IOSR-JHSS   Volume-19 ~ Issue-5 ~ May-2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Soft Skills: Education beyond Academics
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Prasanta Kumar Padhi
	:	10.9790/0837-19560103

Abstract: Soft skills is a sociological term relating to a person's Emotional Intelligence Quotient, the cluster of personality traits, social graces, communication, language, personal habits, friendliness, and optimism that characterize relationships with other people. Soft skills complement hard skills, which are the occupational requirements of a job and many other activities. A person's soft skill is an important part of their individual contribution to the success of an organization. Particularly those organizations dealing with customers face-to-face are generally more successful if they train their staff to use these skills. Screening or training for personal habits or traits such as dependability and conscientiousness can yield significant return on investment for an organization. For this reason, soft skills are increasingly sought out by employers in addition to standard qualifications. Soft skills play a critical role in the career growth of individuals. The expectations begin with the basic foundation of ethics, integrity, and value. Equally non negotiable criteria are a strong work ethic and a professional and positive attitude. In today's job market, employers are not necessarily looking at the most skilled person. If a perfectly skilled job candidate were to come in for an interview and had absolutely no soft skills, the employer may consider looking for some one else. It is completely personal. Soft skills are those nuances that make a person individually unique and stand out. These skills are all about how a person works with others, maintains a positive attitude under pressure, solves a personal or work crisis and communicates both ethically and effectively.
Key words: Competency, employability, communication, requirement, personality

[1]. Alex, K. "Soft Skills - Know Yourself & Know the World." S. Chand & Co, New Delhi, 2010.
[2]. Amer, Beverly. Soft Skills at Work: Technology for Career Success. Cengage Learning, Boston, 2009.
[3]. Bolton, Robert. People Skills: How to Assert Yourself, Listen to Others, and Resolve Conflicts. Touchstone, Simon&Schuster Inc. New York, 1979.
[4]. Cologne, Goeran Nieragden. "The Soft Skills of Business English", The weekly column. (www.eltnewsletter.com/back/September2000/art282000.htm), September 2000.
[5]. Jain, A.K., Pravin, S.R.B., and Sheikh, A.M. "Professional Communication Skills." S. Chand & Co, New Delhi, 2008.
[6]. Nicolades, Carole. "Focus on Soft Skills: A Leadership Wake-up Call", http://www.businessknowhow.com/growth/softskills.htm, 2002.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	India's Human Rights Credentials and Role in United Nations and Its Quest to get United Nations Security Council Permanent Seat with or without Veto Power
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Manish Kumar Yadav
	:	10.9790/0837-19560413

Abstract: "As a democratic country, India is naturally wedded to the cause of human rights like civil rights, viz; right to life, dignity, equality to be free from torture of unlawful detention, etc. but India, joined by nearly the whole of the Third World countries and also the former socialist countries felt that the civil and political rights would have to be achieved in conjunction with, and are indeed inseparable from, the economic, social and cultural rights. India is a regional power if not a regional hegemon is a foregone conclusion as seen in the past and the present contemporary world. Each regional and emerging power has overt and covert designs/ambitions of becoming a global power; But with great power comes great responsibilities which includes being a torch and standard bearer for high moral and ethical code of conduct both at home and at international level and India in pursuit of this great power with its quest to get United Nations Security Council permanent seat with or without veto power is no different. So to say the least Human Rights credentials both at home and abroad are one of the corner stones of Indian National and Foreign Policy in this regard

1. Ghai .U. R,(2011), International Politics Theory and Practice, New Academic Publishing Cooperation, Mai Hiran Gate, Jullundur., Book II: International Organization: The United Nations,pp-417-447.
2. Administrative Committee on Coordination (ACC): The United Nation's System and Human Rights: Guidelines and Information for the Resident Coordinator System.
3. Chatterjee .A, (2010) International Relations Today, Concepts and Applications, Longman(Pearson), the United Nations, pp-90-115.
4. Human Rights in India, Source: Web: Wikipedia the Free Encyclopedia.
5. Chaulia .S,(2011):India and the United Nations, Handbook of India's, International Relations, Edited by Scott D, Routledge, Taylor and Francis Group, pp-278-288.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Ergonomically Designed Workstation for Pregnant Workers in Apparel Industry
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. (Prof) Noopur Anand , Dr. Archana Gandhi, Vipul Verma, Sarablin Kaur
	:	10.9790/0837-19561423

