iosr-JMCE   Volume-7 ~ Issue-4

Abstract: Metal matrix nanocomposites (MMNCs) with the addition of nano-sized ceramic particles can be of significance for automobile, aerospace and numerous other applications. The physical and mechanical characteristics of the light refractory carbides such as SiC, TiC and B4C make them suitable for being used as reinforcement in aluminium base metal matrix composites This paper presents a technique for an inexpensive fabrication of bulk lightweight MMNCs with reproducible microstructures and superior properties by use of ultrasonic nonlinear effects, namely transient cavitation and acoustic streaming; to achieve uniform dispersion of nano-sized B4C particles in molten aluminum alloy. Nano-sized B4Cp enhanced properties of aluminium matrix composites, with 1.5%wt of B4C. As compared to the base metal alloy, the mechanical properties including tensile strength and yield strength of the nanocomposites were improved significantly, while the ductility of base metal alloy matrix castings was retained. Micro structural study was carried out with an optical microscope and SEM which validates a good dispersion of nano-sized B4Cp in metal matrix. Mechanical properties of the as-cast MMNCs have been improved significantly even with a low weight fraction of nano-sized B4C.

Key Words: Metal matrix nano composites, Ultrasonic cavitaion, Boron carbide nanoparticles.

[[1]. G. Cao, H. Konishi, X. Li, "Mechanical properties and microstructure of SiC-reinforced Mg-(2,4)Al-1Si nanocomposites fabricated by ultrasonic cavitation based solidification processing". Materials Science and Engineering A 486 (2008) 357–362.
[2]. Jie Lan, Yong Yang, Xiaochun Li "Microstructure and microhardness of SiC nanoparticles reinforced magnesium composites fabricated by ultrasonic method" Materials Science and Engineering A 386 (2004) 284–290.
[3]. Yong Yang, Jie Lan, Xiaochun Li "Study on bulk aluminum matrix nano-composite fabricated by ultrasonic dispersion of nano-sized SiC particles in molten aluminum alloy" Materials Science and Engineering A 380 (2004) 378–383.
[4]. Guoping Cao, Hiromi Konishi, Xiaochun Li "Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Mg/SiC Nanocomposites Fabricated by Ultrasonic Cavitation Based Nanomanufacturing" Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering JUNE 2008, Vol. 130.
[5]. G. Cao, H. Konishi and X. Li "Recent Developments on Ultrasonic Cavitation Based Solidification Processing of Bulk Magnesium Nanocomposites" International Journal of Metal casting/Winter 08, 57-68.
[6]. Yong Yang, Xiaochun Li, "Ultrasonic Cavitation Based Nanomanufacturing of Bulk Aluminum Matrix Nanocomposites. Journal of Manufacturing Science and Engineering" JUNE 2007, Vol. 129 / 497-501.
[7]. Xiaochun Li et al. "Fundamental Study of Bulk Magnesium Alloy Matrix Nanocomposites Fabricated by Ultrasonic Cavitation Based Solidification Processing" NSF Nanoscale Science and Engineering Grantees Conference, Dec 4-6, 2006.
[8]. S. M. Zebarjad, S. A. Sajjadi and E. Z. Vahid Karimi " Influence of Nanosized Silicon Carbide on Dimensional Stability of Al/SiC Nanocomposite" Research Letters in Materials Science Volume 2008, Article ID 835746, 4 pages.
[9]. A. Mazahery, H. Abdizadeh, H.R. Baharvandi "Development of high-performance A356 nano-Al2O3 composites" Materials Science and Engineering A 518 (2009) 61–64.
[10]. Vikram Singh and R.C. Prasad "Tensile and fracture behaviour of 6061 Al-SiCp metal matrix composites", International symposium of research students on materials science and engineering, December 20-22, 2004, Chennai, India.

Abstract: The Aluminium Industries Ltd was one of the leading switchgear manufacturers in India. It flourished in late 1960's. The company then faced severe financial stringency and doomed in 1985. This paper is based on an industrial training carried out at the company. The performance analysis and problem identification were carried out as part of the study and is summarised through this paper. The real problems at the company could be identified and suitable corrective measures could solve the problem and upheld the company in future.

