IOSR-JAP   Volume-10 ~ Issue-3 ~ May-June 2018

ABSTRACT: In the present work a simple chemical reduction route was followed to grow CdSe (size controlled) nanoparticles (NPs) at room temperature. The grown sample was ultrasonicated in ethanol. The dispersed sample was characterized structurally and optically. The result supports the formation of nanoparticles and hence optical bandgap increased compared to that of bulk CdSe (bulk bandgap is 1.74 eV). The defect state related photoluminescence spectrum showed visible emission of CdSe NPs. We used optical spectroscopy like UV–VIS and fluorescence spectra and high resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM) images to study the interaction and the formation of bioconjugate...........

[1]. Alexey A. Vertegel, Richard W. Siegel, and Jonathan S. Dordick, Silica Nanoparticle Size Influences the Structure and Enzymatic Activity of Adsorbed Lysozyme, Langmuir 2004, 20, 6800-6807.
[2]. Soumyananda Chakraborti, Tanaya Chatterjee, Prachi Joshi, Asim Poddar, Bhabatarak Bhattacharyya, Surinder P. Singh, Vinay Gupta, and Pinak Chakrabarti, Structure and Activity of Lysozyme on Binding to ZnO Nanoparticles, Langmuir 2010, 26(5),3506–3513.
[3]. Bruchez Jr M, Moronne M, Gin P, weiss S , Alivisatos A P, 1998, Science 281, 2013
[4]. Coe S, Woo W K, Bawendi M G, Bulovic V , 2002, Nature (London) 420, 800.
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[6]. Cui Y, Wei Q Q, Park H K, Lieber C M, 2001, Science 293, 1289.

ABSTRACT: The pressure volume relationship for samarium chalcogenides have been obtained from high pressure X-ray diffraction studies to nearly 300 kbar. An insulator to metal transition occurred due to an f n-1 atomic configuration and promoted an f electron to a d - state. In this situation the density of d electron is small compare to f state. The pressure volume behavior occurred due to promotion of 4f electron in to 6s-5d conduction band, in this method, the transition pressure, and nanoparticle size of SmX (X=S,Se and Te) are calculated .The calculated values are compared with experimental results.

[1]. D.D Awschalom,M.E Flattle,N.Samarth,Sci.Am,286(6),66-73,2002
[2]. P.Gould; Matter today,7(2),36,2004
[3]. S.Thongchant,Y.Hasegawa,Y Wada,S.Yanagida,Chem.Lett.12,1274,2001
[4]. Y.Hesegawa,S.Tonychant,Y.Wada,H.Tanka,T Kawai,T.Sakata,H.Mori,S. Yanagida,Angwe Chem.Int Ed.41 (12)2073-2075,2002
[5]. Y.Hasegawa,S.Tongchant,T.Kataoka,Y.Wada ,T.Yatsuhashi,N.Nakshima,S.Yangida Chem.Lett. 32(8) 706-709,2003.

ABSTRACT: Assessment of Indoor and Outdoor Solar Ultra-violet (UV) radiation at commercial centers in Makurdi metropolis was carried out with the aim of ascertaining the UV Irradiation doses received by traders and the general public in market places within North central Nigeria and to contribute to the baseline data for UV Index forecast in Nigeria and Africa at large. This was achieved through measurement of indoor and outdoor solar UV radiation exposure at commercial centers in Makurdi metropolis in February, 2016 using a portable digital Solar Power meter (TM-206). The temperature and coordinates of sampling sites were measured using digital thermometers (NEDA1604 IEC 6F22) and Extrex GPS meter (GARMIN). The outdoor and indoor UV irradiance and exposure measurements...........

Keywords: UV radiation, Exposure, Health effect, 0zone depletion, physical effects, Irradiance.