Abstract: The textile and apparel industry is one of the leading segments of the Indian economy and the largest source of foreign exchange earnings for India. India's garment industry employs about eight million workers, of which 70 percent are women. A significant number of them are pregnant while on job and face discomforts because of long hours of working. Especially the women working in the finishing section of apparel manufacturing set-ups as the job requires them to be in standing posture for long hours at a stretch. This is not only uncomfortable but it also poses threat to pregnancy. Given such a large population of mid-aged pregnant female workers in garment manufacturing setups are facing difficulties in work, very little has been done to address their needs during pregnancy in India. This study was conducted to design a special ergonomic workstation for expectant workers to address their special needs.
Keywords: Ergonomics; Pregnancy; Workplace Hazards; Finishing; Re-engineered Workstation

[1]. Vern Simpson(March 2001) Office of Industries , US International Trade Commission report Textile and Apparel Industry: Growth potential and Trade and Investment opportunities, Washington, DC
[2]. Dr. Geetika, Dr Tripti Singh, Anvita Gupta(2011), Women Working in Informal Sector in India: A saga of Lopsided Utilization of Human Capital, International Conference on Economics and Finance Research, IPEDR vol.4
[3]. Simone Preuss ; Article; Indian garments: second only to textiles (06 November 2013) ww.fashionunited.co.uk/fashion-news/fashion/indian-garments-second-only-to-textiles-2013110618938 accessed on 5th May 2014
[4]. Bonde JP, Jørgensen KT, Bonzini M, Palmer KT. (2012). Miscarriage and occupational activity: a systematic review and meta-analysis regarding shift work, working hours, lifting, standing, and physical workload.Scand Journal of Work Environment Health.
[5]. M J Saurel-Cubizolles, J Zeitlin, N Lelong, E Papiernik, G C Di Renzo, G Bre´artJ Epidemiol Community Health. (2004). Employment, working conditions, and preterm birth: results from the Europop case-control survey. Journal of Epidemiol Community Health. pp 396.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Student Demonstration: The Case Study of 2007 Demonstration in Dhaka University, Bangladesh
Country	:	Bangladesh
Authors	:	Sajib Bala
	:	10.9790/0837-19562431

Abstract: The conflict between army men and students of Dhaka University held on 20 August 2007 in the playground of the Dhaka University gymnasium over a trivial issue, triggering off student's unrest. This demonstration later turned into violent leaving hundreds injured. The sudden outbreak of violence led the students to go on a violent rampage and demanding the immediate withdrawal of the army camp from the campus, which had been established in the country after the non-party caretaker government (NCG) assumed power. The NCG apologized to the students for the incident and decided to remove the army camp from the campus with immediate effects were pacifying steps in that direction. However, the cumulative anger amongst the students had spread far beyond the university campus. This led the caretaker government to impose curfew on 22 August 2007. After the imposition of curfew, security forces arrested many teachers and students. In the face of growing public demand and uprising, government released them finally. As political freedom had been under duress due to emergency, state-society relationships, therefore, became strained. Under such circumstances, 20 August student demonstration was the first instance which gave the message to the army that retrieving political freedom must be brought back to solving country's enormous political and socio-economic problems. With this context in perspective, this research probes the causes and implication of 20 August student demonstration.
Keywords: Dhaka University campus, Military, Non-party caretaker government, Political movements, State of emergency, Student demonstration.

[1] S. M. Lipset, Students in Revolt (Boston: Beacon Press, 1970).
[2] M. Weiner, The Politics of Scarcity (Chicago: Chicago University Press, 1962).
[3] T. Maniruzzaman, The Bangladesh Revolution and Its Aftermath (Dhaka: The University Press Limited, 1980).
[4] M. Hannan, History of the Student Movement in Bangladesh: Part II (in Bengali) (Dhaka: Agamee Prakashani, 1994).
[5] M. Anwar Hossain, Kathgorai Dhaka Bisshobiddaloi: Remand O Karagar Er Dinolipi (in Bengali) (Dhaka : Agamee Prokashoni, 2008).