Keywords - Capacity utilization, Cause and Effect relationship, Financial Performance, Sales performance SWOT analysis

Reports
[1] Annual Report of ALIND

Abstract: Manufacturing of dies has been presenting greater requirements of geometrical accuracy, dimensional precision and surface quality as well as decrease in costs and manufacturing times. Although proper cutting parameter values are utilized to obtain high geometrical accuracy and surface quality, there may exist geometrical discrepancy between the designed and the manufactured surface profile of the die cavities. In milling process; cutting speed, step over and feed are the main cutting parameters and these parameters affect geometrical accuracy and surface quality of the casting die cavities. In this paper, effects of the cutting parameters on geometrical error have been examined on a representative die cavity profile. To remove undesired volume in the die cavities, available cutting strategies are investigated. Finish option for roughing and finish option for finishing are optimized to reduce the Machining time of the cutting process thereby decreasing the cost of cutting process. The cutting parameters considered are Cut Feed, Step Depth, Spindle Speed for both roughing and finishing, scan type for roughing and lace type for finishing.3D model and manufacturing process is done in parametric modeling software Pro/Engineer wildfire5.0.

Keywords: Casting Dies, Milling Process ,, roughing & finishing of die cavity..

[1]. Campbell, John (2003), casting (2th ed.), Butter worth-Heinemann, ISBN [2]. Ravi, B. (2005), Metal Casting: Computer-Aided Design and Analysis (1st ed.), PHI
[3]. Woodbury, Robert S. (1972) [1960], the Milling Machine. Cambridge, USA, and England.
[4]. Millers and Pedgen D, 2000, "Introduction to Manufacturing Simulation"
[5]. H. Juan, S.F. Yu, B.Y. Lee, "The optimal cutting-parameter selection of production cost in HSM for SKD61
[6]. tool steels", International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufactur.[7]. "BMW starts production of new 5 Series in India". Press Trust of India. July 13, 2010. Archived from the original on 18 July 2010. Retrieved 13 July 2010.
[8]. L.N. Lopez de Lacalle, A. Lamikiz, J.A. Sanchez, J.L. Arana, "Improving the surface finish in high speed milling of stamping dies", Journal of Materials Processing Technology .
[9]. A. Kaldos, I.F. Dagiloke, A. Boyle, "Computer aided cutting process parameter selection for high speed milling", Journal of Materials Processing Technology .
[10]. Jenq Shyong By Chen, Yung Kuo Huang, Mao-Son Chen, "Feed rate optimization and tool profile modification for the high-efficiency ball end milling process", International Journal of Machine Tools &Manufacture..

Abstract: The main aim of the project is to analyze the thermal properties by varying geometry, material and thickness of cylinder fins. Parametric models of cylinder with fins have been developed to predict the transient thermal behavior. The models are created by varying the geometry, rectangular, circular and curved shaped fins and also by varying thickness of the fins. The 3D modeling software used is Pro/Engineer.The analysis is done using ANSYS. Presently Material used for manufacturing cylinder fin body is Aluminum Alloy 204 which has thermal conductivity of 110-150W/mk. We are analyzing the cylinder fins using this material and also using Aluminum alloy 6061 and Magnesium alloy which have higher thermal conductivities.

