iosr-JNHS   Volume-3 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep-Oct 2014

Abstract: This study aimed to evaluate cigarette smoking and nicotine dependence among physicians and employees and their attitudes towards smoke free workplace in Port-said City. A cross-sectional survey design was used in this study during the period from June 2013 until August 2013. This study was conducted at the hospitals, private clinic and the different public health sectors in Port-said City. Sample size was 1086. Study subjects were employees and physicians. It includes 550 employees (420 males &130 females) and 536 physicians (332 males & 204 females). World Health Organization's smoke free workplace questionnaire was the tool used in this study. Fagerstrom test for nicotine dependence was used to assess the degree of nicotine dependence among smokers. The cut off point was taken at 6 on10 point scale. The result of the study shows that 35.7 % of the employees were smokers but only 23.13% of the physicians were having the habit of smoking. The majority of the samples were worked in shared office; 76.4% of employees, while 51% of the physicians so they were subjected to fumes of others, or they were affecting others. The percentage of the current smokers of employees, about 40.8% used to smoke their first cigarettes within the 5 minutes after waking up, while 18.5% among physicians. Around 28.6% of employees and 18.5% of physicians smoked even if they were ill. About 51% of employees and 37.1% of physicians can smoke 11to20 cigarettes per/day. The mean score of Fagerstrom test of smokers who want to quit was 4.9 and 2.1standard deviation while for those who would not want to quit was 6.4and 2.2 of standard deviation. There was a relationship between being smokers who would quit or not and their total score in nicotine dependence test, (P<0.0001). Total ban of smoking in public places was chosen by the majority of participants, but nicotine dependence may play as an obstacle to achieve this objective. Smoking cessation programs should consider a dependence treatment program.

Key words: Nicotine dependence, Tobacco, attitudes, beliefs, smoking, smoke free workplaces, cigarettes smoking,

[1]. World Health Organization (2010). Global status report on noncommunicable diseases. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/chp/ncd_global_status_report/en/
[2]. World Health Organization (2013). Report on the Global Tobacco Epidemic. Retrieved from http://www.who.int/tobacco/global_report/2013/en/
[3]. de Hollander A, Hoeymans N, Melse J, van Oers J, Polder Je:Zorgvoorgezondheid – VolksgezondheidToekomstVerkenning 2006. RIVM Rapport 270061003. 2006.
[4]. Peto,R.( 1994): Smoking and Dealth. The past 40 years and the next 40. BMJ. 6959 (309): 937-939
[5]. Taha A, Ball K.(1995): Tobacco and the third world; the growing threat. East Afr.Med.J; 62(10)735-41
[6]. Hammond SK, Sorensen G, Youngstrom R, Ockene JK.(1995): Occupational exposure to environmental tobacco smoke. JAMA.;274:956-960

Abstract: Cardio Vascular diseases remain as an important public challenge all over the world. Prevalence of these diseases has reached alarming proportions among Indians in recent years. The concept of pre hypertension was introduced as the new guideline for the management of blood pressure by Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation and treatment of high blood pressure. Complementary and Alternative therapies available today, which is acceptable with no side effects and remain as the supportive measure. One such is Reiki therapy. The aim of the study was to assess the effect of Reiki therapy in reducing the blood pressure among the young adults with Prehypertension. A quantitative approach, True experimental, pre and post test design was used for this study. Using Simple random sampling technique 60 samples were selected and divided into two groups. The experimental group was provided with Reiki therapy over 30minutes per day for 15 days and no intervention for control group. Structured questionnaire and standard aneroid sphygmomanometer was used as tools for this study. The findings revealed a significant change in blood pressure among the young adults with Prehypertension in experimental group who received Reiki therapy and minimal changes in control group with no intervention. The't' value of pre and post test SBP and DBP, 11.04 and 7.72 was statistically significant at p<0.05 level, and in control group the't' value was 1.416 and 1.055 which was not significant at p<0.05 level. Thus the study proved that, Reiki therapy had effect on blood pressure which can be provided by the advance nurse practitioners as a complementary therapy in management of Prehypertension in daily practice.

