iosr-JMCE   Volume-18 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan. – Feb. 2021

Abstract: The Buses terminals are one of the most important infrastructures for transportation, which gives buses freedom of movement to deliver passengers and luggage in safety and comfort from one place to another. Passenger trips between Khartoum State and other states are witnessing a continuous increase in the number of travelers over the years, and Khartoum State has only one Bus terminals, which helped to establish temporary random stops in different areas of the state. In this paper, a technical evaluation of the current status of the land port was carried out by collecting technical information related to the area, number of buses, traffic of services, services and other information, a questionnaire and interviews were also done to evaluate the current status of the Bus terminals and the extent of the travelers' satisfaction.....

Key words: Bus terminals, transportation, transportation, Khartoum State.

[1]. Transportation Planning Capacity Building Program, 2007, The Transportation Planning Process: Key Issues, Washington.
[2]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transport.
[3]. Brudevold, S. A. 1957. A BUS TERMINAL STUDY FOR TACOMA. University of Washington. Washington US
[4]. Hospital, C. Towers, T. Ave, P. and St, A. 2015. Bus Terminal Design Guidelines. New Delhi, India.
[5]. Hoque, A. M. 2011. BRTC International Bus Terminal. BRAC University. Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Abstract: The study is concerned with determining the effects of sewage effluent on underground water quality in Enugu metropolis. Due to improper and neglected sewage systems and other domestic activities such as domestic sewage, agricultural run-off water containing chemical pesticides and fertilizer residues, etc. had led to groundwater getting polluted. Samples were obtained from three different locations: Gariki, Ikem street Abakpa and Liberty Abakpa, all in Enugu. Two samples each were obtained from these locations, a sample from a contaminated source and the other from an uncontaminated source, making it a total of six (6) samples. Various criteria were considered for the selection of bore well. A physio-chemical test was conducted on all six samples. The guidelines of the World Health Organization for drinking water and BIS, Indian standard served as a guide in comparing the results obtained from the samples. From the analysis, it was observed that the contaminated water samples obtained.....

Key Word: Groundwater, Physio-chemical, Effluent, Borehole, septic tank, decentralized.

[1]. Adalkpoh, E.O., Nwajei, G.E. & Ogala, J.E. "Heavy metals concentrations in coal & sediments from River Ekulu in Enugu, coal city of Nigeria" Delta State University.
[2]. Deborde, D.C., & D Ball, P.N. (1998) Virus occurrence and transport in a school septic system and unconfined aquifer. Ground Water. 1998;36(5):825-834.
[3]. Egboka, B.C.E. (1985). "Water resources problems in the Enugu area of Anambra State, Nigeria". Water resources and environmental pollution unit (WREPU), Department of Geographical Anambra State University of Technology: 95,97,98
[4]. EL Attar, L., Abdel, G.A., Khairy, A.E.M., & EL Sabaje, O. (1982). The sanitary condition of rural drinking water in a Nile Delta Village: II. Bacterial contamination of drinking water in a Nile Delta Village. Journal of Hydrogeology.1982;88(1):63-68.
[5]. Engineering hydrology by K. Subramanya."Enugu State Population" city population..

Abstract: Appropriate working of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems is significant for well-organized thermal management, as well as operational costs. Furthermost of these structures use nonlinear time variances to handle instabilities, along with controllers that try to balance rise times and stability Heat pump is used to provide or absorb heat. The air-conditioning systems now are usually used in the buildings. Temperature control is important for both human comfort and for smooth functioning in industries. So there are two categories for the different applications, one is for comfort living and the other one is for industrial application. The control items in the air-conditioning include temperature, air quality and humidity in one room. The indoor environment is very important for the health and it can affect the efficiency of production. People usually spend a lot of time in the buildings, so the air conditioning system is designed to keep a comfortable environment.......

Key words: Fuzzy Logic Controller, Heat Pump,FLC, MATLAB/Simulink, HVAC.