Keywords: Engine Cylinder Fins , Material , Fea Anlysis

[1]. Thornhill D., Graham A., Cunningham G., Troxier P.and Meyer R., Experimental Investigation into the Free Air-Cooling of Air-Cooled Cylinders, SAE Paper 2003-32-0034, (2003)
[2]. Thornhill D., Stewart A. and Cuningham G., The Queen's University of Belfast Troxler P., Meyer R. and Price B.Harley-Davidson Motor Co. Experimental Investigation into the Temperature and Heat Transfer Distribution around Air-Cooled Cylinders SAE paper 2006-32-0039/20066539 (2006)
[3]. Thornhill D. and May A., An Experimental Investigation into the Cooling of Finned Metal Cylinders in a free Air Stream, SAE Paper 1999-01-3307 (1999)
[4]. Gibson H., The Air Cooling of Petrol Engines, Proceedings of the Institute of Automobile Engineers, Vol.XIV, 243-275 (1920)
[5]. Biermann E. and Pinkel B., Heat Transfer from Finned Metal Cylinders in an Air Stream, NACA Report No. 488 (1935)
[6]. Masao Yoshida, Soichi Ishihara, Yoshio Murakami, Kohei Nakashima and Masago Yamamoto, Air-Cooling Effects of Fins on Motorcycle Engine, JSME International Journal, Series B, 49(3), (2006)
[7]. Zakhirhusen, Memon K., Sundararajan T., Lakshminarasimhan V., Babu Y.R. and Harne Vinay, Parametric study of finned heat transfer for Air Cooled Motorcycle Engine, SAE Paper, 2005-26-361, (2005)
[8]. Zakirhusen, Memon K. and Sundararajan T., Indian Institute of Technology Madras, V. Lakshminarasimhan, Y.R. Babu and Vinay Harne, TVS Motor Company Limited, Simulation and Experimental Evaluation of Air Cooling for Motorcycle Engine, 2006-32-0099 / 20066599 (2006)
[9]. Pathak Sunil, Turbo charging and oil techniques inlight motor vehicles, Res.J. Recent Sci, 1(1), 60-65 (2012)
[10]. Dev Nikhil, Attri Rajesh, Mittal Vijay, Kumar Sandeep, Mohit, Satyapal, Kumar pardeep, Thermodynamic analysis of a combined heat and power system, Res.J. Recent Sci, 1(3), 76-79 (2012)

Abstract: The four stroke otto engine uses just one of the four strokes to perform work. This causes various problems: The engine runs jerkily, and this can only be prevented by a large flywheel, which needs a lot of space and weights pretty much in addition. In this thesis, thermal loads and pressures produced in the multi cylinder petrol engine Toyota 86 Car by varying compression ratios 14:1, 15:1, 18:1, 20:1 and 25:1 are calculated by mathematical correlations And also calculating the effect of these thermal loads on piston and piston rings by varying materials Cast Iron, Aluminum Alloy 6061 for piston and Cast Iron and Steel for piston rings.FEA transient thermal analysis is performed on the parametric model to validate the effect of thermal loads on piston and piston rings for different materials. The optimum value of compression ratio and the better material is determined by analysis results to improve the heat transfer rate of multi cylinder engine piston and piston rings. Dynamic analysis is done on the piston by applying the pressures developed and also static analysis by applying the maximum pressure.

Keywords: Multi cylinder engines, Piston, Piston rings, Compression ratio, Materials, FEA analysis

[1]. A Text Book of Internal Combustion Engines: by Rajput, Laxmi publications.
[2]. A Text Book of Thermal Engineering by R.K. Rajput, Laxmi publications.
[3]. A Text Book of Internal combustion engine fundamentals by John B. Heywood, TATA McGraw Hill.
[4]. A Text Book of Automobile Engineering by R.K. Rajput, Laxmi publications.
[5]. A Text Book of Internal Combustion Engines 3e by V. Ganesan, TATA McGraw Hill.
[6]. A Text Book of Fundamentals Of Internal Combustion Engines by H.N. Gupta, PHI publishers.
[7]. A Text Book of Internal Combustion Engines by Shyam K. Agrawal, TATA McGraw Hill.
[8]. A Text Book of Automotive Engines by S Srinivasan, TATA McGraw Hill.
[9]. 10. A Text Book of Design data Hand book by S.Md.Jalaludeen, Anuradha Publications.

