IOSR-JAP   Volume-12 ~ Issue-3 ~ May – Jun. 2020

ABSTRACT: Antimatter Revolution and Rotation Spins (ARRS) model is proposed for the interpretation of the polarization and entanglement of photons based on Yangton and Yington Theory. Photon Polarization Transformation Diagram is developed to study the polarization transformation of photons. All entangled photon pairs loosing energies through polarization transformation process are no longer the same elements prior polarization transformation process, therefore the probability of distribution of the entangled photons observed via polarization transformation process doesn't have to follow Bell's Inequality and Einstein's Hidden Variables remains a reasonable solution of EPR paradox.

[Keywords]: Yangton and Yington, Wu's Pairs, Photon, Polarization, Photon Spin, Quantum Entanglement, Quantum Mechanics, Electron Spin, Hidden Variables, EPR Paradox, Bell's Inequality..

[1]. Edward T. H. Wu, "Yangton and Yington–A Hypothetical Theory of Everything", Science Journal of Physics, Volume 2015, Article ID sjp-242, 6 Pages, 2015, doi: 10.7237/sjp/242.
[2]. "Subatomic Particle" Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2008-06-29.
[3]. Polchinski, Joseph (1998). String Theory, Cambridge University Press ISBN 0521672295.
[4]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Subatomic Particle Structures and Unified Field Theory Based on Yangton and Yington Hypothetical Theory". American Journal of Modern Physics. Vol. 4, No. 4, 2015, pp. 165-171. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmp. 20150404.13.
[5]. Beyond Art: A Third Culture page 199. Compare Uniform field theory..

ABSTRACT: A reported case of death due to blunt trauma to the head due to falling from a height of approximately 10 meters from the top of a 3rd floor building. On the head of the victim looked skull fracture and brain tissue discharge. It is estimated that the victim fell with his head hitting the floor vertically because there were relatively no serious injuries on other body parts. In this case there is a trauma mechanism which is the law of physical mechanics. By using the law of forensic physics (Pascal's Law) P = F / A, a pressure of 10.007.1 pa is obtained, while the ability of the adult skull is only able to withstand pressures of less than 1000 pa, with such a large pressure, the skull will.....

Keywords- Head Blunt Injury; Physics Law; Forensic Investigation

[1]. Windi. Forensic traumatology. 2006. Cited from: http://www.freewebs.com/traumatologie2/traumatologi.htm.
[2]. Oemichen, M, R. N. Auer, H.G. Koenig. Injuries of the brain's coverings', forensic neuropathology and associated neurology, Springer, Germany. 2006: 112-147.
[3]. Dahlan S, Trisnadi S. Forensic medicine. Sultan Agung University School of Medicine. Semarang. 2019.
[4]. Cetin G. Suicides by Jumping from Bosphorusbridge in Istanbul. Forensic SciInt. 2001:.157-162.
[5]. Shkrum MJ, Ramsay DA.Craniocerebral trauma and vertebrospinal trauma. Forensic pathology of trauma. Humana Press, New Jersey. 2007:19-73.

ABSTRACT: Background: During last decades, computed tomography (CT) gains a promptly augmented significance resulting from their precision, short acquisition time, and cost-effectiveness. Besides, while the use of CT has led to major advances in modern medical practice, an increasing concerns for patient safety has accompanied this trend, as CT delivers higher levels of radiation than most other diagnostic imaging routines. Materials and Methods: Quantitative and qualitative study of CT-image quality were performed via different pediatric case studies having the same k-factor (Age range 5:10 Years) undergoing follow-up brain-CT. A full standard practice dose (148 mAs) without application of Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction (ASIR) routine was compared with other dose reduced practice......

