IOSR-JHSS   Volume-19 ~ Issue-12 ~ Dec-2014

Abstract: Budget in public sector is an important tool for planning and implementating policies and decisions to achieve social, economic and political objectives. Governments around the world are looking for avenues to provide better services to their citizens and to also reduce cost of governance and services provided by them. This is fundamental to increasing set up of ICTs in rendering governments services to the governed. However, bureaucratic way of handling budgeting process is assumed to be one of the challenges facing timely readiness of budget in the State MDAs. Since ICT has been deployed by governments to carry out many of its functions, specifically in processing budget of its MDAs, the study therefore examines the impact of the use of ICT on budgeting process to find out whether it has reduced government bureaucracy, prolonged budgeting period and the cost associated with budgeting processes in Public Sector.

[1]. Adams, R. A. (2009). Public Sector Accounting and Finance Made Simple. Revised Edition 2; Lagos: Corporate Publishers Venture.
[2]. Adewoye, J. O. & Akanbi, T. A. (2012). Role of Information and Communication Technology Investment on the Profitability of Small Medium Scale Industries – A Case of Sachet Water Companies in Oyo State, Nigeria. Journal of Emerging Trends in Economics and Management Sciences 3(1): pp 64-71
[3]. Agbolade, O. K. (2011). Information and Communication Technology and Banks Profitability in Nigeria. Australian Journal of Business and Management Research 1(4). pp 102-107.
[4]. Ashrafi, R. and Murtaza, M. (2008). Use and Impact of ICT on SMEs in Oman. Electronic Journal Information System Evaluation, 11(3). pp 125-138.
[5]. Banjoko, S. A. (1996). Production and Operation Management. Pumark Nig Ltd, Ibadan.
[6]. Benefit of Using ICT in Learning for Development (n.d). Effective blended Learning for Development
[7]. Gatautis, (2008).

Abstract: Since the question of subjugation of woman in patriarchal power structure is crucial in modern culture, Indian as well as Western dramatists have used the stage to expose gender discrimination in patriarchy and how women fight against this injustice. The purpose of this research paper is to study patriarchal domination and inequal power structure in Vijay Tendulkar's play 'Silence! The Court is in the Session'.

Keywords: injustice, womanhood, inequality, patriarchy, sadism, exploitation.

[1]. Beauvoir, Simone de, The Second Sex, Trans. And ed. H.M Parshley, (London: Penguin, 1974).
[2]. Dharan, N.S ,―Vijay Tendulkar : A unique writer‖.
[3]. Tendulkar, Vijay (1974): ‗Silence! The Court is in Session', Translated by PriyaAdarkar, Five Plays, and Oxford University Press : New Delhi, p. vii.
[4]. Tendulkar, Vijay (1992): ‗Silence! The Court is in Session', Translated by Priya Adarkar, Five Plays, and Oxford University Press : New Delhi, p.
[5]. Dharan, N. S. (1999). The Plays of Vijay Tendulkar. New Delhi: Creative Books.

Abstract: Human Rights being essential for all-round development of the personality of individuals in society, be necessarily protected and be made available to all the individuals. Human rights are Natural Rights, Basic Rights, Universal Rights and Legal Rights, which are universally applicable to all without any discrimination based on Sex, Race, Religion and Region. But groups of numerically small which cannot protect them due to domination of majority and exploitation. Therefore, they need international and national legal support to protect their human rights.

.......................,

Abstract: The sky and its beauty have always been interesting for man. This interest and curiosity led to the emergence of astronomy in which Iranians made a big contribution. After Iranians accepted Islam and became familiar with Quran verses which mentioned God's kingdom, their interest in astronomy increased so that writers, poets and mystics used it for conceptualization in Sanaee's poetical works. In the present article, the development trend of astronomy and its influence on some mystic works is studied. Meantime, it is discussed how astronomy was used in Sanee's poetical works.

Key words: sky, Sanaee, God's kingdom, astronom

[1]. Ekhavan, A.S.,(1984), Rassae'l, Islamic Sciences Press Center, Qom.
[2]. Birouni, A., (2009), Altafhim,edited by AllamehJala Al-din Homasyi, fifth edition, Homa Press.
[3]. Mosaffa, A., (2009).The Dictionary of astronomy, the four edition, MotaleateFarhanyiPress.
[4]. Tahanvi, M.A., (1984), KashafEstelahatAlfonun, DatGhahraman Al-Nashr and Tavarikh, Istanbul.
[5]. Jorjani, S.E., (1976), Kharazmshahi remains, collected by Sa'idSirjani, Iran's Culture Foundation, Tehran
[6]. Dagani, M., (2011) astronomy in simple language, translated by M.RezaKhajehpour, seventh edition, Gita Cartographical and geographical institute.