Abstract: In this experimental study the changes on some mechanical properties of self compacting concrete specimen produced by silica fume, metakaolin, fly ash and steel fibers were investigated. The main objective of this is to obtain ductile Self Compacting High Strength Concrete (SCHSC) which flows under its own weight and homogeneity while completely filling any formwork and passing around congested reinforcement. The Self Compacting High Strength Concrete produced by using silica fume, metakaolin, fly ash, steel fibers and Polycarboxylatether base superplasticizer. Three types of steel fibers were used in the experiments and volume fractions of steel fiber were 0.5% to 4.0 %. Addition of silica fume, metakaolin and fly ash into the concrete were 2.5 %, 2.5 % and 10 % by weight of cement content respectively. Water/cement ratio was 0.29. Compressive strength and split tensile strength tests were made on hardened concrete specimens.

Keywords–Compressive Strength, Fly Ash, High Strength Concrete (HSC), High Strength Fiber Reinforced Concrete (HSFRC), Metakaolin, Silica fume, Split Tensile Strength, Steel Fibres.

[1] Hajime Okamura and Masahiro Ouchi, "Self Compacting Concrete", Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology Vol. 1, No. 1, April 2003, pp. 5-15.
[2] Khayat K. H., "Workability, Testing and Performance of Self Consolidating Concrete", ACI Materials Journal, Vol. 96 , No. 3, May-June 1999, pp.346-354.
[3] EFNARC, "The European Guidelines for Self Compacting Concrete Specification, Production and Use", May 2005.
[4] Jacek K.," Steel Fiber and Steel Fiber Reinforced Concrete in Civil Engineering", The Pacific Journal of Scie nce And Technology, Vol. 7, No. 1, May2006, pp.53-58.
[5] Chuan Mein Wong, "Use of Short Fibres in Structural Concrete to Enhance Mechanical Properties", University of Southern Queensland, November 2004.
[6] Rame G. M., Narasimhan M.C., Karisddappa and Rajeeva S. V., "Study of the Properties of SCC with Quarry Dust", The Indian Concrete Journal published by ACC limited, Vol.83, No.8, August 2009, pp.54-60.
[7] Joaquim A.O.B., Lucio A.P., Varma R.K. and Delfina M.F., "Cost Competitive Steel Fiber Reinforced SCC for Structural Applications", The Indian Concrete Journal published by ACC limited, Vol.83, No.8, August 2009, pp.15 -26.
[8] IS: 456-2000, "Indian Standard for code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete".
[9] IS: 383-1970. "Specification for course and Fine Aggregates from natural sources for concrete." Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi.
[10] IS: 516-1959, Edition 1.2 (1991-07), "Indian Standard for Methods of test for strength of concrete.

Abstract: Particulate sintering of iron ore has been carried out using the necessary ingredients. Empirical analysis of the sintering time based on the coke breeze input concentration and ignition temperature were also successfully obtained through first principle application of a derived model which functioned as a evaluative tool. The derived model;

Keywords:Particulate Iron Ore Sintering, Sintering Time, Ignition Temperature, Coke Breeze Input

[1] D. F. Ball, J. Dartnell, J. Davison, A. Grieve, R. Wild, Agglomeration of iron ores. Heinemann Educational books. American
Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc., USA. 1973.
[2] A. Gross, E. A. Anthony, Particulate Emissions Reduction in Sintering Operation. US Patent No. 3975185, Application No.
564590, August 17, 1976.
[3] N. A. El-Hussiny, M. E. H. Shalabi, Effect of Recycling Blast Furnace Flue Dust as Pellets on the Sintering Performance.
Science of Sintering, 42 (2010) 269-281.
[4] F. Cappel, W. Hastik, Sintering Process fro Iron Ore Mixture. U.S. Patent No. 4168154, Application No. 05/884352, September
18, 1979.
[5] V. I. Nwokocha, The Formation and Stabilization of Calcium Silicate In the Structure of Super Fluxed Sinters.Ph. D Thesis,
Nnamdi Azikiwe University, Awka, Anambra State, Nigeria, (2011).
[6] C. I. Nwoye, C-NIKBRAN: ''Data Analytical Memory'' (2008).
[7] Microsoft Excel Version 2003.