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Search for Identity and Home in Buchi Emecheta's novel Second-Class Citizen
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Longjam Bedana, Sangeeta Laishram
	:	10.9790/0837-19563235

Abstract: Buchi Emecheta is one of the eminent women writers from Nigeria writing about the issues of African women's roles in the patriarchal society, the subjugation and marginalisation of African women and the clashes between tradition and modernity. Apart from these themes, the loss of identity of black women in foreign country like the United Kingdom is another recurring theme. In trying to acclimatize to the new rules, new ways of life, people, culture and environment, an emigrant finds herself torn between homelessness and alienation. The present paper is an attempt to explore how Buchi Emecheta has represented the experience and cause of being homeless and the loss of identity of the self through the central character of Adah Obi in the novel Second-Class Citizen (1974). Overall, the paper will provide an invigorating and incisive analysis of the different degrees of experiences of migrants when one crosses the border leaving home for a new and alien country.
Keywords: black women, homelessness, identity, marginalization, migrants.

[1] Beauvoir, Simone de, The Second Sex. New York: Vintage Books, 1973. p.301. Print
[2] Emecheta, Buchi, Second-Class Citizen. South Africa: Heinemann, 1974. Print. All further text references are from the same edition.
[3] "Definition of Identity and Home". Oxford Dictionaries. 2014. Web 7 May 2014.
[4] Hooks, bell, Feminist Theory: from margin to center. Boston: South End Press, 1984. p.14. Print.
[5] Aldridge, Delores P, Towards Integrating Africana Women into Africana Studies. Out of the Revolution: the Development of Africana Studies. Lanham: Rowman and Littlefield, Inc., 2003. Pp. 191-203. Print.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Turn Taking of Conversation (A Case Study of Marhata in Traditional Wedding Ceremony of Batak Toba)
Country	:	Indonesia
Authors	:	Selviana Napitupulu, Sanggam Siahaan
	:	10.9790/0837-19563643

Abstract: This research aims to formulate the pattern of turn-taking of conversation in traditional wedding ceremony in three speech situations. This research applies descriptive qualitative method. Field data, documentation and direct observation were carried out. The content of the utterances containing turn taking was verified to the expert of marhata. The analysis was based on the content and sequence to find the recurring patterns using conversation analysis approach. The research findings showed that the three rules of turn taking were applicable. Yet, the first rule was more dominant in every speech situation. It referred to the reference of kinship and the use of pronoun. When the speaker from the man's side gave turn taking to the woman's side, addresses system was used as a reference to the speaker of the woman's side while the speaker from the woman's side used personal pronoun to give turn to the man's side.
Keywords: marhata, ceremony, turn taking, conversation analysis, Batak Toba traditional wedding

[1] Berg, Bruce L. (1989). Qualitative research methods. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
[2] Carbaugh, Donald. (2005). Cultures in conversation. London: Lawrence Erllllbalum Associates.
[3] Hutchby, I., and Wooffitt, R. (1998). Conversation analysis. London: Polity Press.
[4] Miles, M. B. and Huberman, A.M. (1988). Qualitative data analysis. London: Sage Publication.
[5] Reisman, K. (1974). Contrapuntal conversations in an Antiguan village. In Bauman, R. and Sherzer, J. (eds.) Explorations in the ethnography of speaking. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Valuing What Exists: Cultural Heritage Planning and Preservation in Ile Ife, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Ayangbile,Oluwabukola A., Abiodun,Oluwafisayo D
	:	10.9790/0837-19564452