Abstract: It is said that- 'its choice- not chance- that determines your destiny.' Albert Camus, a French renowned writer believes so and continues with his faith in man's dignity despite his experience of 'cold and indifferent universe' during the World War II. The World English Dictionary defines 'Faith': 'A Strong or unshakable belief in someone or something without proof or evidence.' Meursault, the major protagonist of The Outsider is shown as a self-absorbed man in the beginning but ultimately emerges to be a man of truth at the end of the novel. The irrational act of killing Arab grants him the life of confinement. The solitariness takes him close to his own 'self'. His obedience to his conscience and complete understanding of his renouncement of existing social values make him aware of the truth, which strengthens his faith in his dignity The present paper investigates how the conversion of hero from vanity to modesty towards the end of his life affirms the dignity and value of life.

[1]. Camus, Albert. The Outsider. Trans. Joseph Laredo. London:Penguine Books, 1982. Print.
[2]. Date, W.H. The Yoga of Saints‟ (Analysis of Spiritual Life). Bombay: The Popular Book Depot, 1944. Print.
[3]. Peace, Richard. Dostoyevsky: An Examination of the Major Novels. London: Cambridge Univ. Press, Cambridge, 1971. Print.
[4]. Sartre, Jean-Paul. What is Literature?. Trans. Bernard Frechtman. London and New York: Routledge, 2001. Print.
[5]. Willey, Basil. The English Moralists. London: Chatto and Windus, 1964. Print.

Abstract: The "live- in-relationship‟ is a living arrangement in which a un-married couple lives together in a long-term relationship that resembles a marriage. "Live-in-relationship‟ is neither recognized by The Hindu Marriage Act, 1955 nor by The Criminal Procedure Code, 1973, nor by The Indian Succession Act 1925. The expression "relationship in the nature of marriage‟ which is included within the definition of "domestic relationship‟ has not clearly been defined in the Protection of Women from Domestic Violence Act, 2005 (PWDVA). However, a child born out of "relationship in the nature of marriage‟ is not entitled to claim its share in ancestral coparcener property but is entitled only to claim its share in self acquired property of its parents. This Article is divided into six parts: I. Introduction II. Aims and objectives of the research study. III. Response of Indian Judiciary to "Live- In-Relationship‟. IV. Status of "Live- In-Relationship‟ in other countries. V. Conclusion VI. Suggestions and Recommendations VII. Bibliography

Key Words: Child born out of a "Relationship in the nature of marriage‟, Indian Judiciary, "live- in-relationship‟, Maintenance

1]. Dinshah Fardunji Mulla, Satyajeet Atul Desai, Principles of Hindu Law, Volume 1(20th ed.), New Delhi, LexisNexis Butterworths, 2007
[2]. Dalbir Bharati, Women and Law, (2008), New Delhi, S.B. Nangia-APH Publishing Corporation,
[3]. Dr. Kailash Rai, The Constitutional Law of India, (7th ed.), Allahabad: Central law publications, 2008
[4]. Dr. Poonam Pradhan Saxena, Family Law Lectures Family Law II(3rd ed.), Nagpur: Wadhwa LexisNexis Butterworths
[5]. Paras Diwan, Modern Hindu Law (20th ed.), Allahabad,Allahabad Law Agency, 2009.
[6]. Ratanlal and Dhirajlal ,The Indian penal Code, (30th ed.), Nagpur: Wadhwa and Co., reprint 2008,
[7]. R.C. Nigam, Law of Crimes in India, Vol. I, Principles of Criminal Law Bombay-Delhi: Asia Publishing House,1965

Abstract: It is heartening that recent historiography is disproving the hypothesis of Barrington Moore and others of that ilk, that subaltern revolts were relatively rare and completely ineffective and related this apparent passivity to the peculiarities of the Indian social and economic system, particularly to the caste system and self-sufficient economic set up. However, though interest in peasant and tribal struggles is of fairly recent origin, yet, it has shown that there, indeed, has been a long tradition of revolt and protest among peasants and tribes. This paper tries to focus the nature of tribal society and economy in the Rampa tracts of Andhra region of erstwhile Madras Presidency, which was docile and dormant and yet responded vibrantly to the interference and domination of colonial power, i.e., the British in the 19th century. This study of their society and economy prior to 1879-80 tribal revolt in Rampa is an attempt to further enhance our understanding of such revolts and protests.