Keywords: Computed tomography (CT); Adaptive Statistical Iterative Reconstruction (ASIR); Image Quality; Effective dose (ED); Signal to noise ratio (SNR); Pediatric CT

[1]. Nagayama, Y., Oda, S., Nakaura, T., Tsuji, A., Urata, J., Furusawa, M., ...& Yamashita, Y. (2018). Radiation dose reduction at pediatric CT: use of low tube voltage and iterative reconstruction. Radiographics, 38(5), 1421-1440.
[2]. Brenner, D. J., & Hall, E. J. (2007). Computed tomography—an increasing source of radiation exposure. New England Journal of Medicine, 357(22), 2277-2284.
[3]. MettlerJr, F. A., Bhargavan, M., Faulkner, K., Gilley, D. B., Gray, J. E., Ibbott, G. S., ...&Thomadsen, B. R. (2009). Radiologic and nuclear medicine studies in the United States and worldwide: frequency, radiation dose, and comparison with other radiation sources—1950–2007. Radiology, 253(2), 520-531.
[4]. Shah, A., Rees, M., Kar, E., Bolton, K., Lee, V., &Panigrahy, A. (2018). Adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction use for radiation dose reduction in pediatric lower-extremity CT: impact on diagnostic image quality. Skeletal radiology, 47(6), 785-793.
[5]. Østerås, B. H., Heggen, K. L., Pedersen, H. K., Andersen, H. K., &Martinsen, A. C. T. (2016). Can use of adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction reduce radiation dose in unenhanced head CT? An analysis of qualitative and quantitative image
quality. Actaradiologica open, 5(8), 2058460116645831

ABSTRACT: From the linear theory, analytical formulas of the electric field are obtained for the excitation of growing waves in semiconductors with two types of charge carriers. The frequencies and increment of the
vibrational waves are determined. Analytical formulas are obtained for the electron capture frequency and for the hole emission frequency. It is proved that in the presence of an external strong magnetic field, the excitation
of growing waves is amplified. The appearance of growing waves in a semiconductor requires more number of holes than the number of electrons

Keywords: semiconductor, electric field, magnetic field, electrons, holes, frequency.

[1] E R Hasanov, R K Qasimova, A Z Panahov, A I Demirel, Ultrahigh Frequency Generation in Ga-As- type , Studies Theor Phys, 3(8), (2009), 293-298.
[2] E.R. Hasanov, Rasoul Nezhad Hosseyn, A.Z. Panahov and Ali Ihsan Demirel, Instability in Semiconductors with Deep Traps in the Presence of Strong ( H  C)   , Advanced Studies in Theoretical Physics, 5(1), (2011), 25-30.
[3] A.I. Demirel, A.Z. Panahov, E.R.Hasanov. Radiations of electron –type conductivity environments in electric and magnetic field, Advanced Studies in Theoretical Physics, (22), (2013), 1077-1086.
[4] F.F.Aliev, E.R.Hasanov. Nonlinear Oscillations of the charge the Curriers Concentration and Electric Field in Semiconductors with Deep Traps, IOSR Journal of Applied Physics, Volume 10, Issue 1 Ver. II (Jan.-Feb. 2018), p. (36-42)
[5] E.R.Hasanov, R.A.Hasanova. External and Internal Instability in the Medium Having Electron Typ Conductivity, IOSR Journal of Applied Physics, Volume 10, Issue 3 Ver. II (May-June. 2018), p. 18-26;

ABSTRACT: The mistake of using Bell's Inequality in defeating Hidden Variables as a reasonable solution of EPR Paradox is revealed and discussed. Both entangled photon and electron pairs can change their quantum energy states (hidden variables) through a transformation process (polarization or spin measurement) to a new corresponding entangled quantum state no matter of Bell's Inequality. Because of the existence of predetermined quantum energy states, Schrödinger's Cat and Superposition Theory cannot be true. In addition, the phase angle of a particle wave can be changed by a detector which results in the destruction of interference patterns in Double Slit Interference Experiment, therefore, Complementarity Principle is not true neither.

[Keywords]: Yangton and Yington, Wu's Pairs, Photon, Polarization, Photon Spin, Electron Spin, Double Slit Interference, Quantum Entanglement, Superposition, Schrödinger's Cat, Complementarity, Quantum Mechanics, Hidden Variables, EPR Paradox, Bell's Inequality.

