IOSR-JHSS   Volume-19 ~ Issue-5 ~ May-2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Analysis of Women Participation in Indian Agriculture
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Mun Mun Ghosh, Dr. Arindam Ghosh
	:	10.9790/0837-19540106

Abstract: Agriculture sector as a whole has developed and emerged immensely with the infusion of science and technology. But this latest emergence is not capable of plummeting the ignorance of women labour as an integral part of this industry. In developing countries like India, agriculture continues to absorb and employ female work force but fails to give them recognition of employed/hired labour. Women constituted 38% of the agricultural labour force in developing countries. It is also estimated that 45.3% of the agricultural labour force consists of women. But a large number of women have remained as "invisible workers". Since there has been concern expressed regarding the gap between women's actual economic participation and public perception of it several researchers have attempted to overcome this invisibility through gendered empirical research studies for using on gender analysis and gender roles. This piece of research is highlighting the trend of female participation in agriculture across various Indian states. The secondary data collated for the research is used to study the growth trend of the agricultural worker from 1961-2001. Analysis is done to categorize the states on their identical behaviour of participation in agriculture by hierarchical clustering of economically active female in agriculture based on measurements like coefficient of variation, compound growth rate and work participation rate.
Keywords: Work Participation rate, Economically Active Female, Compound Growth Rate, Hierarchical Clustering

[1]. Bala. N (2010), "Selective discrimination against women in Indian Agriculture - A Review" Agricultural Reviews. 31 (3): 224 – 228.
[2]. Census of India, (1981) Series India, Primary Census Abstract, General Population, Part 11B (i), pp.7-8.
[3]. Damisa, R. Samndi and M. Yohana(2007). "Women Participation in Agricultural Production- A probit Analysis" Journal of Applied Sciences. 7(3): 412-416.
[4]. Dhaka et. al (2012), "Constraints in Knowledge and Information Flow amongst Farm Women" International Journal of Agriculture, Environment & Biotechnology. 5(2): 167-170.
[5]. Farid et.al (2009), "Nature and extent of rural women‟s participation in agricultural and non-agricultural activities" Agricultural Science Digest. 29 (4): 254-259.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	To Juxtapose is to Metamorphose: Angela Carter`s The Passion of New Eve and Nights at the Circus
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Shima Sadat Mirmusa
	:	10.9790/0837-19540710

Abstract: Carter's idiosyncratic writing aims to challenge the cultural preconceptions of the society and to attack the conventional lines of thought. Through subversion of the inequalities, indeed,she indicates how the boundaries of fixed categories become easily vulnerable. In doing so, she makes use of the device of metamorphosis through which she functions to intertwine the binary oppositions, mainly male/female and fact/fiction dichotomies. In order to explore Carter`s treatment of metamorphoses,two very significant and peculiar elements will be discussed in the paper regarding the causality of the transformation in two of her later novels, The Passion of New Eve and Nights at the Circus, that is, the form and the cause of transformation.
Key Words: male/female, metamorphosis, opposition, subvert

[1]. H.Blodgett,Fresh Iconography: Subversive Fantasy by Angela Carter, Review of Contemporary Fiction, 14(3) ,1994, 49-55.
[2]. N. Vallorani, The Body of the City: Angela Carter`s The Passion of theNew Eve,Science Fiction Studies,21(3), 1994, 365-379.
[3]. M. C. Magali, Fantasy and Carnivalization in Angela Carter`s Nights at the Circus,Feminism and the Postmodern Impulse: Post-World War II Fiction, 1996,171-208.
[4]. H. B.Finney, TallTales and Brief Lives: Angela Carter`s Nights at the Circus, Journal of Narrative Technique,28(2), 1998, 161-85.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Kenyan Shiite Community: A Socio-Historical Perspective
Country	:	Kenya
Authors	:	Dr. Mohamed Sheikh Alio
	:	10.9790/0837-19541117

Abstract: The shiite Muslim community in Kenya is an active religious minority which need to be studied due to their significant role in different aspects of social life in Kenya since the 19th century. The research reveals the original meaning of the word "Shii'ah" or "Shiism" and how it developed later to became a broad title for Shia Islam which represents one of the main Muslim sects in the world. It outlines the early arrivals of Shiite community in Kenya and East Africa during the 19th century. In addition, the paper, also, examines extensive information about their existing cults in Kenya and their social, educational and developmental activities in the country. The article concludes with focusing on some leading Shiite institutions which contribute to the development process in Kenya such as Aga Khan Development Network (AKDN), Bilal Muslim Mission, Burhani Foundation, Rasul al-Akram Academy and Jaffery Academy among others.
Key words: Bohora, Ismailis, Ithnaasharis, Shia, Sunni.