[1]. Generally the form of Government is either democracy, aristocracy or limited monarchy but "the concept of freeman is almost universal in the hill society", Jayant Bhushan Bhattachargee, Indian History Congress Proceedings, Aligarh, 1975, 36th session, Reliable Printers, Calcutta, p.401.
[2]. Walter Kelly Firming (ed.), Affairs of the East India Company: 5th Report from the Select Committee of the Publishing house, Delhi, 1984, p.23.
[3]. 5th Report, op.cit, p.23.
[4]. Christopher Haimendorf, The aboriginal tribes of Hyderabad, The Reddies of the Bison hills, vol. II, Mac Millan and Co., London, 1945, p.167.
[5]. a) Muttadar is the Chief of the Mutta, which in turn is a union of villagers of a "Sub-division of a Country", C.P. Brown Dictionary, Dialects, p.95, cited in J. Mangamma, Alluri Seetarama Raju, A.P. State Archives, Hyderabad, 1983, p.5.
a. b) For a detailed study of Muttadars position read No.744, 26th March, 1888, Jdl.

Abstract: The present study was designed to examine the differences between the children taught in English medium & those taught in Odia medium schools along the various personality dimensions. For this purpose, a sample of 40 children studying in English medium and 40 Odia medium school children, 20 each from grade IV (aged 8-9 years) and grade VI (aged 10-11 years) were administered the Children's Personality Questionnaire (Porter &Cattell, 1972). The data were statistically analyzed with the help of 2 (Medium of Instruction) X 2 (Grade) Analyses of Variance. The result revealed significant differences in some of the personality factors suggesting that the English medium school children are more intelligent, impatient, dependent, guarded, tender-minded, forthright, and careless of social rules than their Odia medium counterparts. They tend to show off a lot to get important positions and prefer to act individualistically

1]. NCERT, (2005).National Curriculum Framework- 2005 New Delhi, India.
[2]. Mohanty, A. K (1989)."Psychological consequences of mother tongue maintenance and thelanguage of literacy for the linguistic minorities in India",Psychology and Developing Societies, 2(1), 31-51.
[3]. Pattanayak, D. P. (1991).Language, education and culture.Mysore : CentralInstitute of Indian Languages.
[4]. Cummins, J. (1979),"Linguistic interdependence and educational development of bilingual children",Review of Educational Research, 49, 222-25.
[5]. Saville-Troike, M. (1988)."Teaching and testing for academic achievement; perspectiueson an all- structured domain".Unpublished manuscript.
[6]. Hakuta, K. (1990). "Bilingualism and bilingual education: A research perspective, focus no. I", Washington, DC: National Clearinghouse for Bilingual Education.

Abstract: This study aimed to examine grammatical error types, retention of the correction in the students' writing, and their opinions on the error correction. The research was conducted on 30 first year English-major students studying a grammar course of 15 weeks at UttaraditRajabhat University in Thailand. The study analyzed 1,800 sentences, and errors found in the exercises were compared to those of the follow-up tests. The analysis used percentage, means, and standard deviations. The results indicated the most grammatical errors found were errors in verb, the others including errors in determiner, noun, preposition, sentence structure, adverb, and adjective. The correction by group discussion improved writing ability, and retained. The students' opinions on the way of error correction were at high level.

Key words: Grammatical errorsWritingCorrection Retention Students' opinions

[1]. Asassfeh, S. M. (2013). Corrective Feedback (CF) and English-Major EFL Learners‟ Ability in Grammatical Error Detection and
[2]. Correction.English Language Teaching. 6(8): 85-94. [Online] Available:
[3]. http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/elt/article/viewFile/28734/17170
[4]. Bateman,D., and Zidonis, F. (1966).The Effect of a Study of Transformational Grammar on the Writing of Ninth and Tenth Graders. Urbana,IL: National Council of Teachers of English.
[5]. Braddock, R., Lloyd-Jones, R., &Schoer, L.(1963). Research in Written Composition. Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English.
[6]. Carroll.J. B. (1958). Psycholinguistics and the Teaching of English Composition.Applied English Linguistics. Ed. H.B. Allen, New York:
[7]. Appleton-Century-Croft.319-326.

