IOSR-JAP   Volume-12 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov. – Dec. 2020

ABSTRACT: Ionization in the amorphous thermal silicon dioxide in a metal-oxide-semiconductor device begins at the onset field for Fowler-Nordheim carrier tunnelling current. The calculated mean free path of electrons in
the oxide is higher by 0.22 nm for the denser oxide on 4H-SiC than on Si. It is generally observed that a lower conduction band offset of a native oxide/semiconductor interface is indicative of a denser native oxide of a
denser semiconductor material, particularly after removing the intrinsic defects in the semiconductor materials. Si is found to be the least dense semiconductor material giving the least dense native oxide on it with the highest
conduction band offset at the SiO2/Si interface of 3.2 eV..

Keywords: Density, Metal-Oxide-Semiconductor, Ionization, Mean Free Path

[1]. R.S. Muller, T.I. Kamins, with M. Chan, "pn junctions" in Device Electronics for Integrated Circuits, 3rd edition, John Wiley and
Sons, Singapore, 2003:174-225.
[2]. R.K. Chanana, "Interrelated current-voltage/capacitance-voltage traces based characterization study on 4H-SiC metal-oxidesemiconductor
devices in accumulation and Si device in inversion along with derivation of the average oxide fields for carrier tunneling from the cathode and the anode", IOSR-J. Electrical and Electronics Engg., 2019;14(3):49-63.
[3]. D.J. DiMaria, M.V. Fischetti, E. Tierney, "Direct observation of the threshold for electron heating in silicon dioxide", Physical
Review Letters, 1986;56(12):1284-1286.
[4]. R.C. Alig, S. Bloom, C.W. Struck, "Scattering by ionization and phonon emission in semiconductors", Physical Review B, 1980;22(12):5565-5582.
[5]. Z.A. Weinberg, "On tunneling in metal-oxide-silicon structures", J. Appl. Phys., 1982;53(7):5052-5056

ABSTRACT: We consider a 4-dimensional continuum with asymmetrical affine connection .......

Keywords: Asymmetrical field, Scalar field, Tensor field, Transporter

[1]. L.P.Einsenhart. Non-Riemannian Geometry. American Mathematical Society. Colloquium Publication vol. VIII, 1927.
[2]. L.P.Einsenhart. Spaces admitting Complete Absolute Parallelism. Colloquium Publication,Bull. Amer. Math. Soc., Vol. 39, Number 4 (1933), 217-226.
[3]. Hubert F. M.Goenner. On the History of Unified Field Theories,Living Rev. Relativity,7,(2004).
[4]. Cartan E. and Schouten J.A. On Riemannian Geometries admitting an absolute Parallelism. Proc. K. AkadWetensch 29,933-946,(1926).
[5]. Schouten J.A. On a non-symmetrical affine field theory. Proc. K. Acad Wetensch,32,105-108 (1929).

ABSTRACT : In this paper a new kind of linearization effect between the atmospheric aurora and nightglow emissions is presented. The same kind of a linearization effect has previous been found in nightglow emissions from different spectrophotometer measurements and in the spectro- chemic field from studies of optical light sources and is based on the new intensity formula Linear graphs have been obtained for atomic spectral lines and vibration band spectrum when the spectral line ratio fluctuations were plotted versus the photon energies of these emissions. This new effect has been studied with a spectrophotometer in aurora emissions, where linear graphs have been obtained in different aurora occasions. By doing such studies of aurora light it is possible to see the importance of the inelastic scattering cross sections between electrons – atoms and electrons – molecules. In this way it has shown to be possible to determine the mean energy of the interacting thermal electrons which are active in the different aurora phases. Ideas about the structure of new formulas for vibration – and rotation band spectra are also discussed. These formulas are based on the structure of the new intensity formula for atomic emissions.....

Keywords: Auroral spectroscopy, Intensity formula

[1]. Ångström A., Spektrum des Nordlichts, Ann. phys. Leipzig, 137, 161, (1869)
[2]. Chamberlain J.W. , Physics of the aurora and airglow, Academic Press, New York and London (1961).
[3]. Omholt A., The Optical Aurora, Springer, Berlin, (1971).
[4]. Wallance- Jones, A., Aurora, D.Reidel publishing Company, Dordrecht- Holland/Boston-U.S.A. vol 9 (1974).
[5]. Rees M.H. and Lucky D., Journal of Geophysical Research, Vol.79, No 34, (1974)

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to find out the effect of physical factors such as temperature and humidity on the black seed, based on the narrations of folk medicine, which recommend chewing the black seed and moistening it with saliva in order to benefit from its nutritional properties as mentioned in the Prophet's medicine in what al-Tirmidhi narrated in his Sunnah on the authority of the Prophet - may God bless him and grant him peace. He said: "You have this black seed; it has a cure for all diseases except the poison." [1,3,14] The samples were scientifically made from the black seed to be exposed to varying degrees of humidity and temperatures, and to track the nutritional changes that occur in it. IR spectroscopy are a type of spectroscopy that is classified under......