[1]. Mathas, C., "Temperature Sensors - The Basics." Retrieved 16-03-2013 from http://www.digikey.com, 2011.
[2]. Standardization, E. C. F. "Heat pumps with eletrically driven compressors. Testing and requirements for marking of domestic hot water units". CEN/CENELEC, Technical Committee, 2011.
[3]. Heat Pump Designs, Apogee Interactive. Inc. Commercial Energy Systems Library, Retrieved from http://www.apogee.net.2013.
[4]. Shoeb Hussain, Mohammad Abid Bazaz, "Neural Network Observer Design for Sensor less Control of Induction Motor Drive", IFAC 49-1, pp 106–111, 2016.
[5]. AbolfazlHalvaeiNiasar and Hossein Rahimi Khoei, "Yiming, C. (2007). The Operational Stability of a Refrigeration System Having a Variable-speed Compressor (VSC). Department of Building Services Engineering. The Hong Kong Polytechnic University", Hindawi Publishing Corporation Advances in Artificial Neural Systems Volume, 2015.

Abstract: Poorly drained rainwater is the cause of early deterioration of earth pavements. The random nature of the current management of rain barriers, coupled with a lack of knowledge of the geotechnical and mechanical properties of the pavement layers, poses a problem with regard to the effectiveness of these protective devices. This study is aiming to determine the optimal closure duration of rain barriers based on the soil CBR index. To achieve this objective, our methodology consisted of the sampling of the identified soil, the characterization (physical and geotechnical) and subjecting it to rain simulation and then drying under unfavorable conditions. CBR values are measured as a function of drying time. The characterization of initial lateritic soil revealed that the CBRequals to 28.5%. The CBRs obtained.......

Key words: Rain Barrier, CBR, optimization, earth road, drying time

[1]. MINTP (a) (Ministère des Travaux Publics du Cameroun) « Annuaire statistiques du secteur Bâtiments et Tavaux Publics », Rapport Technique, 2016, 151p
[2]. MINTP (b) (Ministère des Travaux Publics du Cameroun), Rapport Technique, Cellule de la Programmation, 2016
[3]. MINTP (c) (Ministère des Travaux Publics du Cameroun), Direction de l'Entretien et de la Protection du Patrimoine Routier, Rapport Technique, 2016
[4]. MINTP/MINT « Arrêté conjoint N°2528/MINTP/MINT/DU 08 avril 1996/ portant localisation et modalités de fonctionnement des barrières de pluie, 1996, 5p.
[5]. Ewolo Alexis C. « Extreme Precipitation Events in Cameroon », Cameroon Meteorological Department, 2011, 18p.

Abstract: In this study, numerical methods have been used to simulate the laminarflow of nanofluid inside the spiral micro-tube. Reynolds numbers range from 500 to 2500, helix diameters of 1, 1.5, 2 and 2.5 cm, volume fraction of CuO nanoparticles, 0%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3% and 0.5%, and copper micro tube Whose wall temperature is assumed to be constant. The diameter of the micro-tube is 0.8 mm. In this research, the development of numerical model based on single-phase nanofluid model has been discussed. Then, the validation of the model and the independence of the solution from the mesh are examined. The results show that the use of spiral micro-tubes relative to straight tubes leads to improved heat transfer. The use of nanoparticles in the base fluid also improves the thermal performance of the system. As the diameter of the helix increases, the rate of heat transfer and the coefficient of friction decrease. For different modes, the performance evaluation criterion (PEC) was calculated and compared. It has been shown that a 1 cm diameter micro-tube with 0.05% water-CuO nanofluid has the best thermal performance.

Key words: piral micro-tube1, water-CuO nanofluid2, Coil diameter3, , Numerical modeling4

[1]. Siginer DA, Wang HP, A.S.o.M.E.F.E. Division, A.S.o.M.E.M. Division. Developments and applications of non-Newtonian flows, 1995. In: Presented at the 1995 ASME international mechanical engineering congress and exposition, November 12e17, 1995. San Francisco, California: American Society of Mechanical Engineers; 1995.
[2]. Eastman JA, Choi SUS, Li S, Yu W, Thompson LJ. Anomalously increased effective thermal conductivities of ethylene glycol-based nanofluids containing copper nanoparticles. Appl Phys Lett 2001;78(6):718e20.
[3]. Das SK, Putra N, Thiesen P, Roetzel W. Temperature dependence of thermal conductivity enhancement for nanofluids. J Heat Transf 2003;125(4): 567e74.
[4]. Jang SP, Choi SUS. Role of Brownian motion in the enhanced thermal conductivity of nanofluids. Appl Phys Lett 2004;84(21):4316e8.
[5]. Tillman P, Hill JM, Ieee. A new model for thermal conductivity in nanofluids. New York: Ieee; 2006.