Abstract: The Term "digital divide" refers to the perceived gap between those that have access to computer, internet and online information. The digital dives commonly used in relation to age, gender, income group and language among people within a community or country. Digital Divide" has been applied to the gap that exists in most Countries between those with ready access to the tools of information and communication technology and the knowledge that they provide access to and those without such access skills. It is used to focus on how information and communication technology (ICT) attests individuals, communities and countries. A further gap between the developed and under developed world in the uptake of technology is evident with in the global community and may be of even greater significant.

[1]. Abraham, L.T, (2008). Tackling Digital Divide in Kerala and the possible role of libraries, Library Herald, Vol.46-No-2, p.128.
[2]. Bajwa, G.S. (2003). ICT policy in India in the era of liberalization: Its impact and consequences. Global Built Environment Review 3, 49-61.
[3]. Bansode, S.Y (2008). Bridging Digital Divide in India: Some initiative, p.60.
[4]. Behera, J.K (2011). Problems and challenges of collection development of Indian Libraries in Digital Era An Assessment, Researchers World –Journal of Arts Science and Commerce, ISSN-2229-4686, p.139.
[5]. Biswas, S. (2001). Digital empowerment seeds of Evolution, Retrieved 9 April, from www.outlookIndia.com.

Abstract: In this paper, we argue for the qualitative approach as an option of conducting social science research besides the quantitative approach, which is not only dominant but often regarded in Kenya as "the correct way" to do research. We start by identifying an approach as a key aspect of any research design; secondly, we explain the need for consistency between an approach and the paradigm within which a study is conceptualised. Thirdly, we highlight the consistency between the qualitative approach and the relativist-interpretivist/constructivist paradigm in research. We then trace the development of the qualitative approach in the social sciences, particularly in education, highlight the common methods used in qualitative research, the techniques of data generation and data analysis. We expect that this paper will sufficiently highlight qualitative research in the Kenyan context to enable our postgraduate students, and indeed all researchers in the social sciences to read further about its features with a view to adopting the approach to study issues that do not lend themselves to the more prevalent quantitative approach.

Key words: research, social science, qualitative research, educational research.

[1]. Aronson, J. (1994). A pragmatic view of thematic analysis. The qualitative report, 2 (1) http://www.nova.edu/ssss/QR/BackIssues/QR2-1/aronson.html-accessed on 26/03/2007.
[2]. Atkinson, P., Delamont, S., and Hammersley, M. (1993). Qualitative Research Traditions. In M. Hammersley (ed) Educational Research: Current Issues Vol 1 (pp16-31). London: Paul Chapman Publishing Ltd.
[3]. Bailey, K. M. (1990). The use of diary studies in teacher education programs. In J. C. Richards & D. Nunan (Eds.), Second language teacher education (pp. 215-226). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[4]. Bassey, M. (1999). Case study research in educational setting. Buckingham: Open University Press.
[5]. Berliner, D. C. (2002). Educational Research: The hardest science of all. Educational Researcher. 31 (8), 18-20.
[6]. Bird, M., Hammersley, M., Gomm, R., and Woods, P. (1993) Educational Research in Action: Study Guide, Open University: Milton Keyne

Abstract: Most city authorities in paratransit dependent urban centres are inclined towards formalization of public transport operations, perceivably as a way of excluding informality and bringing sanity and control to the sector. Such city authorities do not seem to recognize the contribution of paratransit to the enhancement of mobility and accessibility, even when capacity to formalize or regulate public transportation is grossly lacking. Several failed attempts at radical transformation of paratransit in such environments are attested to within available literature. The situation is further compounded by derailments suffered from spirited resistance to radical transformation by thousands of operators in the sector. The manifest consequences include ineffective mobility, reduced productivity, unlevel playing field, underutilized formal transit, if any, and other forms of economic and social losses. Against this backdro

1]. P. Wilkinson, Formalizing Paratransit Operations in African Cities: Constructing a research agenda. Proceedings of the 27th southern African Transport Conference, 2008, 480 - 490
[2]. R. Cervero, Informal Transport in the Developing World, United Nations Commission on Human Settlements, Nairobi, Kenya, 2000.
[3]. The PUNCH Newspapers, 17th January, 2013, www.punchng.com
[4]. R. Cervero, and A. Golub, Informal transport: A global perspective. Transport Policy 14, 2007, 445-447.
[5]. UN-Habitat, Bridging the Urban Divide: State of the World's Cities 2010/2011, United Nations Commission on Human Settlements, 2010.
[6]. B. Ibitoye, and A. Bello, Effects of Congestion and Travel Time Variability along Abuja – Keffi Corridor in Nigeria, Global Journal of Researches in Engineering.12(3), Version 1, 2012.

