iosr-JMCE   Volume-17 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov. – Dec. 2020

Abstract: Most of the recent studies focus on the progressive collapse of ordinary structures due to gravity and blast loads. A few focus on studying progressive collapse due to seismic actions, especially of bridge structures.The past major earthquakes have shown that it is possible to develop improved earthquake-resistant design techniques for new bridgesif the process of damage from initial failure to ultimate collapse and its effects on structural failure mechanisms could be analyzed and monitored.This paper presents a simulation and analysis of bridge progressive collapse behavior during a severe seismic action using Applied Element Method [AEM] which can take into account the separation of structural components resulted from fracture failure and falling debris contact or impact forces. A monolithic RC box girder bridge were numerically analyzed under the influence of Kobe seismic ground motion in longitudinal direction. The bridge models were tested to show the effect of reduction of the transverse reinforcement on the failure behavior of the monolithic bridge. The results showed that the collapse behavior transformed from mainly flexural failure to shear failure..

Key words: Progressive collapse; applied element method; box girder; Ground motion direction

[1]. Akogul, C., and Celik, O. (2008). Effect of Elastomeric Bearing Modeling Parameters on The Seismic Design of RC Highway Bridges With Precast Concrete Girders.
[2]. Anderson, D. L., Mitchell, D., and Tinawi, R. G. (1996). Performance of Concrete Bridges during the Hyogo-ken Nanbu (Kobe) Earthquake on January 17, 1995. Canadian Journal of Civil Engineering, 23 (3), pp. 714-726. [3]. Aria, M., & Akbari, R. (2013). Inspection, Condition Evaluation, and Replacement of Elastomeric Bearings in Road Bridges. Structure and Infrastructure Engineering, 9(9), 918–934.
[4]. ASI (Applied Science International). (2018). Extreme loading for structures 3.1. 〈http://www.appliedscienceint.com/extreme-loading-forstructures/〉 (May 10, 2018).
[5]. Bathe, K. (1995). Solution of equilibrium equations in dynamic analysis, Prentice Hall, Englewoods Cliffs, NJ..

Abstract: Fluids can be classified from different perspectives. From the perspective of fluid behavior under the influence of shear stress, the fluids can be classified into Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Newtonian fluid is a material in which shear stress without yield stress (at zero shear rate is zero shear stress) is only a linear function of shear rate and in this material shear stress to shear rate is called viscosity. In non-Newtonian fluids one of the two Newtonian fluid conditions (zero yield stress condition or shear stress linearity condition in terms of shear rate) or both conditions are not met simultaneously. In other words, it can be said that a non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid in which either the shear stress diagram is nonlinear in shear rate or if the diagram is linear it does not cross the origin of the coordinates......

Keywords: Local Expansion, Non-Newtonian Fluid, Numerical Simulation, Poly flow Software.

[1]. Durst F., Melling A., Whitelaw J. H., (1974), "Low Reynolds number flow over a plane symmetric sudden expansion", J. Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 64, pp. 111–128.
[2]. Cherdron W., Durst F., Whitelaw J. H., (1978), "Asymmetric flows and instabilities in symmetric ducts with sudden expansions", J. Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 84, pp. 13– 31.
[3]. Ouwa Y., Watanabe M., Asawo H., (1981), "Flow visualization of a twodimensional water jet in a rectangular channel", Jpn. J. Appl. Phys, Vol. 20, pp. 243–247.
[4]. Fearn R. M., Mullin T., Cliffe K. A. , (1990), "Nonlinear flow phenomena in a symmetric sudden expansion", J. Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 211, pp. 595–608
[5]. Durst F., Pereira J. C. F., Cliffe K. A., (1993), "The plane symmetric sudden expansion flow at low Reynolds number", J. Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 248, pp. 567..