Key words: Reiki therapy, Prehypertension, Blood pressure (SBP, DBP), Young adults.

[1]. Gupta R. (1997) Meta –analysis of prevalence of hypertension in India. Indian Heart Journal, 49:337-8.
[2]. Goyal A,Yusuf F.(2006) The burden of cardiovascular disease in the Indian subcontinent. Ind J Med Res, 124:235-44.
[3]. World Health Organization. (2005) Preventing Chronic Diseases: A vital Investment. World Health Organization,Geneva,Switzerland: WHO global report.Retrived from http://www.who.int/chp/chronic_disease_report/en/
[4]. Whelan K.M.Wishnia GS.(2003).Reiki therapy:the benefits to a nurse/Reiki practitioner. Holistic Nurs Pract.17 (4):209-217.
[5]. Olson K, Hanson J. (1997) Using Reiki to manage pain: preliminary report, Cancer Prev Control.1 (2):108-113

Abstract: This descriptive case study illustrates the experience of a 24 years old male with a moderate Intellectually challenged(Mentally Retarded) with the problem of speech and language, lack of motivation and impaired functional skills are rehabilitated by the therapist using occupation-based interventions on OPD basis. The participant engaged in occupation-based interventions daily for 16 weeks (four months) in the occupational therapy department. The plan for the therapy is to motivate the person to engage in weaving and improve his functional skills and make him to independent in all areas. After the intervention the improvement seen in the self-care, work and leisure..

[1]. Bender, Michael, Velletulti, J.Peter (1976) Teaching the moderately and severely handicapped: Curriculum Objective Strategies and Activities. University Park Press, Vol.1.
[2]. Brower, M Lester: The Occupational Therapist's Role with Mentally Retarded Children (1961) AJOT. Vol.2, (61-62).
[3]. Burke, Bearldean B: The changing concepts & function of Occupational Therapy for the Mentally Retarded children (1967) AJOT. Vol.2, (57-60).
[4]. Biasini Fred, Grupe Lisa, Huffman Lisa, Bray W.Norman, Mental Retardation: A Symptom and syndrome.
[5]. Hickson.Linda, Blackman S. Leonard, Elizabeth (1995). Mental Retardation: Foundation of Education and Programming, Publication Allyn and Bacon.
[6]. Hilgard, Ernest R & Atkinson, Richard C (1975): An Introduction to Psychology, Published by Mohan Primiani for Oxford &I.B.H.Pub. Co.Pvt.Ltd.66 Jan path, NDL.

Abstract: Play promotes healing and helps the child to cope with stressful experiences. Children Won fear treatments are helped to release their feelings in their use of falls and other toys. The attitudes and feelings that children reveal in their play are full of meaning.. The child can find acceptable outlets for hostilities through play activities. The study aimed at to assess the pre test and post test level of anxiety among hospitalized children in selected hospitals at Vadodara, To evaluate the effectiveness of play therapy on anxiety among hospitalized children in selected hospitals at Vadodara, To determine the association between post-test anxiety level among hospitalized children in selected hospitals at Vadodara and demographic variables. The convenient sampling technique was used to select the sample for the study. Data was collected by using a structured anxiety rating score. The tool consists of two parts. First part consists of demographic data of the sample and second part consists of the a structured anxiety rating score In experimental post test mean score, 37.87 and SD was 14.708 respectively. The obtained 't' value 14.015 statistically was significant at 0.000 level. So research hypothesis was accepted, in Comparison of mean score of experimental post – test and control post – test that the obtained 't' value is 8.165 statistically v a l u e was .000 so it is significant (< 0.05) therefore research hypothesis was accepted so it clearly shows that the level of anxiety was reduce in experimental group in post test The study concluded that children's was anxious in the pre-test and were as in the post-test shows that children's was not anxious or reduced so, it indicates that play activities was effective

Key Word: Anxiety, Emotional reaction, fear, Gaze behavior, Growth and Development, Hospitalization, Misconception, Play activities, Therapeutic value