Abstract: Objective: Objectives of this paper is to identify the regional gap in receiving services from SBA for delivery being conducted at home in India as well as to explore the determinant of safe delivery at home. Data and methods: We have used cross-sectional data from all three rounds of National Family Health Survey (NFHS) conducted during 1992-93, 1998-99 and 2005-06. We have used bivariate, chi square test and logistic regression for the present study.

[1]. WHO (2005). The WHO and the Millennium Development Goals. Fact sheet no. 290. World Health Organization, Geneva. 2005.
[2]. Montgomery AL, Fadel S, Kumar R, Bondy S, Moineddin R, et al. (2014) The Effect of Health-Facility Admission and Skilled Birth Attendant Coverage on Maternal Survival in India: A Case-Control Analysis. PLoS ONE 9(6): e95696. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0095696 [3]. UNFPA (2011). The State of World's Midwifery- Delivering Health, Saving Lives. 2011:5.Available: http://www.who.int/pmnch/media/membernews/2011/2011_sowmr_en.pdf
[4]. Graham WJ, Bell JS, Bullough CHW (2001) Can skilled attendance at delivery reduce maternal mortality in developing countries? Antwerp: ITGPress. 97–130.4.
[5]. Loudon I (1992) Death in childbirth, illustrated edition. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
[6]. International Institute for Population Sciences (IIPS) (1995) National Family Health Survey (MCH and Family Planning), India 1992–93. Bombay: IIPS.

Abstract: Advances in technology have contributed a lot to the growth of journalism worldwide. Sourcinginformation and disseminating information has been made easy by the internet. Social media especially has made it possible for journalists and others to publish, share and discuss news events.This paper discusses social media use in Kenya with regard to its forms, benefits, opportunities it provides and challenges faced by media users especially in the Kenyan journalism sector.

1]. C. Tomno, Journalism and social media (Nairobi:Center for International Media Ethics, 2012).
[2]. Communication Commission of Kenya, the Strategic framework, administrative structure, training requirements and standardization framework: strategic Plan: 2012–2017 (Nairobi: Government printers, 2012).
[3]. Constitution of Kenya 2010
[4]. D. Baecker, Why complex systems are also social and temporal(NY: Sage Publications, 2011).
[5]. D.M. Eberhadt, Facing up fcebook. About Campus, 12(4), 2007, 18-26.
[6]. J. Goldstein & J. Rotich, Digitally networked technology in Kenya‟s 2007/2008 post-election crisis. Berkman Centre reseearch Publication, (9), 2008.

Abstract: The main aim of business organizations is to make profit. In the global environment, organizations constantly feel the pressure of cut throat competition and thus have to come up with strategies to remain successful. In the last three decades, one of these strategies has been Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) which simply means organizations giving back to their publics or stakeholders some of the profits they have earned through various projects and activities. This paper presents the findings of a study carried out in Equity Bank, Kenya to determine the factors that influences implementation of its CSR policies and activities. The study took a mixed approach and sample size of 100 was selected using stratified random sampling. Data was generated using questionnaires and interviews. Findings show that though there might be factors like government and intergovernmental standards compelling organizations to engage in CSR, generally organizations do so out of ethical concerns and moral obligation and not necessarily out of pressure.
Keywords: Corporate Social Responsibility, publics, stakeholders

[1]. K. Domini, Ethical investing (Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 2009).
[2]. McWilliams; D.S. Siegel & P.M. Wright, Corporate social responsibility: strategic implications. Journal of Management Studies, 43(1), 2006, 1-18.
[3]. D. Deegan, Managing activism (London: IPR, 2001).
[4]. D.F. Aldrich, Mastering the digital market place (NY: John Wiley & Sons, 1999).
[5]. E. Grefe, The new corporate activism: harnessing the power of grass roots tactics for your organization (NY: McGraw Hill, 1995).
[6]. J. Boatwright, Ethics in Finances (Oxford: Blackwell Publishers, 1999).
[7]. J. Galbreath, Drivers of corporate social responsibility: the role of formal strategic planning and firm culture (London: British academy of Management, 2010).