[1]. Rae, Alastair I.M. (2004). Quantum Physics: Illusion Or Reality? UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 9–10. ISBN 978-1139455275.
[2]. Jönsson, Claus (1 August 1961). "Elektroneninterferenzen an mehreren künstlich hergestellten Feinspalten". Zeitschriftfür Physik(in German). 161 (4): 454–474. Bibcode:1961ZPhy..161..454J. doi:10.1007/BF01342460. ISSN 0044-3328.
[3]. Greene, Brian (2007). The Fabric of the Cosmos: Space, Time, and the Texture of Reality. Random House LLC. p. 90. ISBN 978-0-307-42853-0.
[4]. Feynman, Richard P.; Robert B. Leighton; Matthew Sands (1965). The Feynman Lectures on Physics, Vol. 3. Addison-Wesley. pp. 1.1–1.8. ISBN 978-0201021189.
[5]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Single Slit Diffraction and Double Slit Interference Interpreted by Yangton and Yington Theory." IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), 12(2), 2020, pp. 10-16

ABSTRACT: The flux of incoming Cosmic Rays at the upper atmosphere is dependent on the Solar Wind, the Earth's magnetic field, and the energy of the cosmic rays. For cosmic radiation high energy particles originating outside a solar system. Cosmic rays are also responsible for the continuous production of a number of unstable isotopes in Earth's atmosphere. Cosmic rays can be used for validating magnetospheric field models during very severe storms. Cosmic rays are high-energy radiation, mainly originating outside the Solar System. Solar energetic particles and high-energy particles emitted by the sun. Measurements of the energy and arrival directions of the ultra-high-energy primary cosmic rays by the techniques of density sampling and fast timing of extensive air showers. When cosmic rays enter the Earth's atmosphere they collide with atoms and molecules, mainly oxygen and nitrogen. Gamma ray deriving from local supernovae could have affected cancer and mutation rates, and might be linked to decisive alterations in the Earth's climate.Solar Wind effects on the Cosmic-Ray Electrons from Solar Minimum to Solar Maximum.Cosmic Ray effects on a solar wind velocity gradually. Solar Wind consists of Magnetized Plasma flares and is linked to sunspots. Sunspot impact on the Space Weather and Earth's Environment.

Keywords: Cosmic Ray, Solar wind, Sun Spot, Geomagnetic Activity

[1]. NASA, Goddard Space Flight Center. Archived from the original on 28
[2]. October 2012. Retrieved 31 October 2012.
[3]. Nave, Carl R. "Cosmic rays". HyperPhysics Concepts. Georgia State University. Retrieved 17 February 2013.
[4]. "The Detection of Cosmic Rays". Milagro Gamma-Ray Observatory. Los Alamos National Laboratory. 3 April 2002. Archived from the original on 5 March 2013. Retrieved 22 February 2013.
[5]. Sloan, T.; Wolfendale, A.W. (7 November 2013). "Cosmic rays, solar activity and the climate". Environmental Research Letters. 8 (4): 045022.

ABSTRACT: Model: Quantum battery (QB) is a device that is capable to be charged efficiently and store the energy for a long period of time to be transferred to consumption centers. There are many different physical types of such
devices and different charging schemes. Here we discuss the single-qubit based QB in the form of quantum oscillator in a Markovian bath environment. The charging of QB is performed via so-called 'coherent' control
u(t) in the Hamiltonian and time dependent spectral density n(t) as an 'incoherent' control (number of excitations in the bath). Our goal is to drive the ergotropy of the stored qubit via the certain control algorithm.
Methods: For the effective control we apply here Kolesnikov's 'target attractor' (TA) feedback algorithm. In the frame of this approach we form an attractor set targeting the evolution of the basic characteristics of quantum
battery. TA method makes the effective design of the control fields charging the battery; the corresponding control signals could be restored explicitly from the dynamical equations. Interestingly, the proposed algorithm
applied to our single qubit model of QB has an analytical solution.

