IOSR-JAP   Volume-13 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan. – Feb. 2021

ABSTRACT: Radioactivity can be described as a natural phenomenon, and these sources of radiation are features of the environment. There are many advantages of radiation and radioactive substances. However, radiation may be a risk to human beings. Regulation of safety measures is a national responsibility. The government is supposed to enact laws to offer guidelines on matters of nuclear energy. IAEA is a global nuclear safety regime for all countries of the world. Every state is required to conform to the regulations provided by the body. The report provides a descriptive analysis of non-ionization in African countries and the state of the regulatory bodies. From the analysis of the table, the Eastern countries stand at 67%, having regulatory bodies and countries of Central Africa. The nations of the north seem to have constituted regulatory bodies as they stand at 83%, while countries to the west are 38%.

Key words: Non-ionizing Radiation, Africa,

[1]. Telleria, D., & Proehl, G. (2014). Radiological protection of the environment and its implementation into IAEA safety standards. Atom Indonesia, 39(3), 101.
[2]. Radiation non-ionizing, diagnostic imaging. (2020). Definitions.
[3]. Principles for non-ionizing radiation protection. (2020). Health Physics, 118(5), 477-482.
[4]. Ionizing and non-ionizing radiation. (2020).
[5]. Persson, K. (2012). IAEA safety standards on management systems and safety culture. Atom Indonesia, 33(1)..

ABSTRACT: Electrons and holes are created exponentially due to ionisation in the oxide of the metal-oxide-semiconductor device when Fowler-Nordheim tunnelled electrons accelerate towards the anode without colliding. The ionisation begins at the FN onset field as shown in the previous study. It is now further shown, that the electron diffusion current after ionisation of thermal silicon dioxide in a metal-oxide-semiconductor device forms the FN electron tunnelling current. An average electron density of about 1011/cm3 exists in the oxide conduction band before ionization, with the average electron energies of 3 to 5 eV at oxide fields greater than 5 MV/cm. The research paper demonstrates wave-particle duality of electrons for the FN electron tunnelling current in a MOS device.

Keywords: Diffusion, metal-oxide-semiconductor, ionization, silicon carbide

[1]. R.H. Fowler, L. Nordheim, "Electron emission in intense electric fields", Proc. Royal Society A, 1928;119:173-181.
[2]. Z.A. Weinberg, "On tunneling in metal-oxide-silicon structures", J. Appl. Phys., 1982;53(7):5052-5056.
[3]. R.G. Forbes, "Use of energy-space diagrams in free-electron models of field electron emission", Surface and Interface Analysis, 2004;36:395-401.
[4]. R.K. Chanana, "On the ionization in silicon dioxide in a MOS device and its relation to the density of the oxide", IOSR-J. Appl. Phys., 2020;12(6):1-5.
[5]. H,-J. Fitting, J.-U. Friemann, "Monte-Carlo studies of the electron mobility in SiO2", Phys. Stats. Sol.(a), 1982;69:349..

ABSTRACT: Elementary-particle Physics deals with the fundamental constituents of matter and their interactions. In the past several decades an enormous amount of experimental information has been accumulated, and many patterns and systematic features have been observed. Highly successful mathematical theories of the electromagnetic, weak, and strong interactions have been devised and tested. These theories, which are collectively known as the standard model, are almost certainly the correct description of Nature, to first approximation, down to a distance scale 1/1000th the size of the atomic nucleus. There are also speculative but encouraging developments in the attempt to unify these interactions into a simple underlying framework, and even to incorporate quantum gravity in a parameter-free.......

[1]. Gasiorowicz, S., and P. Langacker. Elementary Particles in Physics. www.physics.upenn.edu/~pgl/e27/E27.pdf.
[2]. Mann, Adam. "What Are Elementary Particles?" LiveScience, Purch, 7 May 2019, www.livescience.com/65427-fundamental-elementary-particles.html.
[3]. https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/giVexWJYcbAMMaoGgCA4LL.jpg
[4]. https://cdn.mos.cms.futurecdn.net/3qtzB2TWDEdV3rdSLKHZmV.jpeg
[5]. "Bubble Chamber." Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc., www.britannica.com/science/bubble-chamber.