Abstract: Maintenance is a set of organised activities that are carried out in order to keep an item in its best operational condition with minimum cost acquired. Predictive maintenance (PdM) is one of the maintenance program that recommends maintenance decisions based on the information collected through condition monitoring techniques, statistical process control or equipment performance for the purpose of early detection and elimination of equipment defects that could lead to unplanned downtime of machinery or unnecessary expenditures. Particularly Gears and rolling element bearings are critical elements in rotating machinery, so predictive maintenance is often applied to them. Fault signals of gearboxes or rolling-element bearings are non-stationary. This paper concludes with a brief discussion on current practices of PDM methodologies such as vibration analysis and Acoustic Emission analysis, which are widely used as they offers a complimentary tool for health monitoring or assessment of gears in rotating machineries.

Keywords: Acoustic emission, Data mining, Signal processing, Vibration Analysis

[1]. Assessment of Bearing Fault Detection Using Vibration Signal Analysis by Amit R. Bhende, GK Awari and SP Untawale
[2]. Sound and Vibration Measurement A/S,Bruel&Kjaer
[3]. Vibration-based fault diagnosis of spur bevel gear box using fuzzy techniqueN. Saravanan, S. Cholairajan, K.I. Ramachandran
[4]. A comparison of Acoustic Emission and Vibration on Bearing Fault Detection by Xiaoqin Liu, Xing Wu, Chang Liu.Faculty of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering,Kunming University of Science and Technology,Kunming, China.
[5]. Practical Machinery Vibration Analysis and Predictive Maintenance,(Scheffer and Gridhar)
[6]. Interpolation techniques for time domain averaging vibration of gear, Mechanical System and signal Processing(1989),Examination of a technique for the early detection of failure in gears by signal processing of the time domain average of the meshing vibration(1987) by P.D.McFadden
[7]. An acoustic method to predict tooth surface failure of in service gears by K.Umezawa.T.Ajima and H.Houjoh.
[8]. A comparative experimental study on the diagnostic and prognostic of acoustic emission,vibration and spectrometric oil analysis(2005) by CheeKeongTan ,Phil Irving,DavidMba.
[9]. Application of Acoustic Emission to seeded gear fault detection (2005)by Tim Toutountzakis,CheeKeong Tan and David Mba.
[10]. Condition monitoring of worm gears (2012) by M.Elforjani,D.Mba,A,Sire and A.Muhammad.

Abstract: Transportation planning is an important part in the development of a region. An effective transport system and associated urban forms will improve the economic and social opportunities. Accessibility and mobility are the two main parameters which contribute to the effective transportation system. In this paper, the accessibility to the public transportation system is identified for the selected study area with the help of an indexing system. The sub-area in the region was thus graded based on their accessibility and the obtained values are found to resemble the real world.

Keywords-Accessibility, indexing system, public transport system, transport planning

[1] G Christopher and S Geoff (2008)," Advances In Public Transport Accessibility Assessments For Development Control – A Proposed Methodology", Capita Symonds Ltd Transport Consultancy
[2] A M Sha and E. L Nicholas, Aggregated Public Transit Accessibility Measure journal of transportation research board, volume 2217/2011
[3] L Wei, Q Yi(2009), "An enhanced two-step floating catchment area (E2SFCA) method for measuring spatial accessibility to primary care physicians" Health & Place 15 (2009) 1100–1107
[4] T.M Alan, J Robert. Stimsonc and F Luis (1998),"Public Transportation Access", Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment 3(5)
[5] L Jonathan , G Joe, S Qing (2010)"Metropolitan Accessibility and Transportation Sustainability," Fifth Urban Research Symposium 2009
[6] S Sony and O Piotr "Modelling walking accessibility to public transport terminals" Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies, Vol. 6, pp. 147 - 156, 2005

Abstract: Fuel injection parameters play an important role in diesel engine performance for obtaining proper combustion. The performance and emission characteristics of diesel engine depend on many parameters. The important parameters which influence the performance and emission of diesel engine are fuel injection pressure, fuel nozzle holes and its size. An experimental study was performed on a light duty direct injection diesel engine at 200 bar, 220 bar and 240 bar injection pressure to study its effect on performance and emission. The injection pressure was changed by adjusting the fuel injector spring tension. Future emission legislation will require substantial reductions of NO x and Smoke emissions from diesel engines. The combustion and formation in a diesel engine is governed mainly by spray formation and mixing. Important parameters governing these are droplet size, distribution concentration and injection velocity. Smaller orifices are believed to give smaller droplet size, even with reduce injection pressure, which leads to better fuel atomization, faster evaporation and better mixing. The performance and emission characteristics were presented graphically to conclude that they were found better with 5 hole nozzle of Ø = 0.2 mm at the fuel injection pressure 220 bar for the light duty engine.