[1]. Ibnu Manzur, Muhammad Ibnu Mukarram, Lisanul-Arab (Daru Sadir, Cairo, 2009)
[2]. Aal Kashiful-Ghitaa, Muhammad, Aslu-Shii‟ah wa-usuluha (Darul-Adhwaa, Beirut, 1990).
[3]. Ibnu Hazm, Ahmad, Al-Fisalu fil Milali wal-Ahwai wannihal (Daru Ibnu Hazm, Beirut 2007).
[4]. Al-Shahrastani, Abd-al-Karim, Al-Milalu wa al-Nihal (Darul Kutubul Ilmiyyah, Beirut, 2007).
[5]. Connie R. Green, Sandra Brenneman Oldendorf, Religious Diversity and Children's Literature: Strategies and Resources (Information Age Publishing, 2010).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Application of the Principles of International Environmental Law in the domestic legal System of Bangladesh: A Critical Study on the legal framework and the position of judiciary
Country	:	Bangladesh
Authors	:	M. Z. Ashraful
	:	10.9790/0837-19541824

Abstract: There are some basic principles of international Environmental Law and some of them are now customary international law. These principles should implement in the domestic legal system for the sake of environmental interest. But there is a problem of the countries like Bangladesh to implement these principles because of inadequate national legal mechanism. In this arena the judiciary of these countries can play an important role by incorporating these principles with the harmonious explanation of the existing legal framework. However it is important to mention here that Bangladesh is also trying to adopt such principles by either amending its constitution or by enacting new national legislation regarding environmental protection. So this paper seeks to analyze briefly various principles of international environmental law and the application of the principles of International Environmental Law in the domestic legal system of Bangladesh. In some extent this paper has tried to describe the environmental synopsis of Bangladesh. As little of the study suggests, the main purpose is to expose what are the legal stipulations as regards the principles of International Environmental Law in the national law of Bangladesh and also in some cases this paper has taken initiative to compare with other south Asian Countries regarding implementation of environmental principles in the domestic legal system. An attempt has been taken by this paper to examine the role of the Judiciary relating to the implementation of such principles.
Key Words: Bangladesh, Constitution, International Environmental Law, Judiciary, Legal Framework, Principle, Protection.

[1]. Constitution of the People‟s Republic of Bangladesh
[2]. Interim Constitution of Nepal
[3]. Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan
[4]. Constitution of India
[5]. Constitution of the Republic of Namibia
[6]. Water Pollution Control Ordinance 1973
[7]. Pollution Control Ordinance 1977
[8]. National Environmental Policy 1992

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Significance of Rasa and Abhinaya Techniques in Bharata's Natyasastra
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. C. S. Srinivas
	:	10.9790/0837-19542529

Abstract: The Natyasastra of Bharata consists of thirty-six chapters in all. The first three chapters respectively deal with the origin of drama, the erection of theatre and the worship of the stage. Chapter 4 deals with the varieties of dance. Chapter 5 is devoted to the conduct of purvaranga or ‗preliminary rites.' Chapters 6 and 7 relate to rasas (―sentiments‖) and bhavas (―emotions‖). Chapters 8 to 14 (inclusive of 14)) are set apart for a discussion on angikabhinaya. The eight chapters from 15 to 22 deal with vacikabhinaya and related topics. In chapter 23 aharyabhinaya is treated. The next six chapters—from 28 to 33 (inclusive of 33) contain details about instruments and music. The last three chapters of the treatise, 34 to 36 (inclusive of 36) provide details regarding the different characters, varieties of costumes and popularization of the art of histrionics. This, in short, is the summary of the contents of the Natyasastra.
The concept of rasa is unique to Indian poetics and dramatics and is essentially a creation of the Indian genius—Bharata. With his succinct and organized presentation Bharata carved a niche rasa-sutra in the annals of poetics and dramaturgy. He presented rasa formula in context to natya in his Natyasastra. Later on the rasa-sutra became the touchstone for all the poetics. The aim of a dramatic performance is to evoke sentiment or rasa in the mind of the sahrdaya or the ‗learned audience'. In chapter 6 of Natyasastra, Bharata elaborately discusses on the significance of rasa and its essential role in the production of a play

[1]. Bose, Mandakranta. Movement and Mimesis: The Idea of Dance in the Sanskritic Tradition. Ed. Bimal K. Matilal. Vol. 12. Dordrecht: Kluwer Academic, 1991. Print. Studies of Classical India Ser.
[2]. Choubey, Asha. "Sophocles and Indian Poetics: A Study of Oedipus in the Light of Rasa Theory." Studies in Comparative Literature. Ed. Mohit K. Ray. New Delhi: Atlantic, 2002. 23-38. Web.
[3]. Kane, P. V. History of Sanskrit Poetics. 4th ed. New Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass, 1971. Print.
[4]. Marasinghe, E. W. The Sanskrit Theatre and Stagecraft. New Delhi: Sri Satguru, 1989. Print.
[5]. Rangacharya, Adya. The Natyasastra: English Translation with Critical Notes. 3rd ed. New Delhi: Munshiram Manoharlal, 1999. Print

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Pedagogical concerns and challenges of Education for Sustainable Development
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Manjula P. Rao
	:	10.9790/0837-19543035

Abstract: Global environment and ecology are rapidly becoming the demanding subjects of discussions necessitating decision and action in the required direction as the environmental problems have emerged due to exploitation of natural resources for want of basic needs and so called the developmental measures. The developed and the developing countries share the environmental concerns alike which have their roots in societal, economical and ecological bases. Therefore, Sustainable Development is grounded on four independent systems such as bio-physical, economic, social and political. It supports interrelated principles such as peace, equity, democracy, appropriate development and conservation for sustainable living. Education has been acknowledged worldwide as a fundamental tool and one of the major means of sustaining the resources and its judicious utility, so that the earth resources could be protected for future generations. Education for Sustainable Development (ESD) is an emerging concept that seeks to empower people of all ages in the world to assume responsibility for creating a sustainable future. The role of education is the major determinant in increasing creativity, rationality, problem-solving abilities, critical and analytical mindedness needed to foster the increasingly complex cultural, social and technological decisions involved in sustainable development. This paper examines some of the above critical concerns and issues related to sustainable development. It highlights the need for an interdisciplinary and a holistic approach to ESD in school education which is value driven, future and action oriented in nature. It attempts to discuss an across-the-curriculum approach to education for a sustainable future and the pedagogic concerns required to examine the local as well as global issues related to sustainable development.