ABSTRACT: An attempt has been made to simulate the rainfall of 25 June, 2019 over Sylhet, Bangladesh due to orography using WRF model. The model has been run in a single domain of 10 km horizontal resolution for 48-h and 72-h using six hourly global final datasets from 0000 UTC of each initial day of the event as initial and lateral boundary conditionswith NSSL 2-moment microphysics scheme, Kain–Fritsch cumulous scheme and Yonsei University PBL scheme after sensitivity test in terms of RMSE. The model simulated mean sea level pressure, wind, vorticity, wind shear, humidity, CAPE, CIN, Lifted Index, K-index, Total Total Index and rainfall are analyzed. These weather parameters are visualized by GrADS......

Keywords: CAPE, CIN, LI, TTI, TRMM and ECMWF

[1]. Faruq, M. O., Chowdhury, M. A. M., Akhter, M. A. E., Mallik, M. A. K., Hassan, S. M. Q., and Huque, S. M. M., 2019: Simulation of a Heavy Rainfall Event of 17 May, 2016 and its Thermodynamic Features over Sylhet, Bangladesh using WRF Model. The Atmosphere, A scientific Journal of Meteorology and Geo-Physics, Volume 8, Number 1: pp. 81–90.
[2]. Browning, K. A., Hill, F. F., and Pardoe, C. W., 1974: Structure and mechanism of precipitation and the effect of orography in a wintertime warm sector. Q. J. R. Meteorol. Soc. 100: 309–30.
[3]. Smith, R. B., 2006: Progress on the theory of orographic precipitation. Special Paper 398, Tectonics, Climate, and Landscape Evolution, S. D. Willett et al., Eds., Geological Society of America, 1–16.
[4]. Niyogi, D., T. Holt, S. Zhong, P. C. Pyle, and J. Basara, 2006: Urban and land surface effects on the 30 July 2003 mesoscale convective system event observed in the southern Great Plains. J. Geophys. Res., 111, D19107, doi:10.1029/2005JD006746.
[5]. Routray, A., U. C. Mohanty, S. R. H. Rizvi, D. Niyogi, K. K. Osuri, and D. Pradhan, 2010: Impact of Doppler weather radar data on simulation of Indian monsoon depressions. Quart. J. Roy. Meteor. Soc., 136, 1836–1850.

ABSTRACT: Length Contraction is interpreted by human visual memory instead of Einstein's special relativity. The mechanism of an interactive observation by optical sensor or human eyes is studied. The concept "Same Time" in observation process is explained. As a result, in compliance with human visual memory, length contraction along the object can be recognized with different traveling speeds and angles. In addition, length expansion can also be observed along the direction away from the object.

Keywords: Length Contraction, Special Relativity, Velocity Time Dilation, Vision of Object, Vision of Light, Principle of Vision, Theory of Vision, Photon Inertia Transformation, Absolute Light Speed, Inertia Speed, Equation of Light Speed, Human Visual Memory.

[1]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Light Speed in Vacuum is not a Constant and Time Doesn't Change with Velocity–Discrepancies Between Relativities and Yangton & Yington Theory". American Journal of Modern Physics. Vol. 4, No. 6, 2015, pp. 367 -373. doi:
10.11648/j.ajmp.20150406.12.
[2]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Vision of Object, Vision of Light, Photon Inertia Transformation and Their Effects on Light Speed and Special Relativity." IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), vol. 9, no. 5, 2017, pp. 49–54.
[3]. Einstein A. (1916), Relativity: The Special and General Theory (Translation 1920), New York: H. Holt and Company.
[4]. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Length_contraction.
[5]. Einstein, Albert (1920). "On the Idea of Time in Physics". Relativity: The Special and General Theory. Henri Holt. ISBN 1-58734- 092-5. And also in sections 9–12..

ABSTRACT: This paper is a short review about the elliptic flow. Due to pressure gradients, collective flows occur in the ultra relativistic heavy ion collisions and this flow can be calculated from anisotropic momentum distributions of particles relative to the reaction plane which is given by the second Fourier coefficient, V2. Here first section contains brief introduction and the motivation behind its calculation. Second section contains terms needed to calculate elliptic flow. Third and fourth section tells physics behind the elliptic flow and the progresses in these years. Its measurement provides many informations related to Quark Gluon Plasma (QGP) and expansion of early universe.