Abstract: In this study, the effect of simultaneous use of vortex generator and nanofluid inside the pipe with the aim of increasing the heat transfer rate has been investigated. There are two single-phase and two-phase methods for modeling nanofluid flow. Due to the fact that in the basic fluid operation, a separate phase and nanoparticles are also a separate phase, so the use of two-phase models for modeling the behavior of this nanoscale is more accurate. The effects of Peclet number, Reynolds number, nanoparticlesize and nanofluid mean concentration on the distribution of nanoparticles have been evaluated. The valuesof thermal conductivity and viscosity as the main thermo physical properties of nanofluids changedacross different layers of the liquid due to the heterogeneous distribution of concentration........

Key words: Heat transfer, Nanofluid, Heterogeneous concentration, Turbulent flow, Two phase model

[1]. Amani, Mohammad, Mohammad Ameri, and Alibakhsh Kasaeian. "The efficacy of magnetic field on the thermal behavior of MnFe2O4 nanofluid as a functional fluid through an open-cell metal foam tube." Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials 432 (2017): 539-547.
[2]. Milanese, M., et al. "Optical absorption measurements of oxide nanoparticles for application as nanofluid in direct absorption solar power systems–Part I: water-based nanofluids behavior." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 147 (2016): 315-320.
[3]. Milanese, M., et al. "Optical absorption measurements of oxide nanoparticles for application as nanofluid in direct absorption solar power systems–Part II: ZnO, CeO2, Fe2O3 nanoparticles behavior." Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells 147 (2016): 321-326.
[4]. Milanese, Marco, et al. "An investigation of layering phenomenon at the liquid–solid interface in Cu and CuO based nanofluids." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 103 (2016): 564-571.
[5]. Amani, Mohammad, Mohammad Ameri, and Alibakhsh Kasaeian. "Investigating the convection heat transfer of Fe3O4 nanofluid in a porous metal foam tube under constant magnetic field." Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 82 (2017): 439-449.

Abstract: The present work uses water as a heat exchanger fluid in a compact finned tube heat exchanger (automotive radiator) as a preliminary experimental procedure to achieve the use of nanoparticles to increase the heat exchanger's thermal efficiency and effectiveness under analysis. The objectives are to carry out measurements of thermal quantities related to water in laminar regime in the tubes; to compare experimental results with theoretical results obtained through the theory of effectiveness (ε - NUT). The air is induced to pass through the free section of the radiator through a wind tunnel. The physical quantity measurement system is coupled with a data acquisition system. The comparison of theoretical and experimental results demonstrates the consistency of the recommended experimental procedure.

Key words: Compact heat exchanger; Automotive radiator; Effectiveness theory (ε – NUT); Flat finned tube heat exchanger.

[1]. P. Mounika, Rajesh K Sharma, and P. S. Kishore (2016). "Performance Analysis of Automobile Radiator." International Journal on Recent Technologies in Mechanical and Electrical Engineering (IJRMEE), Volume: 3 Issue: 5, 35-38.
[2]. Élcio Nogueira (2020). "The effectiveness method (ε-NTU) to analyze the thermal performance of the flat tube multi-louvered finned radiator with silver nanoparticles suspension in ethylene Glycol." International Journal of Advanced Technology and Engineering Exploration, Vol. 7(66), 102-112. http://dx.doi.org/10.19101/IJATEE.2020.762040
[3]. C. Selvam, R. Solaimalai Raja, D. Mohan Lal, Sivasankaran Harish (2017). "Overall heat transfer coefficient improvement of an automobile radiator with graphene-based suspensions." International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer 115 (2017) 580–588. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijheatmasstransfer.2017.08.071
[4]. Amit S. Gulhaneágua and S.P. Chincholkar (2015). "Experimental Investigation of Convective Heat Transfer Coefficient of Al2O3/Water Nanofluid at Lower Concentrations in a Car Radiator". Proceedings of the 17th ISME Conference ISME17 October 3-4, 2015, IIT Delhi, New Delhi.
[5]. 5 - D. Ravi and B. K. C. Ganesh (2018). "Examine the Performance of an Automotive Radiator Using Ethylene Glycol and Copper oxide Nanofluid as a Coolant." International Journal of Innovative Research in Technology, Volume 5, Issue 1, 362-368.