[1]. Ingalls, saleroom. Maternal and child health nursing. 9th edition. Network: Mosby; 1999.
[2]. Sadler C. child‟s play nurses times. 1990; 86 (11): 16 –17.
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[4]. Ziegler Debbie Michelle. Preparation for surgery and adjustment to Hospitalization. Nurses clinician of North America. 1994; 29 (4):655-59.
[5]. Willam.A. Rae etal. The Psychosocial Impact of Play in Hospatalised Children. 2002; Oct 2.
[6]. Boland. Play Therapy. 2000; Feb: 23.

Abstract: Background of the study: Obesity is becoming a alarming metabolic disorders in global scenario. Its prevalence is increasing day by day even in developing countries. Urban population is more vulnerable to this epidemic specially females. Objectives of this study was to compare obesity and its risk factors in urban and rural females. Methodology: In this cross sectional study, total 1063 females (545 rural and 518 urban) were analyzed. Height, weight, waist Circumference, Hip circumference, W:H ratio, Educational status, Socioeconomic status, Skinfold were measured. Body mass Index (BMI), Percentage of body fat were calculated using the formula. BMI classification, Cut off for Waist Circumference were considered as per guidelines given for Asian Indian Adults. Statistical significance was considered at 95 % Confidence Interval. Result: Out Of 1063 women randomly selected, 16.41 % of urban and 10.83% of rural females were classified as overweight and 40.54 % of urban and 22.75% of rural females were obese. Weight, BMI, Percentage of Body fat, Waist Circumference and Waist:Hip Ratio (WHR) was significantly higher (p,0.001) in Urban females as compare to Rural females. Conclusions: The higher prevalence of overweight and obesity was found in Urban women as compared to Rural women. Urban females were more central obese than Rural females.

Key Words: Obesity, BMI, Body fat percentage, Urban and Rural Females.

[1]. Flegal KM, Carroll MD, Ogden CL, Johnson CL (2002) Prevalence and trends in obesity in obesity among US adults 1999-2000. JAMA. 288, 1723-27
[2]. Hedley A A, Ogden CL, Johnson CL, Carroll M D, Curtin LR, Flegal KM, 2004. Prevalence of overweight and Obesity among US children, adolescents and Adults, 1999-2002. JAMA.291:2847-50
[3]. Wang Z, Hoy W E. (2004) Waist Circumference, Body Mass Index, Hip Circumference and Waist-to-Hip ratio as predictor of Cardiovascular Disease in Aboriginal People. Eur. J. Clin. Nutr. 58: 888 – 893.
[4]. Flegal K M, (2005) Epidemiological Aspects of Overweight and Obesity in United Status. Physiol. Behav. 86: 599 – 602.
[5]. Iram SK, Faryal M, Arshad I S. Prevalence of Impaired Glucose Tolerance among Obese Ann. Pak. Inst. Med. Sci. 2008;4(3): 168-170

Abstract: Background: The Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) is a child health strategy developed by the World Health Organization and UNICEF aimed at reducing child morbidity and mortality. This study aimed to assess the level of awareness and implementation of IMCI among nurses in paediatric settings and to re- sensitize them about reduction of infant morbidity and mortality rates through IMCI implementation. Methods: A random sampling technique was used for selecting 110 respondents and a self developed questionnaire was used to collect data. Hypotheses were tested using Pearson chi-square. Results: It was deduced from the findings that nurses' years of experience in paediatric setting had little or no influence on their knowledge and practice of IMCI; that nurses' knowledge of IMCI affects their implementation and that IMCI implementation is influenced by institutional support, nurses attitude and parents or guardians compliance. Conclusion: The IMCI strategy is effective in the reduction of under- five's morbidity and mortality if properly and efficiently implemented and supervised. Nevertheless, the implementation of the IMCI strategy is not optimal due to various factors that can otherwise be overcome by local/institutional interventions.