Abstract: Regional integration is useful for economic, political and social development of countries. Despite the numerous efforts by African states to form regional trading blocs, existing Regional Economic Communities (RECs) in Africa have not been successful achieving their intended objectives of poverty reduction and economic development. This paper looked into regional integration in Africa, with particular focus on the Southern African Development Community (SADC). The research was a qualitative case study. SADC is largely unable to sustain its operations in case of donor funding cessation. Intra-SADC trade is low, though large by African standards. Factors that influence intra-SADC trade were highlighted as lack of industrial capacity within SADC, high cost of doing business, slow implementation of agreements, and lack of private sector participation, geographical proximity and presence of institutional frameworks. There is need for SADC to explore regional value chains as a way of boosting intra-regional trade. Keywords: Free Trade Area, Regional Integration, Regional Economic Communities, SADCC, SADC

[1]. African Union Chairperson (Dr. Dhlamini-Zuma), (August, 2013), Speech on the opening of the 33rd SADC Summit of Heads of State and Government, Lilongwe, Malawi
[2]. Alemayehu and Haile, (2007), Regional Economic Integration in Africa: A Review of Problems and Prospects with a Case Study of COMESA, University of London & University of Oxford
[3]. Cameron (2010), The European Union as a model for Regional Integration, Foreign Relations Press, Berlin on http://www.cfr.org/world/european-union-model-regional-integration/p22935 accessed on 14/08/2013
[4]. Cassim.R. (2001), The Determinants of Intra-Regional Trade in Southern Africa with Specific Reference to South Africa and the Rest of the Region, Development Policy Research Unit, University of Cape Town
[5]. Chingono and Nakana (2008),The Challenges of Regional Integration in Southern Africa, African Journal of Political Science and International Relations Vol. 3 (10), pp. 396-408,

Abstract: In this paper we have tried to discuss about the myth and variety of Patachitra of Krishna Lila and its artistic and cultural significance. We all know that traditional folk-art Patachitra is one of the important folk painting of India like Ricepaste Paintaing or Limestone Paintaing. According to the history of Indian folk painting, Patachitra of Krishna Lila has known as one of the favorite Pata-painting among the Indian people. According to its origin Patachitra of Krishna Lila has considered as Mythological Patachitra like Ram Lila, King Harishchandra, Chandi Mangal, Durgaleela, Sabitri satyaban etc. This type of Patachitra have seen in Puri, Murshidabad, Purulia, Purba Medinipur and Paschim Medinipur. From this type of Patachitra we can understand the actual form and transformation of Krishna Culture in general Bengali people.

Key Words: Krishna, Culture, Myth, Krishna Lila, Art, Patachitra, Folklore

[1]. Asit Kumar Bandopadhyaya, Bangala Sahityer Itihas, Modern Book, Kolkata,1999
[2]. Indrajit Sarkar, Literary Theory, Books Way, Kolkata, 2012.
[3]. M. H. Abrams, A Glossary of Literary Terms, Prism Books, Bangalore, 1993
[4]. J.A. Cuddon, Literary Terms and Literary Theory, Penguin Books, London, 1998
[5]. Mahajarul Islam, Folklore Charchai Ruptatwik Bishleshan Padhyati, Lok Loukik Prakashani, Kolkata, 1982
[6]. Kshetra Gupta, Sanjoger Sandhame Lok Sanskriti, Pustak Bipani, Kolkata, 1992

Abstract: This paper focuses on the study of women's participation in local governance with specific reference to rural women in the Masvingo and Mashonaland Central provinces of Zimbabwe. Taking the status quo pertaining to the representation of women in local governance, it identifies the barriers towards the development and advancement of women towards senior administrative and political positions; and it also argues for increased representation and participation of women in local governance. The presence of more women is required if the local governance system is to become inclusive of the diversity of the people it represents, especially women.

1]. Bratton, M (1989). "The Politics of Government-NGO Relations in Africa‟, World Development, 17: 569-587.
[2]. Chiroro, B (2005). "Persistent Inequalities: Women and Electoral Politics in Zimbabwe‟s Elections in 2005‟, Journal of African Elections, 4 (2): 91-106.
[3]. Chowdhury, N (1994). "Women in Politics‟, Empowerment: A Journal of Women for Women (1): 21-42.
[4]. Electoral Institute of Southern Africa (EISA) (2007). "Consolidating Democratic Governance in Southern Africa: Zimbabwe‟. EISA Research Report, No. 30. EISA.
[5]. Evertzen, A (2001). Gender and Local Governance. Amsterdam: Netherlands Development Organisation (SNV), Netherlands.