[1]. Foyo Moreno, I., Vida J. and AladosArboledas L. (1998). Ground Based Ultraviolet (290-385nm and Broad and Solar Radiation Measurements in Sourth –Eastern Spain. Int. J. climated 18.1389-1400.
[2]. Fleischmann e.M (1989). The measurement and penetration of ultraviolet radiation into tropical marine water. Limol.Oceannogr., 34/8 :1623-1629.
[3]. Barbero F.J., Lpez G. and Battles F.J. (2006). Determination of daily solar ultraviolet radiation using statisitical models and artificial neural networks. Ann. Geophy., 24. 2105-2114.
[4]. Wolska A. (2013): Occupational Explosive to Solar Ultraviolet Radiation of Polish Outdoor Workders. : Risk Estimation Method and Criterion. Int. J. Of occupational Safety and Ergonomic Vol. 19 (1)
[5]. Igbawua T., Ikyo B. and Agba E. (2013). Average solar uv radiation dosimeter in cetral Nigeria. International Journal of EnvironmentalMonitoring and Analysis Vol. 1 No 6 pp. 323-327..

ABSTRACT: The annual radiation dose rate from dumps sites across selected towns in North Central Nigeria was measured using a portable radiation meter scientific rad G-10 and inspector Alert (06250). Result of the investigation revealed that the dumpsites recorded annual mean radiation dose of 2.655 ± 0.584 mSv/yr in Jos metropolis; 0.144 ± 0.016mSv/yr in Makurdi metropolis; 0.318 ± 0224 mSv/yr in Otukpo metropolis; and 0.281 ± 0.06 mSv/yr in Gboko metropolis. Site in almost all the metropolises considered were below the average background radiation in some Nigerian cities and the Nigerian main terrestrial animal's effective dose rate of 24.6μSv/yr; UNSCEAR (2000) safety limit...........

Keywords:Background radiation, Radiation Exposure, Radioactivity, Dumpsites, Health/Environmentalhazards.

[1]. Akinloye, M.K and Olomo, J.B. (2005). The Radioactivity in some grasses in the environment of Nuclear Research Facilities Located within OAU, Ille – Ife, Nigeria. Nigeria Journal of Physics, 17; 219-225.
[2]. Ayaakaa, D.T.; Sombo T and Utah E.U (2015). Assessment of Radioactivity of surface soils in Gboko Local Government Area and health Implications. Asian Journal of |engineering Science, Vol. 4(4).
[3]. Henriksen T. and Maillie D.H. (2003). Radiation and health, Tylor and Francis Group, Londo and New York ISBN 0-415-27162-2(pbk).
[4]. ICRP (1990). The Evaluation of Risk from Radiation proceeding of international Commission on Radiological Protection Publication, Pergamon Press.
[5]. Ngyang F.G. (2007). Legacy of Mining Activities on Jos Plateau. Nigeria nuclear Regulartory Authority Stake holders forum Jos- Nigeria 7..

ABSTRACT: Gamma ray spectroscopy (model:3M3/3) was used to analyze soil samples collected from 10 settlements in Ushongo local government area of Benue State, North Central Nigeria. The soil activity concentrations were found to be low in all soil samples with standard deviation value of 27.5, 1.14, and 1.78Bq/kg for 40K, 238U and 232Th; standard mean error of 12.3, 0.51 and 0.79Bq/kg for 40K, 238U and 232Th in urban areas and a standard deviation of 22.5, 1.41 and 2.96Bq/kg for 40K, 238U and 232Th; standard mean error of 10.1, 0.63 and 1.32Bq/kg in rural areas. The mean activity concentration values of 56.20, 4.08, 4.03 in urban areas and mean value of 72.3, 4.89,4.98 in rural areas for 40K, 238U and 232Th respectively. The results of absorbed dose and annual effective dose were lower than the permissible dose reported by (UNSCEAR 2008 and 2009). However, continuous absorption of the radionuclide's may pose health hazards.