[1]. Arvind Kumar (2003) "Environmental challenges of the 21st century", APH Publishing Corporation, New Delhi.
[2]. Jackson M.G, (2001) "Effective Environmental education needs "New Science", Indian Educational review, 37(2), pp 22-38.
[3]. Rao, Manjula (2013) "Education for Sustainable Development- a source book for teachers", Regional Institute of Education (NCERT), Mysore.
[4]. UN Resolution 57/254 UN General Assembly, 57"session, 2002
[5]. UNESCO (1997) "Educating for a Sustainable Future: A Transdisciplinary Vision for Concerted Action", Paris

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Interlanguage Syntax of the Noun Phrase in English: An Error Analysis of Third Year High School Students of English in Zawiya, Libya
Country	:	Libya
Authors	:	Mohamed Ataieb Ahmad Hmouma
	:	10.9790/0837-19543643

Abstract: This research examined the interlanguage syntax of high school students of English in Zawiya, Libya in the area of the noun phrase (NP), focusing on the closed system elements that can occur before or after the noun head. It is based on the assumption that those students encounter difficulties in forming and using the English noun phrase. The findings demonstrated that a great deal of students' errors could be explained by overgeneralization and interference from students' mother tongue, though some other errors challenge explanations offered by contrastive analysis of English and Arabic.
Keywords : Determiners, Error Analysis, Interlanguage, Nouns, Noun Phrase, Syntax.

[1]. Chomsky, N. (1959). A Review of B. F. Skinner Verbal Behaviour. Language 35 (1): 26-58.
[2]. Spolsky, B. (1989). Conditions for Second Language Learning. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[3]. Ellis, R. (1994). The Study of Second Language Acquisition. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
[4]. Richards, J. C. (1974). Error Analysis: Perspectives on Second Language Acquisition. Essex: Longman.
[5]. Langacker, W., R. (1972). Fundamentals of Linguistic Analysis. New York: Harcourt Brace Jovanovich Inc.
[6]. Brown, R. (1973). A First Language. Massachusetts: Harvard University Press.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Exploring Modern Technology Adoption in Zimbabwe's Beauty Therapy Industry
Country	:	Zimbabwe
Authors	:	Phillimon Mudzingwa , Forbes Kabote
	:	10.9790/0837-19544448

Abstract : Background: New technology adoption has been recognised as vital in the stability and growth of a country's economy. Globally the beauty therapy industry has embraced technological advances. In Zimbabwe basic beauty therapy that does not use modern complex technology is prevalent. Objectives: 1. To establish technologies being used in Zimbabwe's beauty therapy industry. 2. To examine the perceptions of beauty therapists on new technologies in the beauty therapy industry. 3. To explore strategies that may be adopted to improve the adoption of new technologies in Zimbabwe's beauty therapy industry. Methods: Using purposive and convenient sampling, thirty one beauty therapist experts were identified. One hour long in-depth interviews were held and recorded. Results: Participants viewed modern technology adoption as critical for the industry. Non-accessibility of modern technologies, lack of supportive government policies; non-existence of a beauty therapy association, lack of proper beauty therapy education and under research were found to hinder modern technology adoption. Conclusions: The industry is ready to adopt modern technology and there is need to realign the macro environment to make it supportive for the adoption to be real.
Keywords: Beauty Therapy, Technology Adoption, Cosmetology, Dermatology, Zimbabwe

[1]. Merriam-Webster (2013). Technology-definition. Available at http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/technology; accessed 12/01/2013.
[2]. Bridges to Technology Corp (2005). What is Technology Adoption? Available at http://www.bridges-to-technology.com/page21.html; accessed 07/12/2012.
[3]. Gawkrodger, D., & Ardern-Jones, M. R. (2012). Dermatology: an illustrated colour text. Elsevier Health Sciences.
[4]. Articlesbase, (2013). Definition of beauty therapy. Available at http://www.articlesbase.com/hair-articles/definition-of-beauty-therapy-4140148.html; accessed 12/01/2013.
[5]. Embody, (2012). Health and Beauty Therapy Guide. Available at http://www.embodyforyou.com/Treatments; accessed, 12/01/2013.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Gender Inequality in Access to Formal Social Security Schemes among Members in the Informal Sector in Laikipia East District, Kenya
Country	:	Kenya
Authors	:	Gibson K. Muhuhu , Prof. Wokabi Mwangi , Dr. Hadijah Murenga
	:	10.9790/0837-19544961

Abstract: Access to the social security schemes by the public is important in ensuring the social welfare of individuals both in the formal and the informal sector, thus the motivation to carry out a study on the challenges facing access to the schemes by the members of the informal sector. This is a sociological study on gender inequality in the access to formal security schemes among members of the informal sector in Laikipia East District. This study was motivated by the desire to document the possible challenges faced by members in this sector in accessing formal social security schemes while taking into consideration the gender differences. Social development theory was used to explain the relationship between the variables of the study. Literature review showed that despite the presence of various legislative provisions on social security in Kenya, the level of access to social security among members in the informal sector had not been widely documented. The study adopted a descriptive statistics research design. The unit of analysis were members of the informal sector. Stratified sampling technique was used to sample 200 respondents for the study while purposive sampling technique was used to sample the key respondents. Questionnaires and interview schedules were used as instruments for data collection. Cross-tabulation was done to show the relationship between different variable investigated. This study found that there was low access to social security schemes among the members of the informal sector where female members were found to have less access to the schemes (5.5%) compared to their male counterparts (7.5%). Awareness was found to be a major hindrance to the access to social security schemes where female members of the informal sector were found to be less aware of the available schemes (71%) compared to the male (61%). Economic factors were also found to hinder access to the schemes and again female members in the informal sector were the hardest hit with 78% indicating that they were not able to remit the monthly contribution compared to 46% male who could not remit the contributions. Finally, government policy on the minimum contribution to the schemes was found to affect access to the schemes where most affected population in the informal sector were female (87%) compared to the male (83%).
Key words: Social Security Schemes, informal sector, formal sector and gender inequalities.