Keywords: Awareness, Implementation, Integrated management of childhood illnesses, Paediatric, Nurses

[1]. World Health Organization Child and Adolescent Health and Development (CAH). (2007). WHO/UNICEF strategy of Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI). Retrieved May 8, 2012, from http://www.who.int/child_adolescent_health/en/
[2]. Western Cape Government. (2005). Integrated Management of Childhood Illnesses (IMCI). Retrieved May 8, 2012, from www.westerncape.gov.za/eng/directories/services/.../6415
[3]. WikiEducator. (2007). Lesson 2: Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI). Retrieved June 4, 2012, from http://wikieducator.org/IMCI/
[4]. Nisar, N. (2003). Integrated Management of Childhood illness and Health System Reforms In Pakistan. Karachi, Rawal Medical Journal 2003; 28:44-47
[5]. Chopra, M., Patel, S., Cloete, K., Sanders, D., & Peterson, S. (2004). Effect of an IMCI intervention on quality of care across four districts in Cape Town, South Africa. Archives of Disease in Childhood 2005;90:397-401 doi:10.1136/adc.2004.059147

Abstract: Background:Osteoarthritis is a common arthropathy of the knee. In India, the prevalence of the disease in the adult rural population is estimated to be 5.8%. Aim:The main aim of the present study was to compare the effectiveness of warm mustard oil and warm mustard oil with camphor on reduction of knee joint pain among rural women in selected rural areas of Puducherry. Materials and Methods:A quasi-experimental study (two group pretest and posttest design) done among 60 rural women with knee joint pain. Data were collected using structured questionnaire and modified WOMAC scale. Data analysis was done using inferential and descriptive statistics. Results:Totally 60 rural women participated in the study. It was observed that majority of the samples were in the age group between 51-55years. Majority of the samples in both group I and group II had moderate level of pain. After warm mustard oil massage and warm mustard oil with camphor massage, the pain level had reduced to mild level in group I and group II respectively.The mean pretest values of pain score in both groups had significant difference during posttest measurement of mean pain score. The coefficient of variance analysis revealed that warm mustard oil with camphor massage reduced the pain level more significantly than warm mustard oil massage. Conclusion:Knee joint pain is an early symptom of osteoarthritis and it is the leading cause of disability in humans especially in women.Hence efforts like use of warm mustard oil or warm mustard oil with camphor massage which is easily accessible and cost effective methods to reduce the knee joint pain should be made by the community health nurse to bring down the prevalence of knee joint pain.

Keywords: Knee joint pain, mustard oil, camphor, WOMAC scale, rural women

[1]. AkhihiroSudo et.al; Prevalence and risk factors for knee osteoarthritis in elderly Japanese men and women; Journal of orthopedic science.13:413, 2008.
[2]. Sunilkumar M et.al; Women Health in India: An analysis; International Journal of Social Sciences; vol 2(10) 11-15, 2013
[3]. DrRajendra Sharma; Musculoskeletal Conditions in India; Indian Council of Medical Research; New Delhi.2012
[4]. Marlene Fransen et.al; The epidemiology of osteoarthritis in Asia; International Journal of Rheumatic Diseases; 14:113-121; 2011

Abstract: Immunization has saved the lives of more children than any other medical intervention in the last 50 years. Vaccines are safe, simple and one of the most cost-effective way to save and improve the lives of children. The present study was taken up to evaluate the knowledge and attitude among mothers of underfive, pertaining to immunization coverage. Results of the study revealed that, majority, 289 (96.33%) mothers knew that BCG vaccine prevents Tuberculosis. Only 26(8.66%) mothers were knowledgeable about the measures that can be done if the child has not given DPT. 11 (3.66%) mothers knew that chicken pox can be prevented by varicella vaccine. The study concluded that even though the mothers had good attitude regarding vaccines , but they were unaware of Hib vaccine and rotavirus vaccine.
Key words: Vaccines , knowledge, attitude, mothers, underfive children, pediatric OPD