Keywords: Diesel engines, performance, fuel injection parameters, BSFC, NOx emission.

[1] Seang-wock Lee, Daisuke Tanaka, Jin Kusaka, Yasuhira Daisho. 2002. Effects of diesel fuel characteristics on spray and combustion in a diesel engine. JSAE Review. 23: 407-414.
[2] S. P. Wategave , M. S. Sawant , M. S. Tandale , G. Suresh , V. S. Yaliwal , N. R. Banapurmath & P.G. Tewari. 2013. Effect of injection timing, injector opening pressure and nozzle geometry on the performance of a compression ignition engine operated on non-edible oil methyl esters from different sources, International Journal of Sustainable Engineering, DOI:10.1080/19397038.2013.777134.
[3] Ganesan V. Engine emission and their control, "Internal combustion engines" (McGraw Hill,ND, 3rd ed., 2008, page 471-500).
[4] Rosli, Abu Bakar, Semin, and Abdul Rahim Ismail. 2008. Fuel Injection Pressure Effect on Performance of Direct Injection Diesel Engines Based on Experiment. American Journal of Applied Sciences 5 (3): 197–202.
[5] Celikten, Ismet. 2003. An experimental investigation of the effect of the injection pressure on engine performance and exhaust emission in indirect injection diesel engines, Applied Thermal Engineering 23, pp: 2051–2060.
[6] M.L.S Deva Kumar, S.Drakshayani, K.Vijaya Kumar Reddy.2012. Effect of Fuel Injection Pressure on Performance of Single Cylinder Diesel Engine at Different Intake Manifold Inclinations. International Journal of Engineering and Innovative Technology. ISSN: 2277-3754.
[7] Bakar, R.A., Semin., Ismail, A.R. and Ali, Ismail. 2008. Computational Simulation of Fuel Nozzle Multi Holes Geometries Effect on Direct Injection Diesel Engine Performance Using GT-POWER. American Journal of Applied Sciences 5 (2): 110-116.

Abstract:Delays in the construction projects are global events and the construction industry in Iran is no exception. The main purpose of this study is to identify the delay factors and their effect on a particular project completion named Ghadir 2206 residential construction project located in Fooladshahr, Iran.
It is attempted to analyze the most important causes and their impacts on specific effects. This study identified nine most important causes of delay and effects of delay. Nine most important causes were: 1) Contractor's improper planning, 2) Design changes, 3) Contractor's poor site management and mistaken decision in changing managers, 4) Inadequate contractor experience, 5) Inadequate client's finance and payments for completed work, 6) Problems with subcontractors, 7) Lack of communication between parties, 8) Construction mistakes and defective works ,9) Material price escalation. The causes categories in contractor- related factors, consultant-related factors, client-related factors and external factors. The high significant causes identified are 1) Design changes 2) Material price escalation Six main effects of delay were: 1) Time overrun 2) Cost overrun, 3) Disputes, 4) Arbitration, 5) Litigation, and 6) Abandonment

Keywords: Delay causes; Delay effects; Construction industry; Iran; Ghadir 2206 residential project;