[1] Estivill, Jordi, (2003). Concepts and Strategies for Combating Social Exclusion: An overview. Geneva. www.ilo.org/public/english/protection/socsec/step/. Accessed: 13 January 2013
[2] ILO (2000). Income Security and Social Protection in a Changing World. International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies: World disasters report: Focus on poverty.
[3] ILO (2003), Extending social security: Policies for Developing Countries. ESS Paper No. 13. (Geneva, International Labour Office, p. 7.
[4] ILO (2004). "ILO Global Campaign on Social Security Launched in Kenya" available at http://www2.ilo.org/public/english/protection/secsoc/downloads/about/pressrelease_091204.pdf accessed on 4th November 2007.
[5] Lubell, H. (1993). "The Informal Sector in Southeast Asia", in: Work without Protections: Case Studies of the Informal Sector in Developing Countries, US Department of Labor.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Ayurveda Tourism and Masculinity in Contemporary Kerala
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Rashmi Gopi
	:	10.9790/0837-19546273

Abstract: This paper aims to understand the self-projection of Kerala through Ayurveda tourism and what this is doing to concepts of masculinity and femininity. The author focuses on actual female and male bodies as producers and consumers of Ayurveda tourism, arguing that the rigidity of what constitutes femininity and masculinity is not questioned, but who possesses it is interchanged. This in turn exposes the constructedness of the binary opposition between femininity and masculinity as there exist multiple combinations of masculinity and femininity at any given time and space. The author also touches upon debates around modernity and tradition in Ayurveda tourism. She argues that the dominant ideas of men as active, and women as passive, are shaped by the discourse of upper caste Hindus and colonial modernity. Ayurveda tourism, in reinventing both tradition and modernity, has changed its form and function. This has led to two main changes: (a) it has become a sphere of the rich, by the rich and for the rich; and (b) it has undergone a process of homogenization and standardization. She also engages with the nature of Ayurveda itself in the paper. The author proposes that the dominance of Allopathy over submissive Ayurveda is symbolic of the authority of husband over wife in a patriarchal society. This paper is based on interactions with Ayurveda practitioners in Kerala. Other sources include interviews with students of tourism courses, politicians, and officials in the Department of Tourism. With a view to study the projection of Ayurveda tourism by the state, the author looks at the Kerala Tourism Development Council's brochures and statistics. Through all of these, she raises political questions in the field of Ayurveda, trying to redefine the political and re-looking at interactions of plural femininity and masculinity. The popularity of Ayurveda tourism in recent times clearly demonstrates that knowledge means control, and control power.

Keywords: Ayurveda, Ayurveda tourism, Femininity, Hegemonic masculinity, Masculinity

[1] Sankar, Sabu. (2005), Tourisavum Keralavum, TVM: Spandanam.
[2] Dudink, S. Hagemann, K. and Tosh, J. (eds.), (2004), Masculinities in Politics and War: Gendering Modern History. Manchester: Manchester University Press.
[3] Bottomore, T. (1983), A Dictionary of Marxist Thought, Oxford: Blackwell Publishers.
[4] Connell, R.W. (1995), Masculinities, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
[5] Banerjee, Madhulika. (2009), Power, Knowledge, Medicine: Ayurvedic Pharmaceuticals at Home and in the World. New Delhi: Orient Blackswan Private Limited

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Public Sensitisation on the Adoption of Renewable Energy in Nigeria: Communicating the Way Forward
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Abdulhameed Kayode Agboola
	:	10.9790/0837-19547481

Abstract: In the last three decades, the usage of power had grown astronomical in both developed and developing countries of the World. Petroleum storage has continued to decrease in recent years. According to OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) the storage of oil will be used out by the 21st Century, and in addition, the global warming has now become a thing of reality, even to common people. Therefore, judging from a developmental communication perspective, it has become an issue of urgent importance to sensitise the people on how to make good use of renewable energy in their daily energy demands. The purpose of this research is to create awareness, inform and educate on the concept of renewable energy. Therefore to achieve these objectives, the following guided questions are answered: what it is renewable energy? What are the different types of renewable energy? What are the roles of renewable energy in Nigeria power supply? What are possible hindrances to renewable energy usage in Nigeria? And finally, in which ways can Nigerian government create incentives and encourage the people to adopt renewable energy for use? This paper argues that people must be educated as to the benefits of considering renewable energy for energy generation in Nigeria and that government should put in place adequate incentives for ease of facility procurement and rewards for all adopters. Therefore, this paper concludes that serious awareness must be created among society coupled with provision of facilities and incentives for people to adopt usage of renewable energy in Nigeria.
Key words: renewable energy, power development, power challenges, cost-effective energy