Abstract: Cultural landscapes preservation is increasingly gaining attention among planners."There is also a growing demand for planners to play a vital role in preserving built environment heritages and historically valuable urban areas, and protecting them from insensitive conversion or invasion by incompatible uses" (UN-Habitat, 2009:202-203)."Historic preservation or conservation seeks to enhance, preserve and retain the symbols of the past" (Olufemi, 2001:390).This paper examines how heritage places and spaces are protected and managed to enhance historical artifacts in Ife. Ile Ife is a traditional town with two universities and a teaching hospital. The distinct planning form in Ife is the concentric model. Using satellite imagery data of 1986 and 2013 analyzed with the Integrated Land Water Information System (ILWIS) Software and secondary data culled from published and unpublished journals, the paper examined the heritage spaces in Ile Ife. Some of the findings revealed improper documentation and demarcation of heritage sites.The paper suggests cultural mapping of historic heritage sites using planning techniques like Geographic Information System (GIS), assigning local custodians to heritage sites, enacting of cultural heritage preservation policies and legislation, and adopting traditional historical management tools as a re-vitalization planning strategy to preserve, manage and protect what already exists.
Keywords: Preservation, Cultural Heritage, GIS

[1]. Appolos O. I. (2012)"A Glimpse into Ife Mythology", Vanguard Newspapers. Sunday 24, February, Vanguard publications
[2]. Ayangbile O., Abiodun O.; (2013)"Cultural Heritage Planning", Paper presented at the 49thISOCARP Congress, 2013, Brisbane, Australia, October 1-4, 2013.
[3]. Cordelia O.;Osasona, L;Ogunshakin, O and David A. Jiboye, DA. Ile-Ife (2009): A Cultural Phenomenon in the Throes of Transformationincomplete
[4]. Feilden, Bernard M. and JokilehtoJukka (1998)Management Guidelines for World Cultural Heritage Sites, Second Edition, Rome, ICCROM.
[5]. Henry C. (Jatti) Bredekamp (2001).The Cultural Heritage of Democratic South Africa: An Overview,Iziko Museums of Cape Town.
[6]. Hero Network (2010); Cultural Heritage Integrated Management Plans; thematic report 4, Hero Network publications..

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Applying the Stockholm syndrome Phenomenon in Osofisan's Morountodunto Leadership in Africa
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Jeremiah, S Methuselah, PhD
	:	10.9790/0837-19565359

Abstract: The phenomenon known as Stockholm syndrome refers to a paradoxical relationship between a captive and a captor in which the captive displays a strong sense of bonding to his/her captor in such a way that he/she is willing to help or protect the captor even from law enforcement agencies who might be on the trail of the captor to bring him /her to justice. In this study, we have used the story of Titubi in Femi Osofisan's play Morountodunto explain this phenomenon. It is interesting to note that Titubi, in her effort to help the police wipe off the Farmers' Movement, allowed herself to be captured by them but ended up becoming converted to their cause as she lived with them and witnessed their systematic decimation and brutal annihilation by government forces. She learnt to love the poor farmers and even empathize with their plight so much that she went to the war front with them as they combated the law enforcement agencies. The implications for this on leadership in Nigeria can best be understood from the tacit suggestion in the play of the effort by leaders to submit themselves to the people by deliberately availing themselves like Titubi did, albeit unwillingly.Therefore interacting with the people is probably the only way leaders will get to understand and empathize with them like Titubi did in Morountodun.

[1]. Awodiya, Muyiwa. The Drama of Femi Osofisan: A Critical Perspective.Ibadan: Kraft, 1995. Print.
[2]. Brown, Kathleen M and Mary E. Muscari. Quick Reference to Adult and Older Forensics: A Guide for Nurses and Healthcare Professionals. Springer, 2010. Print.
[3]. Carver, Joseph M. "Love and Stockholm Syndrome". Web. 23rdJan, 2013. <drjoecarver.makeswebsites.com/.../love_and_stockholm_syndrome.html>

[4]. Dauda, Musa Enna. "Conflict Resolution: The Myth- History Paradigm in Osofisan‟s Morountodun" Alore: Ilorin Journal of the Humanities. (ed)Ododo, Sunday Enessi, Ilorin: Faculty of Arts. 16, 2006. Print.
[5]. De Fabrique, Nathalie. et al "Understanding Stockholm Syndrome" Web. 23rdJan, 2013 http://www.fbi.gov/stats-services/publications/law-enforcement-bulletin/2007- pdfs/july07leb.pdf