Abstract: Fluids can be classified from different perspectives. From the perspective of fluid behavior under the influence of shear stress, the fluids can be classified into Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids. Newtonian fluid is a material in which shear stress without yield stress (at zero shear rate is zero shear stress) is only a linear function of shear rate and in this material shear stress to shear rate is called viscosity. In non-Newtonian fluids one of the two Newtonian fluid conditions (zero yield stress condition or shear stress linearity condition in terms of shear rate) or both conditions are not met simultaneously. In other words, it can be said that a non-Newtonian fluid is a fluid in which either the shear stress diagram is nonlinear in shear rate or if the diagram is linear it does not cross the origin of the coordinates...

Key words: Spiral pipe, Non-Newtonian fluid, Numerical simulation, Fluent software

.......

Abstract: This paper describes a simple model for calculating the thermodynamic properties by mathematical models for unburned mixtures and combustion gases in internal combustion engines. The fuels used in this paper are
methane, propane, hexane, Iso-octane, gasoline, and natural gas. Functions that estimate the thermodynamic curve fit coefficients for a variety of fuel, air, and combustion product species are described, the coefficients for
these polynomial functions are obtained by least square method with property data from the JANAF tables [1]. The model of Olikara and Borman is also presented to calculate the equilibrium state of combustion products at
high temperatures and pressure is set at 1 bar. This model was written in MATLAB. Also a model was developed to calculate the amount of theoretical and actual air and lower heating value for any composition for natural
gas. The model was validated by mathematical calculations. The model was validated by experimental data found in the literature for various fuels......

Keywords: models fraction, unburned mixtures, combustion gases, equilibrium

[1]. J. B. Heywood, Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1988.
[2]. G. Woschni, "A Universally Applicable Equation for the Instantaneous Heat Transfer Coefficient in the Internal Combustion Engine", SAE Paper 670931, 1967.
[3]. Gordon and B. J. McBride, "Computer Program for Calculation of Complex Chemical Equilibrium Composition, Rocket Performance, Incident and Reflected Shocks, and Chapman Jouguet Detonations", NASA publication SP-273, 1971.
[4]. "JANAF Thermochemical Tables", United States National Bureau of Standards Publications NSRDS-NBS 37, 1971.

Abstract: The sandcrete blocks have been a major material for the construction of structures inNigeria. This material has provided a means of constructing walls and partition.However, the sandcrete blocks also have the disadvantage of cost and unavailability ofmaterials such as granite, cement and other combining aggregates. Laterite, a readily available material can be efficiently used to produce Laterite brickswhich can be fired to improve its structural properties. The incorporationof wastes such as polymer into the production of bricks can contribute to a more stable constructional material. The main advantage which is the reduction of nonbiodegradable materials dominating dumpsites and landfills. The main idea of this research is to focus on the possibility of creating lateritebricks with properties improved through the addition of waste plastic. Study was carried out on the effect of the plastic wastes on the compressive strength, flexural strength, loss of weight and shrinkage due to heating. The results showed that properties such as compressive and flexural strength decreased upon increasing the polymer content but remained within the acceptable limits. Based on the results of this study, the use of waste plastic in bricks is recommended but to a limit of 5%..

Keywords: laterite bricks, polypropylene polymer bricks, crushed plastic laterite bricks.

[1]. Abdul G.Liew, Azni Idris, Abdul A. Samad, AminudinM.Baki (2004) "Reusability ofsewage sludge in Laterite bricks" Article in Journal of Material Cycles and WasteManagement Vol 6. No 1, Page 41-47.
[2]. Acoata, A., Iglesias, A., Aineto M., Romero, M., Ma Rincorn, J., (2002) "Utilizationof IGGC slag and clay sterilein soft mud bricks (by pressing) for use in buildingbricks manufacturing" Article in WasteManagement Volume 22, Issue 8, Pages 887-891.
[3]. Alonso-Santurde, R.A. Coz, J.R. Viguri,A.Andreas, (2012). "Recycling of foundry byproductsin the ceramicindustry: Green and core sand in Laterite bricks" Journal ofConstruction and Building Material, Volume 7 issue 2: pages 96-106.
[4]. ASTM C326-09. (2014). Standard Test Method for Drying and Firing Shrinkages ofCeramic WhitewareLaterites. ASTM Book of Standards, USA
[5]. ASTM C373-88. (2006) "Standard Test Method for Water Absorption, Bulk Density,Apparent porosity and Apparent Specific Gravity for Fired White ware products,Ceramic Tiles and Glass Tiles. ASTM Book of Standards, USA.