Keywords:radioactivity, soil, background radiation, evaluation, doses

[1]. Akinloye, M.K. and Omolo, J.B. (2005). The radioactivity in some grasses in the environment of nuclear research facilities located within the OAU, Ile-Ife, Nigeria.
[2]. Ajayi, O.S. and Ibikunle, S.B. (2013). Radioactivity of surface soils from Oyo State, South Western Nigeria.
[3]. Avwiri, G.O., and Agbalagba, E.O., and Enyinna, P.I. (2007), Terrestrial Radiation Around Oil and Gas Facilities in Ughelli Nigeria. Assian Network for Science Information. 7(11), 1543-1546.
[4]. Avwiri, G.O., Nte, F.U., and Olanrewaju, A.I. (2011). Determination of Radionuclides Concentration of Landfill at Eliozu. Port Harcourt, Rivers State, Nigeria. Scienta Aferica, Vol. 10 (No.1): 46-57
[5]. Avwiri, G.O., Ononugbo, C.P. (2012). Natural Radioactivity Levels in Surface Soil of Ogba/Egbema/ndoni Oil and Gas Fields. Energy Science and Technology, 4(2), 92-101

ABSTRACT: Using GPVDM software, organic photovoltaic device have been electrically simulated at different active layer thickness. A composite of P3HT:PCBM is used as active layer material. ITO, PEDOT:PSS & Al is used as transparent electrode, electron blocking layer & back electrode respectively. Electrical simulation has been done at different active layer thickness 100,150,200,250 & 300 nm. In this study it has been observed that J-V characteristics are affected by active layer thickness. Fill Factor, Power conversion efficiency, short circuit current changes significantly with the change in active layer thickness. The best J-V characteristic is observed at 200 nm.

Keywords: GPVDM Software, Organic Solar cell, Bulk Heterojunction, J-V Characteristics, Fill factor

[1]. C. J. Brabec, G. Zerza, G. Cerullo, S. De Silvestri, S. Luzzati, J. C. Hummelen, S. Sariciftci, Tracing photo induced electron transfer process in conjugated polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunctions in real time, Chemical Physics Letters 340 (2001), 232.
[2]. Wenchao Zhao, Sunsun Li, Huifeng Yao, Shaoqing Zhang, Yun Zhang, Bei Yang, and Jianhui Hou, Molecular Optimization Enables over 13% Efficiency in Organic Solar Cells, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2017, 139 (21), pp 7148–7151, DOI: 10.1021/jacs.7b02677
[3]. N. Singh, A. Chaudhary, N. Rastogi, Simulation of Organic Solar Cell at Different Active Layer Thickness, International Journal of Material Science, 5(1):22-26 · January 2015 Volume 5, Issue 1, Pages 22-26, (2015)
[4]. N. Rastogi , N. Singh , M. Saxena , International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 2, 12, 2013
[5]. N. Rastogi, N. Singh, Electrical simulation of organic solar cell at different series resistances and different temperature IOSR-JAP 8 (2016) 54-57..

ABSTRACT: The present work is the investigation of the electronic and optical properties of chalcopyrite materials using ab-initio methods based on Density Functional Theory (DFT) using pseudo potential method implemented in SIESTA computational package. For the exchange-correlation potential, the local density approximation (LDA) and generalized gradient approximation (GGA) were used to calculate the lattice parameters, Bulk modulus and its first derivative as well as the densities of states, partial density of state and optical properties of the semi metallic semiconductors materials based on Mg2X (X=Si, Ge and Sn). The achieved results were compared to computational...........