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Comparative Analysis of Inbound Tour Operators' Perception of Destination Competitiveness of India and Singapore
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Archana Bhatia
	:	10.9790/0837-19566065

Abstract: There are mainly two players involved in the tourism industry who provide various kinds of services to the tourists whether domestic or international and these are : Travel Agents A travel agent is a retail business agent that sells travel related products and services to customers on behalf of suppliers, railways and may include sight seeing tours and package holidays that combine several products. The agents work on commission basis. They are paid commissions on the products handled. An agent shall not buy the products unless there is a specific customer request. Tour Operators A tour operator sells a "packaged holiday‟– including the hotel, the flight and all other sort of expenses. The business type is similar to a wholesale business where the operating profit is the discount one gets from the providers of tourism products like hotels, shipping agencies, airlines, restaurants, tourist guides etc. They also have cordial relations with various government agencies in the smooth functioning of their activities. They promote complete tour package, which is sold either directly to a customer or through travel agents. As they consolidate all the products under one roof and promote group travel, they are able to provide the services at very competitive rates.

[1]. R.P.Das, Nageshwar Rao (2002)1,Journal of services Research,volume 2,number 1(April-september ,2002)
[2]. Joaquin Alegre Marin, joaquin. Alegre @uib.es / jaume.garau@uib.cat, Second International Conference on Tourism Economics (Palma, 2006), International Conference of Trends, Impacts and Policies onTourism Development (Crete, 2006).
[3]. Siriporn Mc Dowell (2010)1, Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research , Volume 15, Number 1, March 2010
[4]. Anton Abdulbasah Kamil(2010), ozean Journal of social Sciences 3(2),2010 ISSN 1943-2577
[5]. Perunjodi Naidoo, Prabha Ramseook Munhurrun, Jeynakshi Ladsawut (2008),global journal of business ,vol 4, no. 2,2010
[6]. Theresia A. Pawitra and Kay C. Tan (2001),Managing service quality vol-13,no.5 2003,pp 399-411

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Considering E-Banking Costumers Satisfaction
Country	:	Iran
Authors	:	Mohammad Ahmadpour , Fattaneh Alizadeh Meshkany, Babak Jamshidinavid
	:	10.9790/0837-19566668

Abstract: Nowadays every economic system has realized the significant role of banks. These days' banks have developed their services abroad. This development from the other side makes the environment competitive for the banks. However the main challenges of banks to approach their objectives are inappropriate strategies and purposes. Traditional banking system makes these problems more difficult. Traditional banking pays less attention to the customers attracting and satisfying. Also these banks do not try to acquire IT.
Keywords: E-banking, Success Factors, Customer satisfaction, IT.

[1]. DAWAR, P (2013). A Study of Factors Affecting Customer Satisfaction in Present Highly COMPETITIVE Banking Industry, Asia Pacific Journal of Marketing & Management Review, Vol.2 (2), February,pp172-182.
[2]. Gupta, S (2013).The Mobile Banking and Payment Revolution. The European Financial Review, February – March, pp3-6.
[3]. Internet Banking. (2013). ABA Issue Summary, American Bankers Association, Washington, D.C, pp103-104.
[4]. Ndlovu, I ,Sigola, M (2013). Benefits and Risks of E-Banking: Case of Commercial Banking In Zimbabwe. International Journal Of Engineering And Science (IJES), Volume2, Issue 4, pp. 34-40.
[5]. Oye, ND ,Shakil, M A ,Iahad, NA (2010). E-Banking: A Case Study of Askari Commercial Bank Pakistan. International Journal of Engineering Research and Applications (IJERA), Vol. 1, Issue 3, pp.1152-1167.