[1]. United Nations Foundation. "All About Vaccines". Available at http://www.shot-life-allaboutvaccinesapril2012.pdf
[2]. "How vaccines prevent disease". Available at: www.valueoptions.com/solutions/2011/08-August/story1.htm
[3]. Borras E. "Parental knowledge of paediatric vaccination". 2009, May27. Available at www.biomedcentral.com/1471-2458/9/154.
[4]. Available at www.unicef.org/infobycountry/india-background.html
[5]. European Immunization Week. "Seven Key Reasons"- World Health Organization Regional Office. Available at www.euro.who.int/-data/assets/pdf-file/....seven–key-reasons.pdf
[6]. Sharma Suresh. "Immunization coverage in India", Institute of Economic Growth. University Enclave, Delhi, India. Available from URL: http://www.iegindia.org/workpap/wp283.pdf

Abstract: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis infections are among viral infections transmissible among inmates of orphanage and motherless babies' homes. Records are scanty on the prevalence of HIV and hepatitis infections in children resident in orphanage homes in Anambra State, Nigeria. This study investigated the prevalence of HIV and Hepatitis infections in children resident in eight orphanages in Anambra State. A total of 300 subjects consisting of 172 orphans, 100 children from community setting serving as controls, 14 female consented care givers in the orphanages and 14 females in community setting served as controls. All the subjects and control groups were investigated for HIV using rapid test and molecular technique. ELISA assay and liver enzyme estimation were used for Hepatitis investigation. The prevalence of 0.6%, 0.0%, 0.6%, and 9.9% were observed in HIV, hepatitis A, B and C respectively. Liver enzymes (serum alanine and aspartate amino transferases) did not show significant increase. The viral load and CD4+ count of the HIV positive child were 373 copies/ml and 28% respectively. Three (21.4%) of the care givers in the orphanages tested positive to HCV infection while none of the females in the community tested positive to the virus. HCV infections were most common in ages 0-5 years. The infection may be at dormant phase in the homes. Thus, continuous monitoring for progression into active hepatitis C infection is necessary for disease management in the orphanage homes.

Keywords: Prevalence, HIV, Hepatitis, infections, Orphanages.

[1]. World Health Organization (2007). The World Health Report 2007 - A safer future: global public health security in the 21st century. Geneva: World Health Organization.
[2]. UNAIDS (2008): Report on global AIDS epidemics. http://www.avert.org/africa-hiv-aids-statistics.htm
[3]. UNICEF (2013). Towards an AIDS-Free Generation – Children and AIDS: Sixth Stocktaking Report, 2013. http://www.unifef.org/publications/index_70986. (Assessed May 2nd 2014).
[4]. Reitman and Frankel (1957). American Journal of Clinical Pathology. 28: 56.
[5]. Paediatric European Network for Treatment of AIDS. PENTA 2009 guidelines for the use of antiretroviral therapy in paediatric HIV-1 infection. 2009, http://www.pentatrials.org (Assessed (12th May, 2012).

Abstract: Tuberculosis is one of the most common infectious diseases and serious public health problem in the World. Objectives of National Tuberculosis Programme (NTP) range from reducing the TB burden & eradicating the disease globally with the efforts of health workers who play a vital role in tuberculosis control. Objectives: To evaluate the effectiveness of self instructional module (SIM) on knowledge regarding revised national tuberculosis control programme & to find an association between the pre-test level of knowledge with selected socio-demographic variables of female health workers. Materials and methods: The investigator used pre experimental research (one group pre-test post-test design). Purposive sampling technique was used to assess the knowledge of 30 female health workers in selected primary health centres of Tumkur district. Self administered knowledge questionnaire was used to assess the knowledge of female health workers. The conceptual framework used for this study was based on Patrecia Benner's Novice to expert model. The data was analysed by using descriptive and inferential statistics. Student T test was used to evaluate the effectiveness of SIM. Results: It was evident that the obtained T value 23.716 is greater than the table value at 0.05 (2.021) level of significance. Therefore "T" value is found to be significant. It indicates that there is a significant difference between pre-test and post-test knowledge of female health workers regarding revised national tuberculosis control programme. Conclusion: Hence SIM is considered as one of the effective teaching strategy in imparting knowledge regarding RNTCP among female health workers.