Keywords - DFT, optical properties, Mg2X

[1]. V. K. Zaitsev, M. I. Fedorov, E. A. Gurieva, I. S. Eremin, P. P. Konstantinov, A. Yu. Samunin and M. V. Vedernikov, Physical Review B 74 2006 045207
[2]. Ganeshan, S. L. Shang, Y. Wang and Z. K. Liu, "Temperature dependent elastic coefficients of Mg2X(X=Si ,Ge,Sn,Pb) compounds from first principles calculations," J. Alloy. Compd., vol. 498, 2010, 191-198. DOI: 10.1016/j.jallcom.2010.03.153.
[3]. Renbo Song, TatsuhikoAizawa, Atsushi Yamamoto and T. Obara, "Solid-state synthesis of Mg2Si1-xYx (Y=Ge and Sn) thermoelectric materials via bulk mechanical alloying," Metastable and Nanocrystalline Materials, vol. 24-25, 2006, 347-350. DOI: 10.4028/www. scientific.net/JMNM.
[4]. J. J. Martin, "Thermal conductivity of Mg2Si, Mg2Ge and Mg2Sn," Phys. Chem.Solids., vol. 33, 1972, 1139- 1148. DOI: 10.1016/S0022-3697(72)80273-7.
[5]. Jun-ichiTani and Hiroyasu Kido, "First-principles and experimental studies of impurity doping into Mg2Si," Intermetallics, vol. 16, 2008, 418–423. DOI: 10.1016/j.intermet.2007.12.001

ABSTRACT: Iron sand is a natural material that is easy to obtain. The low utilization of iron sand in Indonesia causes the low price of iron sand material. So, needed a technology in processing iron sand in order to become a producer that has usability. In this study we studied the synthesis of iron oxide materials in the form of magnetite (Fe3O4) and hematite (α-Fe2O3). The process of synthesis is done coprecipitation method. For dilution of hydrochloric acid HCl sands (12M), while for the deposition of ammonia filtrate (NH4OH). The coprecipitated precipitated powder of magnetite powder (Fe3O4) by XRD method (X-ray Diffraction) and XRF (X-ray Flourences). The characterization results indicate that the precipitate is identified as magnetite.

Keywords - Iron sand, Magnetite, Coprecipitation Method

[1]. Aji, M. P., et al, Indonesian Journal of Materials Science, 106-108, (2007).
[2]. Fatmaliana, A., Rahwanto, A., Jalil, K., Natural Journal, Vol. 16 (1), (2016).
[3]. Fernandez, Benny Rio, Andalas University, (2011).
[4]. Fithriyani, A, (Thesis, Mataram University), "Synthesis BaFe12-2xZnxMnxO19 Based on Natural Iron Sand and Structural Testing, Electrical and Magnetic Properties as Micro Wave Absorption Materials"(2017).
[5]. Harianto, F., et al. Journal of Science and the Arts, Vol. 1 (1), (2013).
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ABSTRACT: Sediment samples were collected from chosen regions of main marshes in southern Iraq and tested for radioactivity from both natural and artificial sources using gamma spectroscopy doped with a high purity germanium coaxial detector (HpGe). Qualitative measurements for 9 samples were made, and the results showed that most sediments samples exhibited natural radioactive level and sometimes less than the international regular standards. The radioactivity of Ra-226 belongs to the U-238 chain was measured with average specific activity concentration (S.A) 23.95 Bq/kg, the average specific activity concentration (S.A) of Ac-228 was found rather than Th-232 but with low specific activity concentration (S.A) about 11.97Bq/kg and K-40 with specific activity concentration (S.A)...........

Keywords - Sediment, artificial sources, Radium equivalent activity (REA), absorbed dose, hazards indexes, Specific Activity (S.A).

[1]. Report on the Ministry of Water Resources - Republic of Iraq, Marshlands of Mesopotamia, (2010).
[2]. United Nations Environmental Program, UNEP, Hassan Partow."The Mesopotamian Marlands: Demise of an Ecosystem .Early Warning and Technical Assessment Report, (2001).
[3]. IMET Overview of present conditions and current use of the water in the marsh lands. Book4 .Iraq Foundation, (2006).
[4]. Abdul Aziz, Farouk, the Marshlands. Lecture for the Extension Centre in the Southern Region, (2008).
[5]. Omar, Muthanna Abdul Razzaq, Tripartite Aggression, Blockade and Environmental and Health Damage / University of Baghdad, (2001).