[1]. Agyakwah-Baah, Frank D.K. Fugar and Adwoa B. "Delays in Building Construction Projects in Ghana." Australasian Journal of Construction Economics and Building, (2010)10 (1/2): 103-116.
[2]. Andersson; Claes-Axel;et al. Site management handbook. Geneva: International Labour Office, 1996.
[3]. Assaf, S.A. AlHejji S. "Causes of delay in large construction projects." International Journal of Project Management, , (2006)24 (4): 349-357.
[4]. Murali Sambasivan, Yau Wen Soon. "Causes and effects of delays in Malaysian construction industry." International Journal of Project Management, (2007) 27: 517-526.
[5]. Sweis, G., Sweis, R., Abu Hammad, A. and Shboul, A. "Delays in construction projects: The case of Jordan." International Journal of Project Management , (2008)26 (6): 65-74.
[6]. T, Barry B. Bramble and Michael. Construction Delay Claims. Wolters Kluwer Law & Business, 2010.
[7]. Z, Prosci. web page:Change Management Pilot Professional. http://www.change-management.com/cm-pilot.htm.
[8]. Ziabari, Kourosh. web page:Iran Hyperinflation. http://www.marketoracle.co.uk/Article37225.html.
[9]. websit of municipality, Fooladshahr. web page :about Fooladshahr. http://www.fooladshahr.ir/web/fooladshahren/fooladshahr

Abstract: Femur is leg bone of the human body Undergoing more deformation. Biomechanics is the theory of how tissues, cells, muscles, bones, organs and the motion of them and how their form and function are regulated by basic mechanical properties. The aim of this study is to create a model of real proximal human femur bone and the behavior of femur bone is analyzed in ANSYS under physiological load conditions. A finite element model of bones is generated by using CT scan data are being widely used to make realistic investigations on the mechanical behavior of bone structures. . Orthopedic implantation is done in case of failure. Before implantation it is necessary to analyze the perfectness in case of its material property, size and shape, surface treatment, load resistance and chances of failure. Analysis is done for the stresses formed in different femur implant materials under static loading condition using ANSYS software. Analysis is done on different materials like structural steel, and Ti-6Al-4V implant materials. Since each femur carries 1/2 the body weight , analysis is done for 550kg,650kg, 750kg load, including the cases of patient carrying certain weight. And based on the analysis it can be concluded that, while comparing these two implant materials Ti-6Al-4V gave less deformation on static load conditions. TI-6AL4V is a low density material, which has excellent bio compatible and mechanical properties, it is ideal for the use of an implant in surgeries. Finally the success of implantation depends on implant material and size, implantation method and its handling by the patient.

Keywords: Biomechanics, Modeling, FEA, FEM, Femur

[1] Amornsamankul, S.; Kaorapapong, K.; Wiwatanapataphee, B.(2010) : Three-Dimensional Simulation of Femur Bone and Implant in Femoral Canal using Finite Element Method, International Journal of Mathematics and Computers in Simulation, volume 4, pp 171-178.
[2] Bredbenner, T.L.; Eliason,T.D.; Potter,R.S.; Mason,R.L.; Havill,L.M.; Nicolella D.P. (2010) : Statistical Shape Modeling Describes Variation in Tibia and Femur Surface Geometry Between Control and Incidence Groups From The Osteoarthritis Initiative Database, Journal of Biomechanics ,43 1780–1786
[3] Cheung, G.; Zalzal, P. ; Bhandari, M.; Spelt, J.K. ; Papini, M. (2004) : Finite Element Analysis of a Femoral Retrograde Intramedullary Nail Subject to Gait Loading, Medical Engineering and Physics, 26 93–108.
[4] Coelho, P. G.; Fernandes, P. R.; Rodrigues, H. C.; Cardoso, J.B. ; Guedes, J.M. (2009) Numerical modeling of bone tissue adaptation—A hierarchical approach for bone apparent density and trabecular structure ,Journal of Biomechanics, 42 830–837
[5] Simulation of the mechanical behaviour of a HIP implant fixed to bone by cementation under arbitrary load-C R Oldani1 and A A Dominguez, Journal of Physics:conference series 90,Pg:142-146.
[6] Comparison of loading behaviour of femural stem of Ti-4Al-6V and cobalt-chromium alloys: a three dimensional finite element analysis-R.R. Clarke, I C Gruen, Sarmiento.
[7] T.A. Brown, L.Kohan, B.Ben-Nissan ―Assessment By Finite Element Analyis Of The Impact Of Osteoporosis And Osteoarthritis On Hip Resurfacing‖, 5th ACAM 12-17 dec 2007.
[8] TOMMASINI S. M., NASSER P., SCHAFFLER M. B., JEPSEN K. J.Relationship between bone morphology and bone quality in male tibias: implications for stress fracture risk, J Bone Miner Res, 2005, 20:1372–1380.
[9] BENNELL K., MATHESON G., MEEUWISSE W., BRUKNER P., Risk factors for stress fractures, Sports Med, 1999, 28:91–122.
[10] GILADI M., MILGROM C., SIMKIN A., DANON Y., Stress fractures. Identifiable risk factors, Am J Sports Med, 1991, 19:647–652