Keywords: female health workers, SIM and RNTCP

[1]. WHO global TB report, 2009 march. Available from: WHO website.
[2]. Central TB division.2009; Directorate of general of health services; ministry of health and family welfare; http://www.tbcindia.org
[3]. Revised national tuberculosis control programme. http:// www.tbcindia.org
[4]. K.Park, Text book of preventive and social medicine; 22nd edition February 2009; Revised National Tuberculosis Control Programme.
[5]. Mahendra Panda and Mohapatra A; Tuberculosis control- An overview in India; Journal of human ecology.

Abstract: A descriptive study to assess the prevalence of alcoholism and relapse precipitants was conducted on total sample of 1262, out of which 1162 were males of age group of 20 -50 years and above and 100 sample of alcoholic with alcoholic relapse at Sarai Khass, near CHC Kartarpur, Jalandhar, Punjab. Information was collected with the help of self structured checklist. The tool for data collection included socio-demographic variables and checklist consisting of items related to measure the relapse precipitants among males. Structured Check list used to collect data contain 6 items regarding assessment of relapse precipitants among males. Data were coded, validated and analyzed using descriptive statistics. Based on major findings it can be concluded that 51.11% persons were alcoholics and 18.82% were relapse cases.

[1]. Utalbasha N. Dhandargi. A study to assess the effectiveness of street play on alcoholism among young adults in selected area. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 2007. 11 – 2.
[2]. Rehm. Effects of alcoholism. Nightingale Nursing Times. 2004. 21 – 25.
[3]. Kaplan and Sadock. Etiology and causes. Synopsis of psychiatry. 7th edition. Williams and Wilkins. Publications. 398 – 9.
[4]. Brownell. Marlaat. Gordon. Rounsaville. Studies to rule out factors in relapse to alcohol. Journal of studies on alcohol. 1999. 60 (1).
[5]. S.K. Mattoo. S. Chakrabarti. M. Anjaiah. Psychosocial factor associated with relapse in men with alcohol and opioid dependence. Indian Journal of Medical research. 2009. 130 (2). 702 – 708
[6]. Divya Aggarwal. Anil Lal. R. Chandra. Relapse precipitants in alcohol addiction. Indian Journal Social Science Researchers. 2009. 6(1). 80 – 83.

Abstract: DM is a syndrome that is characterized by chronic hyperglycaemia which is due to dynamic interactions between varying defects of insulin secretion and resistance.1Worldwide, an estimated 150 million people are affected by DM and this number is likely to reach 300 million by the year 2025 resulting in approximately 450,000 deaths a year, if successful strategies for its prevention and control are not implemented.1,2 In Nigeria, the national prevalence of DM was estimated to be 2.7%, while the northern part of Nigeria has a prevalence of 1.6 %.3 Antioxidants are protective substances because they fight oxidative stress by preventing cell damage caused by charged particles. These charged particles are known as reactive oxygen species. This oxidative stress is thought to add to the progression of type 2 DM.4,5Every second, tens of thousands of free radicals are created in the body.6 These free radicals lead to an increase in oxidizing response above a certain threshold which in the absence of concomitant rise in antioxidant/reducing response, leads to oxidative stress which is associated with the complications of DM.7

[1]. Rahbani-Nobar ME, Rahimi-Pour A, Rahbani-Nobar M, Adi-Bieg F, Mirhashemi SM. Total Antioxidant Capacity, Superoxide Dismutase and Glutathione Peroxidase in Diabetic Patients. Med J IslamicAcademy Sc, 1999;12: 109-14.
[2]. World health Organization.Definition, diagnosis and classification of diabetes mellitus and its complications.Geneva, 2000.
[3]. Bakari AG, Onyemelukwe GC, Sani BG, Hassan SS, Aliyu TM. Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus in Suburban Northern Nigeria: Results of a Public Screening Survey. Diab International1999; 9: 59-60.
[4]. Nuttall SI, Dunne F, Kendall MJ, Martin, U. Age-Independent Oxidative Stress in Elderly Patients with Non-Insulin-Dependent Diabetes Mellitus.Q J Med1999; 92: 33-38.
[5]. Kaneto H, Kajimoto Y, Muyagawa J, Matsuoka T, Fujitani Y, Umayahara Y, Hanafusa T, Matsuzawa Y, Yamasasi Y, Hori M. Beneficial Effects of Antioxidant in Diabetes: Possible Protection of Pancreatic Β-Cells against Glucose Toxicity. Diab 1999; 48: 2398-406.

