatment, and management.....

Key Words: Spectrum of pathogens, Lung infections, North India

....

Abstract: Background: Lumbosacral Radiculopathy is a syndrome complex caused by compression or irritation of nerve roots in the lower back. Nerve conduction studies (NCS) are electrodiagnostic tests to assess the functional integrity of the nerve root. Lumbosacral radiculopathy can alter the motor nerve conduction of lower limb and Nerve conduction study can be an important diagnostic test for lumbosacral radiculopathy. Objectives: To assess the nerve conduction parameters of tibial nerve in patients with Lumbosacral radiculopathy......

Key Words: Lumbosacral radiculopathy, Nerve conduction study, Motor nerve latency, motor nerve conduction velocity, F wave.

[1] Alexander Ce, Varacallo M. Lumbosacral Radiculopathy. Stat Pearls Publishing; 2023.
[2] Tamarkin Rg, Isaacson Ac. Electrodiagnostic Evaluation Of Lumbosacral Radiculopathy. Stat Pearls [Internet] Treasure Island. 2022
[3] Rossitza I, Md L, Katzin Md. Emg And Nerve Conduction Studies In Clinical Practice. Practical Neurology; 2010.
[4] Yousif S, Ahmed A, Abdelhai A, Musa A. Nerve Conduction Studies In Patients With Lumbosacral Radiculopathy Caused By Lumbar Intervertebral Disc Herniation. Adv Orthop [Internet]. 2020;2020:1–6 [5] Tsao B. The Electrodiagnosis Of Cervical And Lumbosacral Radiculopathy. Neurol Clin. 2007;25(2):473–94..

Abstract: Background: The World Health Organization (WHO) describes cirrhosis as a widespread condition marked by fibrosis and the change of normal liver architecture into structurally abnormal lesions. Cirrhosis of the liver is a serious public health concern, responsible for significant morbidity and mortality globally. Aim of the study: The goal of this study is to examine the altered levels of TC and TG in cirrhosis of the liver patients and their relationship with severity......

Key Words: Total cholesterol, triglyceride, cirrhosis, liver patients

[1]. Anderson, R.N., & Smith, B.L. 2003. ‘Deaths: leading causes for 2001’. National vital statistics reports: from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, National Center for Health Statistics, National Vital Statistics System , 52, 1-85.
[2]. Bacon, B.R. 2008. ‘Cirrhosis and its complications’, In: Fauci, Braunwald, Kasper, Hauser, Lango, Jamson, editor, et al. Harrison’s Principles of Internal Medicine, New York: McGraw Hill, P. 1971-80.
[3]. Ghadir, M.R., Riahin, A.A., Havaspour, A., Nooranipour, M., Habibinejad, A.A. 2010. ‘The Relationship between lipid profile and severity of liver damage in cirrhotic patients’, Hepat, 10, 285-8.
[4]. Halsted, C.H. 2004. ‘Nutrition and alcoholic liver disease’, Semin liver Dis, 24(3), 289-304.
[5]. Abbasi, A., Bhutto, A.R., Butt, N., Lal, K., Munir, S.M. 2012. ‘Serum cholesterol: Could it be a sixth parameter of Child Pugh scoring system in cirrhotic due to viral hepatitis?’Journal of the college of Physicians and Surgeons Pakistan, 22, 484-87.

Abstract: Background: Dental implants have become a popular option for rehabilitating edentulous patients. Among the various prosthetic options, implant-supported fixed dentures (ISFDs) and implant-supported removable partial dentures (ISRPDs) offer distinct benefits and challenges. The success of these treatments can be influenced by factors such as comfort, aesthetics, functionality, and psychological satisfaction. This study aimed to compare patient satisfaction between individuals treated with ISFDs and those treated with ISRPDs, using a Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice (KAP) framework......

Key Words: Patient Satisfaction, Implant-Supported Fixed Dentures, Implant-Supported Removable Partial Dentures

[1]. Reddy et al. Bioinformation 20(12): 1750-1753 (2024). DOI: 10.6026/9732063002001750
[2]. Ghuman, Annayat & Nanal, Prathamesh & Rao, Jasmine & Bamboli, Mohit & Kale, Rahul & Kumari, Anukriti. (2024). Breakthroughs in Dental Implant Technology: A Detailed Review of Recent Advances. Journal of Prosthodontics Dentistry 19. 28-39.
[3]. Shemtov-Yona K, Rittel D (2015) An overview of the mechanical integrity of dental implants.Biomed Res Int 2015:547384
[4]. Smeets R, Stadlinger B, Schwarz F, Beck-Broichsitter B, Jung O, Precht C, Kloss F, Grobe A,Heiland M, Ebker T (2016) Impact of dental implant surface modifications on osseointegration. Biomed Res Int 2016:6285620 (PDF) Breakthroughs in Dental Implant Technology: A Detailed Review of Recent Advances.
[5]. Lee JW, An JH, Park SH, Chong JH, Kim GS, Han J, Jung S, Kook MS, Oh HK, Ryu SY, Park HJ(2016) Retrospective clinical study of an implant with a sandblasted, large-grit, acid-etched surface and internal connection: analysis of short-term success rate and marginal bone loss. MaxillofacPlast Reconstr Surg 38:4.

Abstract: Background: Orthodontic ligatures are potential vector that may be used for local delivery of antimicrobial agent to prevent WSL in orthodontic patients. Coating elastomeric ligatures with antimicrobial CHX-HMP nanoparticles could provide a sustained dose of anti-microbial delivery eliminating dependence on patient compliance. there is no literature evidence on anti-microbial effect of CHX-HMP NPs coated ligatures in orthodontic patients......

[1]. Sukontapatipark W et al 2001 Bacterial colonizationassociated with fixed orthodontic appliances. A scanning electron microscopy study; Eur J Orthod. 23:475–84.
[2]. Berkowitz RJ. Mutans streptococci: Acquisition and transmission. Pediatric Dent. 2006; 28:106–9.
[3]. Sunderaraj D et al 2015 Critical evaluation of incidence and prevalence of white spot lesions during fixed orthodontic appliance treatment: a meta-analysis; J. Int. Soc. Prev. Community Dent. 5:433–9.
[4]. Ogaard B, Rolla G, Arends J. Orthodontic appliances and enamel demineralization. Part 1. Lesion development. Am J Orthod;1988; 94:68-73.
[5]. Ireland AJ, Soro V, Sprague SV, Harradine NWT, Day C, Al- Anezi S, et al. The effects of different orthodontic appliances upon microbial communities. Orthod Craniofac Res 2014; 17:115-23.