[1]. Landau LD, Lifshitz EM. Fluid Mechanics. London: Pergamon Press (1959).
[2]. St𝑜 cker H, Greiner W. Phys. Rep. 137:277 (1986).
[3]. Clare RB, Strottman D. Phys. Rep. 141: 177 (1986).
[4]. Peter F. Kolb, Josef Sollfrank, and Ulrich Heinz, Anisotropic transverse flow and the quark-hadron phase transition, Phys.Rev.C62:054909,2000,hep-ph/0006129
[5]. Belenkij SZ, Landau LD. Usp. Fiz. Nauk 56:309 (1955); Nuovo Cimento Suppl. 3:15(1956)..

ABSTRACT: The stability of the triply diffusive convective layer of fluid is studied to analyze the effects of temperature dependent viscosity and uniform magnetic field on the growth rate of oscillations. A condition for the stability and consequently for the existence ofoscillatory motions of growing amplitude are derived, using some nontrivial integral estimates obtained from the eigenvalue equations. The upper bounds for the complex growth rate of oscillatory modes are prescribed, which yields that the oscillations can be controlled by an appropriate choice of the parameters of the problem. It is observed that the temperature dependent viscosity and the magnetic field both have the stabilizing effect on the oscillatory instability i.e. both postpone the onset of oscillatory motions in triply diffusive convection. Some consequences of the derived results are also deduced, which are also uniformly valid for the quite general nature of bounding surfaces..

Keywords: Triply-diffusive convection; linear stability; Growth rate; Magnetic field; Temperature dependent Viscosity, Oscillatory motions

[1]. M. E. Stern [1960]: 'The salt fountain and thermohaline convection', Tellus, 12, 172-175.
[2]. G. Veronis [1965]: 'On finite amplitude instability in thermohaline convection', J. Mar. Res. 23, 1-17.
[3]. J.R. Gupta and J.S. Dhiman and Jayant Thakur [2001]: 'Thermohaline convection of Veronis and Stern types
revisited', J. Math. Anal. Appl.264, 398-407.
[4]. Brandt A. and Fernando H. J. S. (1996), "Double Diffusive Convection." Am. Geophys. Union, Washington, DC.
[5]. Chandrasekhar S. 1961. Hydrodynamic and Hydromagnetic stability, Oxford University Press, Amen House, London.
[6]. Straughan B. (2002), Sharp global nonlinear stability for temperature-dependent viscosity convection, Proc. R. Soc. Lond. A 458,
1773..

ABSTRACT: It is shown that in semiconductors with two types of charge carriers, in the presence of a temperature gradient, taking hydrodynamic motions into account leads to the excitation of growing waves. The frequency
and increment of this wave are determined. Expressions are found for the external electric and magnetic fields upon excitation of growing waves. It has been proven that growth occurs in samples with a certain size. It was
found that the speed of the rising waves is the same in all directions of the coordinate axes and is proportional to the speed of thermomagnetic waves. The concentration ratio of electrons and holes is found upon the
appearance of growing waves.

Keywords: valley, energy gap, effective mass, mean free path, instability, critical value, current flux density

[1]. E R Hasanov, R K Qasimova, A Z Panahov, A I Demirel, Ultrahigh Frequency Generation in Ga-As- type , Studies Theor Phys,
3(8), (2009), p.293-298.
[2]. E.R. Hasanov, Rasoul Nezhad Hosseyn, A.Z. Panahov and Ali Ihsan Demirel, Instability in Semiconductors with Deep Traps in the
Presence of Strong ( H  C )   , Advanced Studies in Theoretical Physics, 5(1), (2011), p.25-30.
[3]. A.I. Demirel, A.Z. Panahov, E.R.Hasanov. Radiations of electron –type conductivity environments in electric and magnetic field,
Advanced Studies in Theoretical Physics, (22), (2013), p.1077-1086.
[4]. F.F.Aliev, E.R.Hasanov. Nonlinear Oscillations of the charge the Curriers Concentration and Electric Field in Semiconductors with
Deep Traps, IOSR Journal of Applied Physics, Volume 10, Issue 1 Ver. II (Jan.-Feb. 2018), p.36-42
[5]. E.R.Hasanov, R.A.Hasanova. External and Internal Instability in the Medium Having Electron Typ Conductivity, IOSR Journal of
Applied Physics, Volume 10, Issue 3 Ver. II (May-June. 2018), p.18-26;.