Abstract: Breast milk is known to be the best food for the infants because it contains all the nutrients in the correct proportions. It is readily produced, easily digested and assimilated, has the correct temperature and is always available at no cost. Exclusive breastfeeding protects the child from potentially unsafe food or water. Despite the strong evidence and wide publicity on its benefit, exclusive breastfeeding has remained low in Northern Nigeria. This research therefore is aimed at assessing the knowledge of Exclusive Breastfeeding and proposed infant feeding pattern of post-natal mothers in University of Maiduguri Teaching Hospital. A descriptive survey involving a total of 127 mothers who gave birth to live infants not more than 48 hours were selected using purposive .sampling technique, and self-developed questionnaire was administered to collect data from the respondents. Findings revealed that majority of the respondents (70%) had high knowledge of exclusive breastfeeding, however only few respondents intend to practice exclusive breast feeding. Two-third of the respondents who had received information about EBF got it from health workers. The study therefore suggest that health workers and other government apparatus should intensify efforts that enhances the practice of exclusive breastfeeding. Keywords: Exclusive Breast Feeding, Infant Feeding, Knowledge, Postnatal Mothers

[1]. Frazer, D.M. & Cooper, M.A.Myles textbook for midwives,London, Churchill Livingstone, 2003, 14th Edition

[2]. Black R.E, Allen LH, Bhutta ZA, caulfied LE, De nois M, Ezzatic M, Mothers C, Rivera Material and child under nutrition: Global and required exposures and health consequences". The Lancet, Vol. 371,(9608), 2008,243-260

[3]. Gartner LM, "Breastfeeding and the use of human milk (policy statement) Pediatrics 115 (2), 2005,496-506.

[4]. United Nations and International Children‟s Education Fund, State of the world‟s Children.2005 available at www.unicef.org (Accessed on 23 January 2005).

[5]. Nwachukwu, A.E. &Nwachukwu, A.Common factors responsible for less than six months period of exclusive breastfeeding among women in Nigeria. Journal of International Councilfor Health, Physical Education, Recreation, Sport and Dance (ICHPER-SD), 43(2), 2007, 30-35.

Abstract: Purpose: The aim of this study was to find out the barriers preventing staff from reporting medical errors and identifying the strategies which might encourage the staff reporting the medical errors at Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Method: The data was collected using a questionnaire where random sampling was used to represent the hospitals of Riyadh city, a represented sample of 467 clinical staff (physicians , nurses) from 9 different hospitals and above from both males and females. Descriptive analysis and inferential statistics were used to identify the barriers and the strategies towards improvement of medical errors reporting. Results: There were actually no gender significant differences―Saudi and non-Saudi, physicians and nurses regarding response to barriers and the strategies. There were also no significant differences between types of hospitals regarding barriers and strategies reporting. r=.482>.05 and r = .701>.05. However, there was a significance difference between age structures regarding the barriers reporting. r=.000<.05 where the age range between 31-40 years provided more responses to reporting the barriers than the 41-50 years and 50 and above. There were also significant differences between levels of education regarding the strategies reporting r=.012<.05 where the board provided more response to reporting the barriers than the diploma. Besides, there were significant differences between years of experience regarding the barriers reporting. r=.000<.05 where the 0-10 years and 11-20 experience provided more responses to reporting the barriers than both (21-30 years) and (31years and above).

Keywords: medical errors reporting; public hospitals; barriers and strategies; public health

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