[1]. Adaramola, M.S & Oyewola, O.M. (2011). Wind Speed Distribution and Characteristics in Nigeria. ARPN Journal of Engineering and Applied Sciences, 6(2). Retrieved March 5, 2013from www.Arpnjournals.Com/Jeas/Research_Papers/Rp.../Jeas_0211_458.Pdf
[2]. Agboola, A. K., Olaniyi, O.M., Aliyu S.O., Ayanwale, B.A (2013). Increasing Livestock Production in Nigeria: Development of Cost-Effective Models for Bird-Egg Incubator. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering , 3(3), pp. 707- 716.
[3]. Ajayi, O.O & Ajanaku, K.O. (2009). Nigeria‟s Energy Challenge and Power Development: The Way Forward. Energy & Environment, 20(3). Retrieved March 4, 2013 fromhttp://eprints.covenantuniversity.edu.ng/216/1/NIGERIA%E2%80%99S_ENERGY_CHALLENGE_AND_POWER.pdf
[4]. Alternate Energy Sources. (2010). What is renewable energy sources. Retrieved January 23, 2013from http://www.alternate-energy-sources.com/what-is-renewable-energy.html
[5]. Ban KI-Moon (January 11, 2012). Powering Sustainable Energy for All. The Opinion Pages. Op-Ed Contributor. Retrieved January 20, 2013 from http://www.nytimes.com/2012/01/12/opinion/powering-sustainable-energy-for-all.html?_r=1\

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Agricultural Development In Nigeria: Communicating The Roles Of National Universities
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Abdulhameed Kayode Agboola
	:	10.9790/0837-19548289

Abstract: Studies have raised many mind bungling issues as to the reason why agriculture has yet to manifest all the great things that were prophesied by its proponents in terms of national development. It is a fact that the recent decade has been one of agro-optimism just like in the 70s, upon all the promises that agricultural development seems to hold none is yet to come past. It was hoped in the Sub-Saharan Africa that economic development would be brought about by agricultural development. Unfortunately, this optimism is yet to be realized and hope has never been materialized and agricultural productivity did not increase much in Sub-Saharan Africa. This paper argues that universities have a direct role to play in the socio-development of the agrarian communities in Nigeria in general, if agricultural development is to be informed knowledge-wise and to contribute to community development and poverty alleviation. In this context, the relationship between universities and rural community development must be of important concern. In this regard, this paper elaborates on the role of universities in modern agrarian society development and discusses some possibilities in poverty alleviation, illiteracy reduction, environmental management, teaching and research activities by which they could increase their contribution to the agrarian society and socio-economic development of Nigeria. This paper concludes by suggesting strategies whereby the three wings of the university – extension, teaching and research – can be geared towards the purpose of uplifting the Nigerian society as a whole.
Keywords: Agricultural development, rural community, local university, agricultural university, community development

[1]. Agboola, A.K. (2013). Nigeria Millennium Development Goals: Can Revisiting Agriculture Help In Poverty Reduction And National Economic Development? Paper presented at the International Multidisciplinary Conference on Research, Developments and Practices in Science, Technology, Education, Arts, Management & the Social Sciences (iSTEAMS) at the University of Ibadan on 30th – 1st June, 2013. Book Of Proceedings, Proceedings Series 4, pp. 27-36.
[2]. Atchoarena, D. & Holmes, K. (2004). The Role of Agricultural Colleges and Universities in Rural Development and Lifelong Learning in Asia. Asian Journal of Agriculture and Development, Vol. 2, Nos. 1&2. Paper presented at the 15th Conference of the Asian Association of Agricultural Colleges and Universities, held in Nagoya, Japan on 27–30 September 2004. Retrieved June 1, 2013 from ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/010/ai436e/ai436e.pdf
[3]. Bell, D. (1979). Communication technology: For better, for worse. Harvard Business Review,Vol. 57, issue 95, No. 4.
[4]. Cavaye, J. (2001). Rural Community Development - New Challenges and Enduring Dilemmas. Cavaye Community Development. Paper presented at the Shaffer Symposium, University of Wisconsin, USA 2001 and published as Cavaye J.M. (2001) Rural Community Development: New Challenges and Enduring Dilemmas. The Journal of Regional PolicyAnalysis Vol 31, No. 2, pp. 109-124. Retrieved June 10, 2013
fromhttp://www.communitydevelopment.com.au/Documents/Rural%20Community%20Development%20-%20New%20Challenges%20and%20Enduring%20Dilemmas.pdf
[5]. Chakrabarti, A. & Rice, M. (2003). Changing Roles of Universities in Developing Entrepreneurial Regions: The Case of Finland and the US. MIT IPC Working Paper IPC- 03-003 September 2003. Retrieved June 5, 2013 from http://web.mit.edu/ipc/publications/pdf/03-003.pdf

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Implementation of Good Governance Principles in Government Goods and Services Procurement for Empowerment of Micro Small Enterprise: Empirical Study in Bitung City North Sulawesi Province
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	Jufri Jacob , Prof. Indah Susilowati, Edy Yusuf A. G.
	:	10.9790/0837-19549098

