IOSR-JAP   Volume-13 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep. – Oct. 2021

ABSTRACT: Lead lithium sodium tungsten borophosphate glasses containing Pr3+ in (40-x):P2O5:10PbO:10Li2O:10Na2O:10WO3:20B2O3:xPr6O11 (where x=1, 1.5,2 mol %) have been prepared by melt-quenching method. The amorphous nature of the glasses was confirmed by x-ray diffraction studies. Optical absorption, Excitation spectra and fluorescence spectra were recorded at room temperature for all glass samples. Judd-Ofelt intensity parameters Ωλ (λ=2, 4, 6) are evaluated from the intensities of various absorption bands of optical absorption spectra. Using these intensity parameters various radiative properties like spontaneous emission probability, branching ratio, radiative life time and stimulated emission cross–section of various emission lines have been evaluated.

Keywords: LLSTBP Glasses, Optical Properties, Judd-Ofelt Theory, Thermal Properties.

[1]. Klementa, R., Hrukaa, B., Hronský V. and Ol£ák, D. (2014). Preparation and Characterization of Basic and Er3+-Doped Glasses in the System Y2O3-Al2O3-ZrO2. Acta PhysicaPolonica A, 126, 17-21.
[2]. Surendra Babu, S., Jang, K., Cho, E.J., Lee, H. and Jayasankar, C.K. (2007). Thermal, structural and optical properties of Eu3+ -doped Zinc-tellurite glasses. Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 40, 18,5767-5774.
[3]. Lin, H., Pun, E.Y.B. and Wang, X.J. et al. (2005). Intense visible fluorescence and energy transfer in Dy3+,Tb3+,Sm3+ and Eu3+ doped rare-earth borate glasses. J. Alloy. Compd., 390:197-201.
[4]. Rajesh,D., Balakrishna, A. and Ratnakaram, Y.C.(2012). Luminescence, structural and dielectric properties of Sm3+ impurities in strontium lithium bismuth borate glasses. Opt. Mat.35, 108-116.
[5]. Murthy Goud , K. K., Ramesh, C.H. and Appa Rao , B. (2017). Up conversion and Spectroscopic Properties of Rare Earth Codoped Lead Borate GlassMatrix. Material Science Research India,14, 140-145.

ABSTRACT: With regards to classical Electromagnetic (EM) Theory, a purely analytical approach with verification and validation is followed for describing and measuring asymmetric incommensurable torque (AIT) signals arising out of magnetic attraction and repulsion using moving 2D and 3D current loop structures. Validation is done statically, by comparing the nonlinear analytical EM spring with its measured counterpart and dynamically by showing an angular path and velocity difference of more than 1rad and 8rad/s by flipping the EM spring from its unstable position in clockwise and counterclockwise direction. Where the energy comes from, cannot yet be determined and only a hypothesis about the energy source can be given..

Keywords: Lorentz Force; Permanent Magnet (PM); Analytical Approach; Parameter Model; Validation Experiments

[1] S. Babic and C. Akyel, "Magnetic Force Between Inclined Circular Filaments Placed in Any Desired Position," IEEE Trans. Magn., vol. 48, no. 1, pp. 69–80, 2012, doi: 10.1109/TMAG.2011.2165077.
[2] S. I. Babic and C. Akyel, "Magnetic Force between Inclined Circular Loops (Lorentz Approach)," PIER B, vol. 38, pp. 333–349, 2012, doi: 10.2528/PIERB12011501.
[3] J. M. Camacho and V. Sosa, "Alternative method to calculate magnetic field of permanent magnets with azimuthal symmetry," Revista Mexicana de Fisica, 2013.
[4] D. Spreemann and Y. Manoli, Electromagnetic Vibration Energy Harvesting Devices: Architectures, Design, Modeling and Optimization. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2012.
[5] S. P. Beeby et al., "A micro electromagnetic generator for vibration energy harvesting," J. Micromech. Microeng., vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 1257–1265, 2007, doi: 10.1088/0960-1317/17/7/007.

ABSTRACT: I am introducing a new concept which is about "moving fluid and moving elastic material". If the fluid is moving through a certain area in a certain direction, I would consider it as a "fluid particle‟ or a "packet of fluid particles‟. Again I would consider "resistance" in a moving fluid as well. The resistance I am defining here is in a certain pattern that has been developed by me.....

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ABSTRACT: In hafnium diselenide intercalated with copper atoms, the components of the complex impedance are measured and the real and imaginary components of the relative permittivity are determined. A strong frequency dispersion of the imaginary part of the permeability is found. The use of the formalism of the electrical module made it possible for the first time for a given material to determine the characteristic times of dielectric relaxation at different temperatures and to estimate the values of the high-frequency dielectric constant.

Key Word: hafnium diselenide, intercalation, dielectric constant, electrical module.

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[2]. Choi W., Choudhary N., Park J., Han G.H., Lii Y.H. , Akinwande D. Recent Development of Two-Dimensional Transition Metal Dichalcogenides and their Applications // Materials Today. V. 20. № 3. P. 116-130. (2017).
[3]. Pleshchev V.G., Baranov N.V., Shishkin D.A., Korolev A.V., Gorlov A.D., Magnetic and Electrical Properties of Intercalated Phases in the (Cr, Cu)–HfSe2 System. Physics of the Solid State, V 53, № 10, pp. 2054–2060 (2011).
[4]. Jokota I. On the Theory of Mixed Conduction with Special Reference to the Conduction in Silver Sulfide Semiconductor. // J. Phys. Soc. Jpn.. V.16, №11. P. 2213-2223 (1961).
[5]. Reshak Ali H. Copper-Intercalated TiS2: Electrode Materials for Rechargeable Batteries as Future Power Resources.// J.Phys.Chem. A.. V.113, №8. РР. 1635-1645 (2009).