Abstract: This study titled Assessment of stabilizers used as an improvement of Mud stability in Building Mud Houses in Adamawa State was conducted in Numan Local Government. The purpose was to assess stabilizers in other to determine the Mud stabilizer suitable for stabilizing Mud during building Mud houses, in our rural areas. During the study three stabilizers were assessed; the Colter Stabilizer, the Rise Straws stabilizer and the Groundnut stabilizer. Bricks were molded using each stabilizer. The bricks were allowed to dry and the weight were measured. The average weight was 9kg, after which they were exposed to the rain for the first time. After the rain the bricks were allowed to dry again and the weight of each measured. This process was repeated for seven times..........

Keywords: Stabilizers, Mud, Houses, Brides, Colter, Rise and Groundnut

[1]. Apagu V.V & Gana D. (2013), soil Behaviors and effects on building in Numan local government area of Adamawa state. Mjossteve Multi displinary journal of science, technology and vocational Education 2(1) MAUTECH Yola.
[2]. Blanneded, E. Garcia, I Brzew, F. (2013); Earthquake resistance Construction of Adobe Building: A tutorial. New mexico: Eschibon ltd.
[3]. Berco, S.I (2009), Onsite. International Construction Digest 2(60:95-104)
[4]. Fadariro, G., & Olotudah, A.O. (2013). Low-cost Housing for the Urban poor in Akure, Nigeria: Materials and Techniques of construction. Journal of Environment and Erath Science, 9(3), 135-142.
[5]. Green, H.D. (2004) Soil mechanics. London: chapman and Hall p. 255-356.

Abstract: Suspension seats are used to isolate passengers from off-road vehicles, on-road vehicles, trains, ships and aircraft from vibrations. Transmissibility factor can be calculated by the percentage ratio of the frequency-weighted accelerationon the chair surface to the acceleration to the frequency on the floor. Two standards apply slightly different frequency weights to the vertical vibration of the seat. For most vehicles, the estimated magnitude of the vibration is higher than 0.47 m/s2 RMS, which corresponds to the lower limit of the health guidance warning zone of 8 hours exposure in the period. Twenty-four hours, according to ISO 2631-1 standard.Conducting a simulation review study is necessary to determine the appropriate calculation method so that the results are not far from the actual real world.........

Keywords: Passive suspension; Suspension seat; Dynamic vibration;Sarrus mechanism; Kinematic and Kinetic Slider-Crank.

[1] R. G. Sargent, "Verification and Validation of Simulation Models," Proceedings - Winter Simulation Conference, no. January 2011, pp. 166–183, 2010, doi: 10.1109/WSC.2010.5679166. [2] k. S. R. & a. P. T. Ram Mohan Rao, G. Venkata Rao, "Analysis of Passive and Semi Active Controlled Suspension Systems for Ride Comfort in an Omnibus Passing Over a Speed Bump," International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences, vol. 5, no. October, pp. 7–17, 2010. [3] M. Gohari and M. Tahmasebi, "Active Off-Road Seat Suspension System Using Intelligent Active Force Control," Journal of Low Frequency Noise Vibration and Active Control, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 475–490, 2015, doi: 10.1260/0263-0923.34.4.475. [4] A. Alfadhli, "Active Seat Suspensions for Automotive Applications," p. 1, 2018. [5] F. Braghin, F. Cheli, A. Facchinetti, and E. Sabbioni, "Design of an Active Seat Suspension for Agricultural Vehicles," Conference Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Mechanics Series, vol. 3, no. PART 2, pp. 1365–1374, 2011, doi: 10.1007/978-1-4419-9834-7_120.