Abstract: This study is aimed to know about the application of good governance principles as an effort to empower micro small enterprise as stated in Republic of Indonesia Presidential Regulation number 54 year 2010. In addition, it also aims to understand the worthiness level and formulate empowerment strategy for small micro enterprise as supplier of government goods and services. The result shows that average compliance level of Regional Working Unit (SKPD) in the research area is high, reaching 81.93 %. This compliance level consists of 82.25% efficiency, 84.25% effectiveness, 80.21% transparency, 83.44% openness, 81.91% competitiveness, 79.15% fairness/nondiscriminatory and 81.82% accountability. Analyzing 50 small micro enterprise respondent shows low result. By means of 24 worthiness variable values that must be fulfilled by small micro enterprise to qualify as supplier for government goods and services like stated in Republic of Indonesia Presidential Regulation number 54 year 2010, only 7 variables exhibit more than 50% worthiness score. While the other 17 variables show below 50% worthiness score. Those numbers thus prove that micro small business of government goods and services supplier are still not worthy to execute and handle procurement projects that are available in every Regional Working Units (SKPD). By means of Focus Group Discussion (FDG), micro small enterprise empowerment strategy can be done through 6 aspects. They are Business Aspect, Technology & Information Aspect, Human Resource Aspect, Lobbying Aspect, Stakeholder Role Aspect and Micro Small Enterprise Worthiness Aspect. Keywords: Good governance, public procurement, empowerment, SMEs, Bitung City, Indonesia.

[1]. Abor, Joshua, and Peter Quartey. Issues in SME Development in Ghana and South Africa.International Research Journal of Finance and Economics. Issue 39. 2011. Available on line at: www.studymode.com › Home › Business & Economy .
[2]. Adebiyi, et al. Development of Electronic Government Procurement (e-GP) System for Nigeria Public Sector. International Journal of Electrical & Computer Sciences IJECS-IJEN. Volume, 10. No, 06. 2010.
[3]. Al-Qu'ayyid, Ibrahim bin Hamd. Sepuluh Kebiasaan Manusia Sukses Tanpa Batas (terjemahan cetakan ke-empat (Jakarta: Maghfirah Pustaka, 2008).
[4]. Amemba, Cyrus Saul,et al. Challenges Affecting Public Procurement Performance Process in Kenya. International Journal of Research in Management. Issue 3, Vol.4 July, 2013.
[5]. Auriol, E. Corruption in Procurement and Public Purchase. International Journal of Industrial Organization. Volume. 24, 2006, pp.867-885.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Education Migration among Africans: A Case Study Of Nigerian Postgraduate Students InInternational Islamic University Malaysia
Country	:	Malaysia
Authors	:	AbdullahiMohd Umar
	:	10.9790/0837-195499105

Abstract: The research paper attempts stress the importance of education and also clarify the factors influencing African postgraduate students to undertake higher education studies abroad. In the recent times, Asia pacific is one of the attracting region for the African students particularly, Malaysia. A sample of 90 international postgraduate students from Nigeria studying at International Islamic University Malaysia (Gombak main campus) were selected as informants and their experiences and views was used in the analysis of data collected.
The results show that conditions in both the students' countries of origin and that of the hosting countries contributed to the decision to study abroad. Of prime importance among the factors attracting students abroad is the poor condition of learning, political instability in the continent and lack of basic infrastructure like lecture rooms, student accommodation, power supply, portable water, inadequate manpower, laboratories,equipments and other learning facilities in the higher education sector were identified as push factors. On the other hand, migration to Malaysia was influenced by the availability of infrastructure, learning facilities,manpower, moderate tuition fees, affordable cost of living and above all being Muslim country further serves as motivator for the international student migration.

[1]. Abdullahi, A. (1998). Migration among young people in Sub-Sahara Africa: Challenges and Prospects. Arewa Journal of Social Sciences, 3, 3-17.
[2]. Adepoju, A. (2008). Perspectives on International Migration and National Development in sub‐Saharan Africa, in A. Adepoju, T. van Naerssen and A. Zoomers (eds) International migration and national development in sub‐saharan Africa: viewpoints and policy initiatives in countries of origin, Leiden: Brill.
[3]. Adewusi, S. A. (1997). Impact of Globalization on Education: An African perspective. Thomas and Johns, Publishers, Ibadan, Nigeria.
[4]. Africa Statistical Year Book. (2002). Africa Statistical Year Book,Vol. 2, UN Publications, New York, NY.
[5]. Ajayi, A. (2002) Globalization and the Nigerian Manufacturing Sector. Paper presented at annual meeting of manufacturers Association of Nigeria (MAN).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Poverty and Unemployment Paradox in Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Egunjobi, Titilayo Adenike
	:	10.9790/0837-1954106116

Abstract: Despite Nigeria's rich endowment with natural resources, its poverty profile presents a sombre picture of a rich nation in decline. Also, the rate of unemployment is high and has been seen to take an increasing turn in form of youth unemployment. Indeed, Nigeria presents a paradox. The country is rich but the people are poor. This study therefore intends to determine the nature of the relationship between poverty and unemployment over the period 1977 – 2010 in Nigeria, and to ascertain the causal link (if any) between poverty and unemployment. In achieving this, the co -integration, error correction modeling and causality test were employed. The study discovered that each and all of the explanatory variables significantly affect poverty and that a long run relationship exists among the variables of the model that, unemployment has a positive influence on poverty while government investment on infrastructures and human investment has a negative influence on poverty. Furthermore, there is no causal link between poverty and unemployment. The study recommended that government should intensify the provision of infrastructures and making and implementation of appropriate polices which will create a conducive environment needed for investment to thrive.
Keywords: Poverty, Regression and Unemployment.