Abstract: This article studies the explicit and implicit meaning potential which can change in the process of translation from the Indonesian text to the English one in Tempo magazines. The study is focused on Tempo magazines of the Indonesian version and the English one in the period of 2011-2013. The data were gathered qualitatively by using library research. The objective of the study was to find out the explicit and implicit meaning potential of the SL changed through the translation. The result of the study showed that there were the implicit meaning potentials of the SL which changed to explicit meaning potential through translation. There were explicit meaning potentials which changed to implicit meaning potentials of TL through the process of translation even though this type of change is rarely found in the process of translation, and there were the shifts of cohesion in text meaning potentials which changed through the process of the translation viewed from the cultural point of view which influenced the use of language.

Keywords: Explicit, Implicit, Meaning Potential, Tempo Magazines

1]. Al-Zaoubi, Muhammad Q.R. and Ali Rasheed Al-Hasnawi, 2001. "Continuing a Model For Shift Analysis in Translation" in Translation Journal and the Authors, Volume 5, No. 4, October 2001.
[2]. Baker, Mona. 1992. In Other Words: A Coursebook on Translation, London: Routledge
[3]. Bassnett, Susan. 1991. Translation Studies, Revised Edition, London and New York: Routledge.
[4]. Bell, Roger, T. 1991. Translation and Translating, Theory and Practice, London and New York:Longman.
[5]. Catford, J.C. 1965. A Linguistic Theory of Translation, London: Oxford University Press.
[6]. Emzir, Prof. DR. 2010. Metodologi Penelitian Kualitatif: Analisis Data, Jakarta: Raja Grafindo.
[7]. Halliday, M.A.K. and J.R. Martin (ed.). 1993. Writing Science, Literacy and Discoursive Power, London: Falmer Press.
[8]. Halliday, M.A.K. 1985. An Introduction to Functional Grammar. London: Edward Arnold.
[9]. Hatch, Evelyn and Hossein Farhady.1981. Research Design and Statistics for Applied Linguistics,Cambridge: Newbury House Publishers.

Abstract: Studies have indicated the relationship between Emotional Intelligence (EI) and teaching competencies of student teachers. This study investigate this association among student teachers. The sample consisted of student teachers from various colleges of Tamilnadu through random sampling. The Emotional Intelligence Scale –by Upinder dhar, Anukool Hyde & Sanjyot Pethe and Teaching Competency Scale constructed and standardized by the researchers was used to collect the data. Correlation and regression analysis were conducted on the data. The results of data analysis revealed that there was a strong positive relationship between EI and teaching competencies. Furthermore, it was found that among the eight Teaching competencies, the emotionally intelligent student teacher preferred to develop competencies related to learners, risk takers, collaborators, leader and adopter.

Keywords: Emotional intelligence, Student teachers, Teaching competencies.

[1]. Alnoor,A.M.,& Ma Hong Yu(2011).Primary school teacher competency,Medwel my journals,6(5):391-397
[2]. Bhargava,A., & Pathy,M.,(2011). Perception of Student Teachers about Teaching Competencies, American International Journal of Contemporary Research, 1(1) 77 .
[3]. Al-Sharif,E.M.,(2010). Evaluation of Student / Teacher Teaching Competencies in the Curricula and Teaching Methods of Motor Expression in the Light of Quality Academic Standards, World Journal of Sport Sciences 3 (S): 331-358.
[4]. Kulshrestha,A.K.& Pandey,K.,(2013). Teachers training and professional competencies,Vocies of research,1(4).
[5]. Vazalwar, C.S., & Niradhar,D., (2011). Teacher Competencies and Use of Innovative Techniques for Improving Classroom Practices: A Discussion, An International Journal of Educational and Social Development,2(1).
[6]. Shukla, S.(2014)Teaching Competency, Professional Commitment and Job Satisfaction-A Study of Primary School Teachers, IOSR Journal of Research & Method in Education , 4, ( 3) Ver. 44-64.
[7]. Wang ,Di(What Core Competencies are Needed for Teachers' Innovative Teaching
[8]. Islam H., Sharbain, A., & Tan, K., (2012) pre-service teachers' level of competence and their attitudes towards the teaching profession.1(3).Retrived from; www.ajssh.leena-luna.co.jp.
[9]. Lakeh,M.A., Moonaghi,H.K., & Makarem.A.,(2012). Medical Faculty Members' Teaching Competencies and Factors Affecting It, 2(3).7-10.