Abstract: The work is presented in the context of estimating the seismic vulnerability of reinforced concrete building by determining the maximum displacements of all levels of the studied building and stability factors, by comparing the seismic shifts in the three areas of Morocco, using seismic regulations 2000, different vulnerabilities studies allowed us to establish a new concept of the economic impact of the optimal sizing and the estimation of the construction of the building for non-risky areas compared to the critical ones in Morocco. Keywords - Morocco, Vulnerability , Building, RPS2000, Seismic Area

[1] Belmouden Y,Analyse spectrale non itérative des oscillateurs simples sous l'action des tremblements de terre, Bull. Lab, Sciences de la Terre, n°26,2004, 1-10.

[2] RPS2000 "seismic Moroccan provisions" published by Ministry of housing 2000.

[3] EN, Eurocode 8. Design of structures for earthquake resistance, Ed. Eyrolles 2004.

[4] BAEL 91 modifiées 99,Règles techniques de conception et de calcul des ouvrages et constructions en béton armé suivant la méthode des états limites ,Éd.Eyrolles 2000.

[5] Esteban Sáez.Fernando Lopez-Caballero , Arézou Modaressi-Farahmand-Razavi Structural- Safety, 2011, 51-63.

[6] Autodesk "ROBOBAT" Computer and structures, tutorial-sismic simulation analysis.

Abstract: Six Sigma is being Implemented all over the World as a successful Quality Improvement Methodology. This article provides a description of Six Sigma Project implemented at Local manufacturing Company. The Company Manufactures Pump Casings where it was receiving high nonconformance rate that resulted in to Rejection of Product. This study deals with Six Sigma DMAIC methodology implementation and gives a frame work of how the non-conformance rate was first monitored and then brought in to acceptance limits. A complete Coverage of the statistical analysis performed during the study is given and results are shown to describe that how Six Sigma helped the Project members to Improve Quality of Pump casings at manufacturing facility.

Keywords: Statistical Process Control (SQC), Process Capability Indices, Six Sigma, Variable control chart, Pareto charts, Standard deviation, Critical to Quality (CTQ), Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), DMAIC, Total quality Management (TQM)

[1]. Douglas, C. M. (2003). Introduction to Statistical Quality Control. New York, NY: John Wiley Publications.
[2]. Mahesh, B. P., Prabhuswamy, M. S. (2010). Process Variability Reduction through Statistical Process Control for Quality Improvement. International Journal for Quality research, 4(3), 1621-1635.
[3]. James, M. J., Mary, E. J. (2006). Lean and Six Sigma. LABMEDICINE, 37(3), 407-408.
[4]. John, J. F., Clark, W. A., San, C. A. (2006). Selecting Optimal Specification Limits. Quality Technology & Quantitative Management, 3(2), 207-216.
[5]. Pleck, A., Vjica, H. (2009). An Application of six sigma in manufacturing company. Advances in production engineering and Management, 4, 243-254.
[6]. John, J. F. (2009). A unifying process capability metric. JIEM, 2(1), 48-59.
[7]. Mahesh, B. P., Prabhuswamy, M. S. (2010). Improvement of Quality Awareness using Six Sigma methodology for achieving higher CMMI Level. International journal of advance research in management, 1(1), 20-41.
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