IOSR-JAP   Volume-10 ~ Issue-3 ~ May-June 2018

ABSTRACT: This study was performed to calculate the chromium component ratio in the Ingassana Hills in the Blue Nile region. Thirty samples were taken from the area. The samples were grinded into powder and each sample was 25 grams. The XRF was used to analyze the samples and identify the concentration of the elements in the sample.And by the concentration of each element in the sample. The analysis showed that the average chromium element concentration in the samples was 671550 PPM. The price of chromium is shown in the world markets, where it is seen that these concentrations are very important and can contribute to the economy if used correctly.

Keywords: Chromium mining, concentration of chromium, chromium in Sudan, chromium price.

[1]. Ahmed, A.M., 1998, Sudanese Industrial Minerals and Rocks, Center for Strategic Studies, Khartoum, Sudan, 76-86.
[2]. The Geological Research Authority of the Sudan (GRAS).
[3]. Adli A.M .Ahmed, 1998, Sudan industrial minerals and rocks, centre for strategic studies, Khartoum- Sudan, pp.76-86.
[4]. Ahmed, A.M., 1998, Sudanese Industrial Minerals and Rocks, Center for Strategic Studies, Khartoum, Sudan, 76-86.
[5]. Report On The Second-Phase Of Programme Of Reconnaissance Chrome Prospecting In Ingassana Province, Republic Of Sudan.

ABSTRACT:Clyde.W. Tombough discovered Pluto on march13, 1930. From its discovery in 1930 until 2006, Pluto was classified as Planet. In the late 20th and early 21st century, many objects similar to Pluto were discovered in the outer solar system, notably the scattered disc object Eris in 2005, which is 27% more massive than Pluto. On august-24, 2006, the International Astronomical Union (IAU) defined what it means to be a Planet within the solar system. This definition excluded Pluto as a Planet added it as a member of the new category "Dwarf Planet" along with Eris and Ceres. There were many reasons why Pluto got demoted to dwarf planet status, one of which was that it couldn't clear its orbit of asteroids and other debris...............

Keywords: Dwarf Planet, Kuiper belt, self-gravity, New Horizon, Clearing the neighborhood.

[1]. Steven Soter (2007). ―What is a Planet?‖ The Astronomical Journal 132 (6).
[2]. Williams, David R.(1 September 2004). ―Earth Fact Sheet‖ NASA Retrieve 9 August 2010
[3]. Pidwirny, Michael (2 February 2006) ―Surface area of our planet covered by oceans and continents (Table80-1).University of British Columbia, Okanagan. Retrieved 26 November 2007.
[4]. Allen, Clabon Walter; Cox,Arthur N(2000). Allen's Astrophysical Quantities. Springer.p.296.ISBN 0-387-98746- 0. Retrieved 17 August 2010.
[5]. ―Age of Earth‖ U.S. Geological Survey.1997. Archived from the original on 23 December 2005. Retrieved January 2006

ABSTRACT: Radiotherapy is the treatment of cancer patients by the use of radiation doses, during and after the treatment there is a side effect appears on patients. It is also used to treat a wide variety of conditions, but mainly to treat malignant diseases or cancer all over the world. In external beam radiotherapy, doses outside the treated volume is very important when organs at risk(OAR) with very low dose limits are involved, These organs are very sensitive to radiation and can completely loss its function and completely damaged if they received radiation dose larger than their limits or tolerances, for example the gonads in a patient treated from any type of tumors in pelvis region, the eyes lenses in head and neck tumors, the healthy breast tissues in case of breast cancer, the heart in case of left breast treatment and the embryo in case of pregnant woman. It is of extreme importance to determine............

[1]. Reissland JA. BEIR III 'The effects on populations of exposure to low levels of ionising radiation'. J Soc Radiol Prot. 1981;1:17–22.
[2]. van der Giessen PH. Peridose, a software program to calculate the dose outside the primary beam in radiation therapy. Radiother Oncol. 2001;58:209–213.
[3]. Francois P, Beurtheret C, Dutreix A. Calculation of the dose delivered to organs outside the radiation beams. Med Phys. 1988;15:879–883
[4]. Fraass BA, van de Geijn J. Peripheral dose from megavolt beams. Med Phys. 1983;10:809–818.

ABSTRACT:The study of ultrasonic velocities(u),densities(ρ) viscosities(η),were carried out for Aniline+1- Hexanol+Hexane at 303k.These ternary system was comprise of a polar, non-polar molecules and calculated thermo dynamical properties such as adiabatic compressibility(βa),free length(Lf),free volume(Vf), internal pressure(πi),and excess values predicted to the system. The results were combined with excess adiabatic compressibility reported previously to obtain ideal isothermal compressibility (KT id),ideal isobaric expansibility(αP id) and ideal molar heat capacitance(σid) derivatives of excess adiabatic compressibility(βE).these discusses the nature and strength of molecular intermolecular interaction in the system.

Keywords: Sound Velocity, Density, Molecular Interaction, Excess values.

[1]. H.Iloukhani, H.A.Zarei,Phys.chem.Liq. 46 (2) (2008) 154.
[2]. M.M.H,Bhuiyan,J.Ferdush, M.H. Uddin, Chem.Thermodyn.39 (2007) 675.
[3]. S.Sing, I, Vibhu, M. Gupta, J.P.Shukla, Chinese J.PhyS. 45 (2007) 412.
[4]. S. L. Oswet & A. J. Patel, J Chem Eng Data., 1995, 40, 194.
[5]. Arun Bahl & B. S. Bhat, A Text Book on Organic Chemistry, 17th Edn, (S Chand & Co Ltd, New Delhi), 2005, 231.