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Surat: As a Major Port-Town of Gujarat and its Trade History
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Sagufta Parveen
	:	10.9790/0837-19566973

Abstract: A port is a place, where people, goods and culture are transferred between land and maritime space. It is a mingle point of ocean and inland transport. A harbor is the essential transit point for the volume of the trade, permitting the imports of goods, which were not in a sufficient amount and the export of items which the country has an excess or has a competitive edge to produce contributing to the progress of its economy. The effectiveness of a port is important in international trade since a seaport is the nerve of foreign trade of a country. Surat is an ancient city and port by all evidence and had been through centuries a centre of maritime trade. The city was very populous and full of merchants. The city had a very considerable number of foreign settlers. Apart from the Europeans, there were Turks, Jews, Arabians, Persians and Armenians. Surat was a great port and commercial centre. The 17th century was an era of the prosperity for the city of Surat. The two great sources that contributed to the wealth and prosperity of the city were foreign commerce and domestic manufactures. Surat was a commercial emporium, besides such commodities as indigo, spices and cloths, many important goods imported from Europe were sold in its markets.
Keywords: Bara, Export, Factories, Maritime, Port Transportation

[1] Banga, Indu.(ed) Ports And Their Hinterland In India (1700-1950), New Delhi, 1992, P.10.
[2] Ali Muhammad Khan, Mirat-I Ahmadi (supplement), trans. In to English from Persian; Baroda, 1928, p.201.
[3] J.Ovington, A Voyage to Surat in the year 1689,ed. H.G. Rawlinson,London, 1929, p.29.
[4] Ibid, p.130.
[5] IrfanHabib" Atlas of the Mughal Empire", New Delhi, 198, P.23, Mirat, (supp). (eng. Trans.) P.223.
[6] Purchas Samuel, Hakluytus Posthumus or Purchas his Pilgrimes, Glasgow, 1905, Vol. iv, P.27.
[7] Ovington, p.163

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Muhammadan Educational Conference: It's Impact on the Development of Modern Education for Muslim Community in Rajasthan During 20th Century
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Gulshan Zubair
	:	10.9790/0837-19567478

Abstract: The Muhammadan Educational Conference established by Sir Syed Ahmad khan on 27th December 1886, in stretchy hall of the Aligarh College, presided over by Maulvi Samiullah Khan, the co-founder and a trustee of the college. It was an advance guard of his educational movement promoting modern, liberal education for the Muslim community in India. Its annual meetings were held in different parts of the country where by the co-operation of the local Muslims, the conference succeeded holding its sessions in every nook and corner of the country like- Utter Pradesh, Maharashtra, Delhi, Punjab, West Bengal, Tamil Nadu, Haryana, Madhya Pradesh, Rajasthan (Ajmer), Bangladesh, and Burma etc. steps were taken for the progress of education and its platform became the forum for the creating of new literary trends and new educational ideals. The role of Aligarh Movement is incredible for the progress of Muslim education in Indian sub-continent during 20th century. The impact of Aligarh Movement also felt extensively in the province of Ajmer and Merwara. It is important to note that for the first time the All India Muslim Educational Conference's annual meeting held under the president ship of Sir Shah Sulaiman after gap of 42 years at Ajmer. This session of the Conference is significant in the history of Muslim edification of Rajasthan region since it powerfully promulgated the idea of providing modern, vocational and religious education. It passed significant resolutions not only for the Muslim males but also to the Muslim female development of modern and traditional education. Various resolutions of Ajmer session sought the attention of British Government as well as princely states of Rajputana and princely state of Tonk towards the prevalent dreadful circumstances of Muslim education in 20th century.

[1]. Report Muhammadan Educational Conference, 1886, p.1
[2]. Abdul Rashid khan, the all India Muslim educational conference its contribution to the cultural development of Indian Muslims 1886-1947, oxford university press,2001,p.22
[3]. Report MEC 1886, p.1
[4]. Shan Muhammad, the all India Muslim educational conference, new delhi,2003, p.1
[5]. Abdul Rashid khan, op.cit,p.12
[6]. Report of M.E.C,1886,p.1
[7]. Ibid,1903,p.1
[8]. Ibid,1892,p.1

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Is Speed Bumps Installation Panacea For Road Traffic Crash Prevention? An Evaluation of Selected Major Routes in Ondo, Southwestern Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Richard Paul Chukwugozi,
	:	10.9790/0837-19567998