Key Word: Quantum Battery; Ergotropy; Qubit; Target Attractor; Feedback Algorithm Control

[1]. Alicki R, Fannes M. Entanglement boost for extractable work from ensembles of quantum batteries. Physical Review E, 2013; 87: 042123.
[2]. Campaioli F, Pollock FA, Vinjanampathy S. Quantum batteries, Review chapter in: Thermodynamics in the Quantum Regime: Fundamental Aspects and New Directions (Fundamental Theories of Physics). Springer, 2018.
[3]. Alicki R. A quantum open system model of molecular battery charged by excitons. Journal of Chemical Physics, 2019; 150: 214110.
[4]. Liu J, Segal D, Hanna G. Loss-free excitonic quantum battery. Journal of Physical Chemistry C, 2019; 123: 18303-18314.
[5]. Andolina GM, Keck M, Mari A, Giovannetti V, Polini M. Quantum versus classical many-body batteries. Physical Review B, 2019; 99: 205437

ABSTRACT: Cosmological models can describe the physical universe, which shows that the universe expanding from the big bang.The expansion of space in homogeneous and isotropic models of the universe in the context of general relativity is Friedmann equations. Friedmann equation is the standard model in cosmology. The solutions of the Friedmann equations explain the flat, open and close universe. In this paper, we have attempted to present the Friedmann equation mathematically. We also demonstrated the process ofhow to solve our proposed equation easily.

Key Word: Friedmann Equation, Flat Universe, Close Universe, Open Universe.

[1]. Siong, Ch'ng Han and Radiman, Shahidan (2013), Derivation of the Spatially Flat FriedmannEquation from Bohm-De Broglie Interpretation in Canonical Quantum Cosmology, International Journal of Physical Sciences, Vol. 8(5), pp. 182-185, doi: 10.5897/IJPS2013.3819.
[2]. Terzic, Balsa (2008), Lecture 5: Solutions of Friedmann Equations. http://nicadd.niu.edu/~bterzic/PHYS652/Lecture_05.pdf.
[3]. M. A. Hoque, M. AbdusSattarTitu, M. S. Hossain and M. Shahabuddin. An Analysis of Friedmann Robertson Walker Metric with the Variation of G and Λ, Annals of Pure and Applied Mathematics Vol. 3, No.1, 2013, 85-93 ISSN: 2279-087X (P), 2279-0888(online) Published on 4 July 2013,www.researchmathsci.org.
[4]. Mostaghel, N. (2016), A New Solution for the Friedmann Equations. International Journal of Astronomy and Astrophysics, 6, 122-134. doi: 10.4236/ijaa.2016.61010.
[5]. Islam, J.N. (2001), An Introduction to Mathematical Cosmology.2nd ed. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to analyze the components of the plastic materials used in water bottles and in the caps of water bottles using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS). Bottlesamples were collected from some factories in Sudan. The samples were collected pre- and post-used.Multiple emission spectra were obtained from 3 different manufacturers for 3 different bottles were irradiated by Nd: YAG laser at 266 nm with pulse energy 80mJ. Atomic Spectra Database was used for the spectral analysis of the plasma emitted from those samples. The results showed all elements present in plastic water bottles and bottles caps, that areMn II, Ca II, Cl II, S II, N II, K II, Mg I, Pm II, O II, Mo I, Mg II and F. All these elementsare normal and this are useful for recycling only one times.

Key Word: Laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS), Plastic materials,Plasma, Polymers, Waste recycling.

[1]. Aguirre, M. Á., Hidalgo, M., Canals, A., Nóbrega, J. A., & Pereira-Filho, E. R. (2013). Analysis of waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy (LIBS) and multivariate analysis. Talanta, 117, 419-424.
[2]. Junjuri, R., Zhang, C., Barman, I., &Gundawar, M. K. (2019). Identification of post-consumer plastics using laser-induced breakdown spectroscopy. Polymer Testing, 76, 101-108.
[3]. Geyer, R., Jambeck, J. R., & Law, K. L. (2017). Production, use, and fate of all plastics ever made. Science advances, 3(7), e1700782.
[4]. Alabi, O. A., Ologbonjaye, K. I., Awosolu, O., &Alalade, O. E. (2019). Public and Environmental Health Effects of Plastic Wastes Disposal: A Review. J Toxicol Risk Assess, 5, 021.
[5]. Siddiqui, M. N., Gondal, M. A., & Nasr, M. M. (2009). Determination of trace metals using laser induced breakdown spectroscopy in insoluble organic materials obtained from pyrolysis of plastics waste. Bulletin of environmental contamination and toxicology, 83(1), 141-145.