ABSTRACT:This theory is an attempt to describe the universal phenomena like space, time, matter and energy as an inter-relationship bound by a newly discovered force named as the universal force. The universal force is shown to be the force of gravitation, electricity, magnetism, strong nuclear and weak nuclear forces. I believe any other force, hitherto fore not discovered; also, can be explained in terms of this universal force. Liberal use of wave-particle duality, relativity, quantum concepts is made to achieve a harmonious and comprehensive synthesis of all the existing beliefs in physics into a new theory with some new concepts added here and there. While adding new concepts, enormous care has been taken to ensure that the existing beliefs are not contradicted. Moreover, the new concepts are proved to be correct theoretically by deriving the constants like G, σ , etc.,.

Keywords: Space, Time, Matter , Energy, Universal Force

[1]. David Halliday, Robert Resnick, Jearl Walker : Fundamentals of Physics Extended, 8th Edition. ( Book )
[2]. Raymond A. Serway, John W. Jewett : Physics for Scientists and Engineers with Modern Physics. ( Book )
[3]. Raymond A. Serway, Clement J. Moses, Curt A. Moyer : Modern Physics. ( Book )
[4]. B.V. Rama Rao : A Text Book of Modern Physic
[5]. Orient Longman : © Oliver & Boyd 1971 : Clark's Tables Science Data Book

ABSTRACT:Al doped zinc oxide (ZnO) thin film was fabricated on glass substrate using spin coating method at different rotation speed. Two samples were prepared at 2% Al with 4000 revolutions per minute (rpm) & 5000 rpm deposition speeds respectively. Then their structural, morphological and optical characteristics were investigated. The thicknesses for both were measured (100 nm) by using stylus profilometer. X-ray diffraction was used to determine the surface morphology and crystallinity. Grain size was also calculated from Bragg's angle. SEM image showedthat surface morphology was affected by doping concentration.From the SEM image rough surface with a few numbers of scattered grains was observed which proved the crystalline nature.Various optical parameters such as absorption coefficient, band gap, refractive index and extinction coefficient werestudied using transmittance and reflectance spectral data in the photon wavelength of 310 nm to 2500 nm. High transparency was found in visible and infrared regions in the range from 75% to 85%. Absorbance was shown as the opposite nature of transmittance response. Optical band gaps of 3.275 eV and 3.11 eVwere found respectively for sample-1 and sample-2..

Keywords: ZnO, Thin film, Annealing temperature, Surface morphology, Optical band gap

[1]. Wienke, J., van der, Z. B., Tijssen, M., Zeman, M., 2008, 'Performance of spray-deposited ZnO:In layers as front electrodes in thin-film silicon solar cells', Solar Energy Materials and Solar Cells, Vol. 92, pp. 884–890.
[2]. Guo, J., Zheng, J., Song, X., Sun, K., 2013, 'Synthesis and conductive properties of Ga-doped ZnOnanosheets by the hydrothermal method', Materials Letters, Vol. 97, pp. 34–36.
[3]. Mohamed, S. H., Ali,H. M., Mohamed, H. A., Salem, A. M.,2005, 'Effect of annealing and In content on the properties of electron beam evaporated ZnO films', European Physical Journal Applied Physics., Vol. 31, No. 2.
[4]. Cao, Y., Miao, L., Tanemura,S., Tanemura, M.,Kuno,Y., Hayashi, Y., 2006, 'Low resistivity p-ZnOfilms fabricated by sol-gel spin coating', Applied Physics Letters, Vol. 88, Issue. 25.
[5]. Wang, Y., Lu, J.,Bie, X., Gong, L., Li, X., Song, D., Zhao, X., Ye, W., Ye, Z., 2011, 'Transparent conductive Al-doped ZnO thin films grown at room temperature', Journal of Vacuum Science & Technology, Vol. 29, Issue. 3.

ABSTRACT: This study presents the background ionizing radiation (BIR) level of some populated motor parks in Enugu City. The parks are Holy Ghost, Old Park, Abakpa, New Market and Garriki. An In-situ measurement of BIR exposure rate in mR/h was done using a well calibrated portable Geiger Counter nuclear radiation detector (GQ GMC-320 Plus, manufactured by GQ Electronics LLC, USA). The exposure rates were used to evaluate the annual effective dose equivalent (AEDE) and excess lifetime cancer risk (ELCR) within the parks. The mean exposure rates recorded within the areas in order of magnitude are 0.0143±0.0019 mR/h, 0.0135±0.002 mR/h, 0.0114±0.0025 mR/h, 0.0112±0.0014 mR/h and 0.0112±0.0024 mR/h respectively for Abakpa, Gariki, New market, Old Park and Holy Ghost. The mean...........

Keywords: Exposure, Excess lifetime cancer risk, Enugu City, Motor Parks

[1] F.O. Ugbede and E.O. Echeweozo, Estimation of annual effective dose and excess lifetime cancer risk from background ionizing radiation levels within and around quarry site in Okpoto-Ezillo,Ebonyi State, Nigeria Journal of Environment and Earth Science 7(12) 2017, 74-79.

[2] UNSCEAR, United Nations Scientific Committee on the effect of Atomic Radiation. Report on the Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. Report to the General Assembly with Scientific Annexes. United Nations 2008, New York.

[3] Farai, I.P. and Vincent, U.E. Out-Door Radiation Level Measurement in Abeokuta, Nigeria, by Thermoluminescent Dosimetry. Nigerian Journal of Physics, 18(1), 2006

[4] L.B. Harold, Radiation exposures due to fossil fuel combustion. Radiat. Phys. Chem. Vol. 34 (2), 1989, 285-293

[5] IAEA, Radiation, People and the Environment. IAEA Division of Radiation and Waste Safety. Printed by the IAEA in 2004, Austria IAEA/PI/A.75 / 04-00391.