Abstract: The study examines the effect of speed bump installations along the selected major routes in Ondo and adopted three methods of investigation i.e. conducting Focus Group Discussions (FGDs), use of Questionnaire and referencing the FRSC Monthly RTCs Report/Quarterly Traffic Count Data. The findings reveal that road traffic crash trend changed negatively in the selected routes after the speed bumps installation except in Akure-Ado route which might be owing to traffic diverting to alternative route where speed bumps are not installed. The findings also reveal that the majority of the participants do not support the speed bumps installation because of its negative implication in terms of damage to vehicle, human health as a result of impact and exposure of road users to criminal activities and a decline in traffic volume along the selected routes after the speed bumps installation except in Akure-Owo route which might be owing to either the cost implication of fuelling vehicles if the alternative route is used or there was no alternative route. People whose residences are in proximity to highways are in the habit of indiscriminately erecting bumps without recourse to specifications posed danger to both vehicles and road users. The fact that prevalent violations on these selected routes are speed dependant, it is suggested that the decisions agreed on in a communiqué issued on the 2nd Stakeholders' forum on speed limiting device enforcement in Nigeria held in Abuja on Wednesday 04 September 2013 should be given strong political backing to achieve the goal of tackling speed factor.
Keywords: Speed, crash, bumps and installation

[1]. Ashton, S.J (1981). Pedestrian injuries: The influence of vehicle Design in H.C. Foot et al (ed.) Road Safety Research and Practice. Praeger,1981.
[2]. FRSC (2013a). FRSC and the Speed Burden. Retrieved April 10, 2014 from http://www.nigeriaintel.com/2013/09/21/frsc-and-the-speed-burden/
[3]. FRSC. 2013b. Nigeria Highway Code (3rd edition).Abuja: Detailworks Publication. August 2013.
[4]. FRSC Report. 2010. Why we have road crashes. Retrieved April 13, 2014 from http://frsc.gov.ng/rtc2011.pdf, pp.64
[5]. Nantulya, V.M. and M.R. Reich, 2002. The neglected epidemic: Road traffic injuries in developing countries. Br. Med. J., 324: 1139-1141
[6]. Odeleye, J.A. Improved Road Traffic Environment for Better Child Safety in Nigeria. 13th ICTCT Workshop Pedestrians and Road Design Proceedings
[7]. Oguara, T. M. (2010), a Management Model for Road Infrastructure Maintenance. Book of proceedings, 19th engineering assembly, Council for the Regulation of Engineering in Nigeria

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Small Retail Enterprises (SREs) and Their Role in Building Neighborhood Community in India
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Dr. Sanjeev Bansal , Pankaj Kumar
	:	10.9790/0837-195699103

Abstract: In India, small retailers dominated the retail industry. In the past few decades, small retailers have been straggling for market share as there is seen a huge development in customer needs and change in life style of consumer drastically. At present when foreign investors are increasing day by day in modern retailing, local small retailers need to be more attentive in responding to present day competition and market changes if they want to maintain their existence in this change. Many researchers say that small retailers are declining in India as powerful retail giants (supermarkets, hypermarkets, etc) taking over the marketplace. But the report published by A T Kearney demonstrates that 92% of the retail industry is still controlled by small family-run business while only 8% of the market is captured by big retailers (Kearney 2012). This paper therefore, aims to discuss the small retailers and their role in building neighborhood community in India.

[1]. Jain, Ashok. Principles of Marketing. New Delhi: V.K. Global Publications Pvt. Ltd., 2010. P 80
[2]. Joseph, M. Soundararajan, N. Gupta, M. and Sahu, S. "Impact of Organized Retailing on the Unorganized Sector, Working Paper. 222" Indian Council for Research on International Economic Relation, 2008
[3]. McKinsey and Company. "The Bird of Gold - The Rise of India's Consumer Market" May 2007.
[4]. Sinha, P.K. and Uniyal, D.P. Managing Retailing. New Delhi: Oxford University Press, 2007.
[5]. Small Business Administration Guide to SBA‟s Definitions of Small Business, 2006 (retrieved from http://www.sba.gov/gopher/FinancialAssistance/Define/defi4.txt)
[6]. Thenmozhi, S.P. and .Dhemapaul, D. "Unorganized Retailing in India – A Study on Retail Service Quality" European Journal of Social Sciences 23 (2011):71-78