Keywords: Nigella sativa,black seed,Black Cumin, FTIR

[1]. Food Engineering Department, Engineering Faculty, Ege University, 35100 Bornova, Izmir, Turkeyrtment, Turkey (2013). Chemical composition of Nigella sativa L. seeds. (Received 8 July 1992; revised version received and accepted 26 January 1993).
[2]. Bahman Nickavara, Faraz Mojaba, Katayoun Javidniab, and Mohammad Ali Roodgar Amol (2019). Chemical Composition of the Fixed and Volatile Oils of Nigella sativa L.from Iran.Z. Naturforsch. 58c, 629Ð631 (2003); received February 18/March 31, 2003.
[3]. NUTRITIVE VALUE OF BLACK CUMIN (NIGELLA SATIVA L). Pier Giorgio Peiretti 33.93 Italian National Research Council, in book: Nigella sativa: Properties, Uses and Effects (pp.1-32), Publisher: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., NY.
[4]. K. Nivetha and G. Prasanna* P.G and Research Department of Biochemistry, Sengamala Thayaar Educational Trust Women's College, Sundarakkottai, Mannargudi, Thiruvarur Dt, Tamil Nadu, India. , GC-MS and FT-IR Analysis of Nigella sativa L. Seeds Volume 3, Issue 6 – 2016. [5]. Khare CP. Encyclopedia of Indian medicinal plants. NewYork: Springes-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg; 2004. [Google Scholar]

ABSTRACT: This article reports the composite PVA/PVP and various concentrations of Ho3+: PVA/PVP blend polymer films were successfully prepared by using the solution casting technique. X-ray diffraction for PVA/PVP and Ho3+: PVA/PVP samples were carried out. The XRD shows amorphous nature with increasing Ho3+ concentration. The FTIR spectra indicate an interaction between Holmium and PVA/PVP polymer blends at various
concentrations. The UV-Vis spectral analysis was studied from the 200 nm to 600 nm wavelength region. The band gap energy (Eg) and refractive index are strongly affected beyond the addition of Ho3+ ions in the
PVA/PVP blend. The energy band gap reduced from 5.21 eV to 4.7 eV and the refractive index raises from 2.37 to 2.44.The optical edge was initiated to be 5.04 eV for host PVA/PVP......

Keywords: PVA/PVP, Rare Earth ion and Emission analysis, CIE Chromaticity diagram

[1]. Y.Y. Zhang, L.F. Shen, E.Y.B. Pun, B.J. Chen, H. Lin, Optics Communications, vol. 311, pp. 111–116, 2013.
[2]. K. Prabha, H.S. Jayanna, Open Journal of Polymer chemistry, vol. 5, pp. 47-54, 2015
[3]. S.H. Lim, S.M. Hudson, Journal Macromolecular Science. Pol. R., Vol. 43, pp. 223-269, 2003
[4]. MH Makled, E.Sheha, TS Shanap, MK .El-Mansy, Journal Advance Research, vol.4, pp.531-538, 2013.
[5]. B. Cerroni, E. Chiessi, S. Margheritelli, L. Oddo and G. Paradossi, Biomacromolecules, vol.12, pp. 593–601, 2011.

ABSTRACT: Atmospheric dispersion modeling is a challenging problem not only for environmental management, but also for predict the dispersion of radioactive materials. The key priority to promote an effective model for emergency response is making a balance between the accuracy and the computational cost. This research has made a brief review about the properties of several dispersion models as Gaussian, Eulerian, Lagrangian, and CFD (Computational Flux Dynamic). We also discussed their performance in parallel computing and proposed an approach for predict and fast nuclear accident response by using the WRF model (Weather Research and Forecasting) and the FLEXPART-WRF. For demonstration, we presented two examples by using FLEXPART-WRF for simulation of the dispersion of 137Cs from the Fangchenggang nuclear power plant.

Keywords: Air dispersion modelling, Gaussian, Eulerian, Lagrangian, CFD, WRF, FLEXPART, FLEXPART-WRF.

[1]. P. Zannetti, Air pollution modelling - Theories, Computational Methods and Available Software, Springer Science & Business Media, 2013.
[2]. Adam Leelossy, Ferenc Molnar, Ferenc Izsak, Agnes Havasi, István Lagzi, Robert Meszaros, "Dispersion modeling of air pollutants in the atmosphere: a review," Central European Journal of Geosciences, vol. 6, no. 3, pp. 257-278, 2014.
[3]. D.J. Hall, A.M. Spanton, M. Bennett, F. Dunkerley, R.F. Griffiths, B.E.A. Fisher, R.J. Timmis, "Evaluation of new generation atmospheric dispersion models," International Journal of Environment and Pollution, vol. 18, pp. 22-32, 2003.
[4]. Irwin, John S., "A Historical Look at the Development of Regulatory Air Quality Models for the United States Environmental Protection Agency," in AIR QUALITY MODELING - Theories, Methodologies, Computational Techniques, and Available Databases and Software. Vol. II, – Advanced Topics, The EnviroComp Institute, Air & Waste Management Association., 2014, pp. 557-598.
[5]. A. D. Visscher, Air Dispersion Modeling, Wiley, 2014.