Abstract: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship among EFL learners' Emotional Intelligence (EI), Self-Regulation (SR), Autonomy (AU), and Creativity (CR). To this end, 230 male and female EFL learners, ranging between 19 and 34 years old, majoring in General Linguistics, English Literature, and English Language Teaching at the Faculty of Foreign Languages, University of Tehran, Iran, were randomly selected. They were given four questionnaires: a questionnaire of EI, a questionnaire of AU, a questionnaire of CR, and Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ).

[1]. P. R., Howatt, &H. G.Widdowson, A history of English language teaching (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2004).
[2]. A.Albert, Learner's creativity as a potentially important variable: Examine the relationships between learner creativity, language aptitude and level of proficiency. In M. Nikolove, & J. Horvath (Eds.). Empirical Studies in English Applied Linguistics, Hungary, Eotous University, 2006,77-98.
[3]. M. Nosratinia, &A.Zaker, Autonomous learning and critical thinking: Inspecting the association among EFL learners. Paper presented at the First National Conference on Teaching English, Literature, and Translation, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran, 2013a. Retrieved September 6, 2013 from http://www.civilica.com/Paper-TELT01-TELT01_226.html
[4]. Z. Dörnyei, The psychology of the language learner. Individual differences in second language acquisition. New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates. Hungary, Eotous University, 2005.

Abstract: With in-depth studies in the sociology of Bourdieu, and changes created by the events in the sixties in France,great help has been given to him to address the theoriesandconjugated theoretical and abstract thoughtsand experience. The result of such a link leads to the formation and restoration of the term of lifestyle so many years before language of thesociologieslike Simmel, Veblen, etc. have been expressed. This paper tries to explain the idea of Bourdieu's thoughts in definitions and classification of different types of capital and its role in shaping lifestyle of the people. In Bourdieu's view, the existence and size of different capitals moved to create different lifestyles, lifestyle-oriented product of capital system which is multi-faceted relationship with each other through understanding and into a hierarchical system that is developed and combines the durability of capital in a person's judgment and evaluation of a community. Using documentary and analytical methods have been used to discussthesubject.

1]. Azadeh, MansouredAzam, (2004), "Status inconsistency", PhD thesis of sociology, TarbiatModares University.
[2]. Stones, Rob, (2000), "Great thinkers of sociology", translated byMehrdadMirdamadi,Tehran:Markaz Press.
[3]. Bakak, Robert, (2002), "Consumption", translated byKhosroSabouri, Tehran: ShirazehPublication
[4]. Bourdieu, Pierre, (2005), "Capital forms", collected by KianTajbakhsh, "social capital: trust, democracy and development", translated by AfshinKhakbazan and Hassan Pouyan, Tehran: ShirazehPublication
[5]. Bourdieu, Pierre, (2002), "Sports actions and social actions", translated by MohammadrezaFarhadi, Arghavan Journal, No. 20.
[6]. Bourdieu, Pierre, (2001), "Action theory, practical reasons and rational choice", translated byMortezaMardiha, Tehran:Noghsh-o-Negar

Abstract: George Bernard Shaw appeared on the literary scene when a great change took place in English drama with the arrival of Ibsen on the English stage. The new shift towards various social problems given to English drama by the innovators like A. W. Pinero, T. W. Robertson, and Henry Arthur Jones received immense support from Ibsen, whose plays aroused great interest in England by the shocking novelty of their themes. Shaw, well known for his hawk-eyed observation, took notice of the new changes and most effectively expressed them through his creative and critical works. In this way, he began his career as an exponent of realism and as a determined inculcator of the play of ideas and became the first English dramatist to use the stage as a platform for social propaganda.

[1]. Gupta, P.C. The Art of Galsworthy And Other Studies. Allahabad: Vidyarthi Granthagar, 1963.
[2]. Joad, C.E.M. Shaw. London: Victor Gollangz, 1949.
[3]. Shaw, G.B. Preface. Plays Unpleasant. London: Penguin, 1946.