[1]. United Nations Organization, United Nations Organization Report, 2001 Edition.
[2]. World Bank, Attacking Poverty, (Oxford : Oxford University Press, World Development Report 2000/2001).
[3]. S Dorothea, Globalisation at work. Finance and Development. 43(1), March, 2006
[4]. International Labour Organisation. Global Employment Trend. ( U.S.A. : ILO Publications, 2004)
[5]. Curtain, generating youth employment through information and telecommunication technologies: best practice examples and strategies. (Melbourne, Australia: Curtain Consulting, 2002)

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Enhancing Societal Wellbeing and Wealth Creation -Sewing Skills Programmed For Rural Housewives in Sabah
Country	:	Malaysia
Authors	:	Abdul Rahman Ahmad Dahlan, Nurul Syafikha Jaafar, Noor Shuhada Binti Che Hassan, Siti Syafikah Sheikh Kamaruzzaman, Uzma Iqbal
	:	10.9790/0837-1954117122

Abstract: This paper proposes eSisterApparel Program and to be adopted as one of the 1AZAM Malaysian government-sponsored programs, raising the economic and social status of women especially of rural housewives in Sabah, Malaysia. This program has the potential to reduce poverty by providing these housewives with sewing skills, sewing machines, and eSisterApparel Portal in generating new sources of income. Sabah, a state in East Malaysia, has the highest level of poverty and hardcore poverty incidence in Malaysia. Literature reviews and nine (9) blocks of Business Model Canvas (BMC) framework are used as methodology for this paper. As the extent of rural poverty in Sabah is expected to be reduced and societal wellbeing to be enhanced through eSisterApparel Program, an added benefit is the minimization of the rural-urban migration process. This in turn will result in less pressure on government to make provision for additional spending on services such as education, provision of clean drinking water and adequate sewage disposal, housing, and health in urban areas as well as having to deal with a host of problems associated with overgrown cities and towns such as a higher incidence of crime and of shanty towns on the outskirts of these cities.
Keywords: Societal wellbeing, Wealth creation, ICT, Sabah, Housewives, BMC, 1AZAM

[1]. 1Azam records 55.3% cut in national poverty rate (2013). Retrieved Tuesday, March 04, 2014, 19:55 PM from: http://www.nst.com.my/latest/1azam-records-55-3pc-cut-in-national-poverty-rate-1.362321
[2]. 1Azam programme has created 4,300 women entrepreneurs (2013). Retrieved Tuesday, March 04, 2014, 20:09 PM from: http://www.nst.com.my/nation/general/1azam-programme-has-created-4-300-women-entrepreneurs-1.355274
[3]. 1Azam programme surpasses 7,500-participant target (January 9, 2014, Thursday). Retrieved Wednesday, March 12, 2014, 11:01 AM from: http://www.theborneopost.com/2014/01/09/1azam-programme-surpasses-7500-participant-target/
[4]. Alexander Osterwalder (2010). Business handbook for Visionaries, Game Changers, and Challengers", John Wiley, New Jersey, USA.
[5]. Alyaa Ghanim, Fatima Munassar, Abdul Rahman Ahmad Dahlan (2013). "Project and Change Management Success Factors from Malaysian Government Departments and Agencies Perspective", IOSR Journal of Business and Management Vol. 11, No 2, pp. 36-45

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Women in the Bible as Source of Inspiration for Women Today
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Sr. Cecilia Madu OP
	:	10.9790/0837-1954123128

Abstract: In a world where women's rights have continued to be violated because of their sex, women have continued to struggle with dehumanizing situations in every environment they find themselves. Women play vital roles in the society as they assume five key roles in most societies: mother, producer, home-manager, community organizer and socio-cultural and political activist. Despite women's resourcefulness, their worth has consistently been downplayed and demeaned in the theories, symbols, rituals, religious practices and structures of the society. The situation of women in the society has brought about different reactions and policies like the Convention on the Elimination of all forms of Discrimination against Women CEDAW, and Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) to mention but a few. Despite all these conventions and policies, women have continued to suffer discrimination and marginalization which has also continued to hamper their contributions to societal development. The women in the Bible despite all odd made different in the development of their society hence, women today can be inspired and encouraged by the activities of these women portrayed in the Bible, especially Queen Esther, who stood up against every odd, and made difference in their societies. Women today can make a difference in the situations of insecurity, civil unrest, wars, poverty, women illiteracy, violence, and maternal mortality. This could be achieved through mobilizing women from the different organizations that women belonged to in the society whether religious or cultural groups for training in the importance and utilization of healthcare facilities, peacebuilding skills, leadership skills, negotiation skills, different types of skill acquisitions and empowered them to train others in their local communities.

[1]. Adamu Fatima (1999). A Double-Edge Sword: Challenging Women‟s Oppression within Muslim Society in Northern Nigeria. Gender and Development Journal Vol. 7, No. 1.
[2]. Coper Barbara M. (1997). Marriage in Maradi: Gender and Culture in a Hausa Society in Niger, 1900-1989 Nigeria Heinemann.
[3]. Getty-Sullivan, Mary Ann (2001). Women in the New Testament: Collegeville, Minneapolis MN: Liturgical Press.
[4]. Johnson E. A. (2007). Quest for the Living God: Mapping Frontiers in the Theology of God. New York: The Continuum International Publishing Group Inc
[5]. Moltmann-Wendel, Elisabeth (1982). The women around Jesus: Reflections on Authentic Personhood [translated by John Bowden from the German]. London: SCM Press

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Education of Muhammadans and Role of Press during First Half of 20thcentury In Bihar
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Mehnaz Ara
	:	10.9790/0837-1954129133