ABSTRACT: The monitoring of Ionospheric Scintillation over a terrestrial point within equatorial anomaly region has been carried out by using the NovAtel GSV 4000B Global Positioning System Scintillation Network and Decision Aid (GPS-SCINDA) system at Akure (7.3°N, 5.2°E), Nigeria. This system is capable of tracking up to 14 Global Positioning System (GPS) satellites simultaneously. The dual frequency signals from the GPS satellites recorded and have been analyzed to study the ionospheric variations in terms of Scintillation index (S4) for the period from November 2006 to November 2009. Diurnal and mean monthly variations of the ionospheric scintillation activity as charaterised by scintillation index (S4) within the equatorial anomaly region were examined. The scintillations observed were generally weak with S4 index falling between 0.05 and 0.2.

Keywords -Equatorial Anomaly, Ionospheric Scintillation, Total Electron Content

[1]. Aarons, Jules and Basu (1994): Santimay, Ionospheric amplitude and phase fluctuations at the GPS frequencies, Proceedings of ION GPS, v 2, pp. 1569-1578
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ABSTRACT: Encroachment of human settlement with the expansion of city area became the major concern for the environment and climate. The expansion by sprawl in planned pattern occupied the north-eastern fringe of Kolkata by development of New Town area. The entire development impacted the rise of temperature along with impervious surface area which could be considered as the prime parameters in analyzing the Urbanization and present day environmental condition. The Geospatial Technique helps in analyzing the land use change pattern over the years with incorporation of Landsat8 OLI of 2018, Landsat 7 ETM+ of 2010 satellite data along with software modeling and interpretation. The Built-up area Index (BI) along with Land Surface Temperature(LST)Index on temporal and.

Keywords - Environment, Urbanization, Built-up area Index, Impervious Index, Land Surface Temperature Index, Urban Heat Island

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[3]. Effat, H., Hassan, O., 2014. Change detection of urban heat islands and some related parameters using multi-temporal Landsat images; a case study for Cairo city, Egypt. Urban Climate Urban Climate 10 (2014), 171–188.
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ABSTRACT: In this study, processed water samples were taken from different water producing companies in and around Kpansia, Yenagoa, Bayelsa State for a laboratory test to determine turbidity, color, taste and Ph level which are the physical test for quality and portable water. Methods used for analysis are colorimeter, organoleptic, electrometric, and turbidity. Questionnaire were also submitted to the different water companies to know and compare their purification techniques and storage methods. The samples taken were nicknamed SA for company 1, ST for company 2, and SP for company 3. Results show that the turbidity level for sample ST which is company 2 is higher than that of SA and..........

Keywords - Quality of undergroundwater, Borehole water, Turbidity, Odor, Color, Taste, PH level

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ABSTRACT: Glasses with composition {(100-x) (0.75 V2O5+0.25 SrO) +x Na2O}, x = 0, 4, 8, 12 and 16, have been prepared by the melt-quenching method. The as measured IR spectra were analyzed and appeared that VO5, VO4 and VO3 are the major structural groups in the glass network and the increase of Na2O increases the force constant of V-O bonds. The difference between the experiment and empirical values of both density and molar volume values confirm the amorphous structural nature of the studied samples. The dc electrical conductivity has been analyzed according to Mott's small polaron hopping model, where it was found generally that, the conductivity decreased and the activation.........

Keywords - Glass, IR Spectroscopy, Density, DC Conductivity and Mass Attenuation Coefficient.

[1]. Meenakshi Pant, D.K. Kanchan, Poonam Sharma and Manish S. Jayswal, "Mixed Conductivity Studies in Silver Oxide Based
Barium Vanado–Tellurite Glasses", J. Mat. Sci. and Eng. (B), 149 (2008) 18.
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[4]. Gurinder Pal Singh, Parvinder Kaur, Simranpreet Kaur and D.P. Singh, "Role of V2O5 in Structural Properties of V2O5-MnO2-
PbO-B2O3 Glasses", Mat. Phys. Mech., 12 (2011) 58.
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