Abstract: India is a land of diversity, a mosaic of many caste, communities, languages, religion and cultures. In British India the credit for the first step towards education in Muhammadans goes to Warren Hasting who founded a Madrasa in Culcutta in 1781 to promote and encourage the study of Arabic, Persian and Urdu languages. Until the first half of the 20th century education in India amongst Muslims was imparted through the institutions of traditional learning like maktabs and madrasas where fundamental or elementary education was imparted. The present paper attempt to seek the development and progress of education amongst Muhammadan and tried to explore the role of press in the field of educating the people through disseminating information on various aspects. The paper mainly focused on the vernacular newspapers of Bihar where these newspapers not only ventilate the community's grievances but it also appealed to the authorities to set apart funds for maktabs in every districts because it believed that Muhammadans suffered under various handicaps as result of their being in minority in the circle panchayat and local bodies. The Press also criticized the government for not doing enough for Muslim education.
Key words: British Policy, Education, Maktab and Madrasas, Muhammadans, Vernacular Newspapers

[1]J. Mark Halstead, An Islamic Concept of Education, Comparative Education, Vol. 40, No. 4, Special Issue (29): Philosophy, Education and Comparative Education (Nov., 2004),( published by Taylor and Francis Ltd.)p. 520
[2]Encyclopedia of Islam - Leiden E.J. Brill
[3]Parvez Hoodbhoy quoted in 'The Secularist' in its issue no.191 September-October 2002
[4]Asghar Ali Engineer, Muslim and Education, Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 36, No. 34 (Aug. 25-31, 2001)

[5]Padmaja Nair, The State and Madrasas in India, Religions and Development Research Programme , 2009, p.12
[6]Shazia Ramzan and Ainee Rabab, Madrasa Education in the Sub Continent-Myth and Realities, Al-Idah 27December, 2013,pp.36-37
[7 ] ibid.,p.37

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	International and Domestic influences on Green Energy Policy in India
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Akshara Baru, Dr.Usha Ramachandra
	:	10.9790/0837-1954134139

Abstract: This paper aims to understand formulation of green energy policy in India and the various attributes that influence such policy formulation. Energy has become a driving force for much development and with time there has been a growing concern on both the importance as well as the relevance of using environmental friendly energy in developing countries. Hence, this paper discusses the insidious concern of climate change and the increased international pressure on the need to change to newer, less polluting forms of energy. The paper emphasizes on aspects which determine energy policy conception which include development, poverty, domestic conditions, and feasibility of implementation which are not isolated in this process. The paper further analyses that in spite of the increased international burden for exclusive climate sensitive policies, Indian green energy policies still reflect domestic concerns. Hence, India adheres to the aforementioned domestic concerns during policy constitution, thus forming a locally relevant and globally participatory policy

[1]. Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change; (2007); The Physical Science Basis; Contribution Of Working Group I To The Fourth Assessment Report.
[2]. Ashwani Kumar, Kapil Kumar, Naresh Kaushik, Satyawati Sharma, Saroj Mishra; (2010); Renewable Energy In India: Current Status And Future Potentials; Elsevier; Renewable And Sustainable Energy Reviews 14 (2010); 2434–2442
[3]. World Meterological Organisation; Causes Of Climate Change[Online]; (Viewed 10 June 2013); Available From-Http://Www.Wmo.Int/Pages/Themes/Climate/Causes_Of_Climate_Change.Php
[4]. International Energy Agency; (2010); World Energy Outlook; Edition 2010.
[5]. Mohar Chattopadhyay, Deb Chattopadhyay; (2012); Analysis Of Indian Renewable Energy Policy Using Climate Data; Elsevier; Vol. 25, Issue 3 1040-6190.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Effect of Peer Mentoring on the Enhancement of Decision Making Skill among Higher Secondary School Students
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Syamala Devi. M. B , Dr. P. Usha
	:	10.9790/0837-1954140143

Abstract: This study examined whether peer mentoring is an effective strategy for enhancing children's Decision Making Skill using the Module on Decision Making Skill (prepared and validated by the investigator). The pretest-posttest non equivalent group design was used for the study. 106 higher secondary school students from a co-educational higher secondary school in Malappuram participated in the study. Five point Likert scale (Decision Making Skill Assessment Scale) was the instrument used to obtain information from the respondents. Mean difference analysis indicated that the mean sores of Experimental and Comparison Groups students' Decision Making Skill differ significantly. Also Cohen's Effect size analysis showed that Peer Mentoring strategy has a large effect on enhancing Decision Making Skills of higher secondary school students.
Key words: Peer Mentoring, Decision Making Skill

[1] Halpern-Felsher & Bonnie (2009). Adolescent Decision Making: An overview, Prevention Researcher, 16(2),3-7.(EJ838382).
[2] Ross, J.A.(1981). Improving Adolescent Decision-Making Skills. Curriculum Inquiry. 11(3), 279-295. Wiley.URL:http://www.jstor.org/stable/1179805.
[3] Beier, S.R., Rosenfield, W.D., Spitalny, K.C., Zansky, S.M., & Bontempo,A.N. (2000). The potential role of an adult mentor in influencing high-risk behaviours in adolescents. Archieves of pediatrics and adolescent medicine, 154,327-331.
[4] Anne, M.P. (1997). Academic Tutoring and Mentoring: A Literature Review. California Research Bureau, California State Library.
[5] Portwood,S.G., Ayers, P.M., Kinnison, K.E., Waris, R.G.,& Wise, D.L.(2005).Youth Friends: Outcomes from a school-based mentoring program. The Journal of Primary Prevention, 26(2), 129-145.