ABSTRACT: An atom is made of protons, neutrons and electrons. Protons are made of quarks. So are neutrons and electrons. 10 long syllable [1] contains 10 quarks or (100 bosons). Here, we will see details about quarks and bosons based on [1] [3]. Also, we will see an atoms frequency reaching18712080864000000 seconds per second (final constant to complete a cycle).

Keywords: Rotation, Galaxy, Surya Siddhanta, Quark, Boson, time of manifestation

[1]. Ebenezer Burgess(1860) Ancient book Surya-Siddhanta ISBN 9788183150170, 8183150179
[2]. Bhausaheb Bhosle (2014) Article "Science of Time and the Theory of Everything"
[3]. International Journal of Engineering Research and Development e-ISSN: 2278-067X, p-ISSN: 2278-800X, www.ijerd.com
Volume 10, Issue 9 (September 2014), PP.46-53
[4]. Bhausaheb Bhosle(2019) "Science of Time and the Theory of Everything New Edition" ISBN-10: 1674109695 ISBN-13: 978-1674109695

ABSTRACT: The unifulverse is a cosmological hypothesis, according to which, there are transformant universes, such that any universe could transform into another universe from among all of the infinite parallel and different universes. From the perspective of the unifulverse hypothesis, all of the infinite parallel universes potentially exist in our actual universe, which enables our universe to transform into any different parallel universe. This distinguishes the unifulverse hypothesis from the multiverse approach, according to which, the infinite parallel universes actually exist in different dimensions.

[1]. John D. Barrow, Paul C. W. Davies, and Charles L. Harper, Jr. (Editors): Science and Ultimate Reality: Quantum Theory, Cosmology, and Complexity. 2004. Cambridge University Press.
[2]. Steven Weinberg (Author): The Discovery of Subatomic Particles. Second Edition.2003. Cambridge University Press.
[3]. Shan Gao (Author): The Meaning of the Wave Function: In Search of the Ontology of Quantum Mechanics. 2017. Cambridge University Press.
[4]. CharisAnastopoulos (Author): Particle or Wave. 2008. Princeton University Press.

ABSTRACT: Purpose: This paper reviews the existing literature on plasma and plasma jets and attempts to describe the current and future applications of the same. Design/methodology/approach: A systematic literature review methodology was used. Keywords were used to search for relevant papers from scientific research databases and after an initial review, 42 papers were used for the literature review.
Findings: The literature review reveals that different types of plasma (thermal and non-thermal) as well as plasma jets (atmospheric pressure plasma jets and low-pressure plasma jets) have a wide range of applications in various industries such as production of bio-diesel fuel, materials processing, biomedicine including dentistry, and most notably, space travel.

Keywords: plasma, plasma jets, industrial applications, plasma propulsion, systematic review

[1]. Choueiri E., (2009) New Dawn for ELECTRIC ROCKETS, Scientific American, 300, 2 , 58-65, https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/26001222
[2]. Comae, "Plasma Propulsion of Spacecraft", (1959), Astronautics, 4, 31.
[3]. Croes, V., Tavant, A., Lucken, R., Martorelli, R., Lafleur, T., Bourdon, A., &Chabert, P. (2018). The effect of alternative propellants on the electron drift instability in Hall-effect thrusters: Insight from 2D particle-in-cell simulations. Physics of Plasmas, 25(6), 063522. doi: 10.1063/1.5033492
[4]. Ding, Y., Su, H., Li, P., Wei, L., Li, H., & Peng, W. et al. (2017). Study of the catastrophic discharge phenomenon in a Hall thruster. Physics Letters A, 381(40), 3482-3486. doi: 10.1016/j.physleta.2017.09.002
[5]. Forrester A T., Speiser, R C., (1959) "Cesium-Ion Propulsion", Astronautics, 4, 34.

ABSTRACT: The two basic merit functions of the point spread function are the first an increase in the intensity of the cenral maximum and athe second a reduction in the radius of its first dark ring. These are one of the prime merit functions associated with point spread functions. Our studies entail in the estimation of the radius of the first dark ring in the obtained diffraction pattern of the obtained point image. Apertures shading with amplitude with two-zone with various filters in each zone have been considered. The influence of the filters has been analyzed to estimate the optimum value of apodisation for a given aperture in realizing the least possible radius for the first dark ring which in turn influences the resolving aspects of the optical imaging systems..

Keywords: Rotationally Symmetric Systems, Gaussian filter, Hanning amplitude filters, Super- resolution.

[1]. Mills, JP. Thompson, BJ. Selected papers on apodization:coherent optical systems - Washington: "SPIE Optical Engineering Press" Publisher, 1996. – Vol.119.
[2]. Jacquinot, P. Roizen-dossier, B. Apodization. Progress in Optics, 1964. - Vol.3. – P. 29-32.
[3]. Barakat, R. Application of apodization to increase Two-point resolution by Sparrow criterion under incoherent illumination. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 1962. – Vol.52. – P. 276-283.
[4]. Barakat, R. Solution to the Lunenberg Apodization problems. J. Opt. Soc. Am., 1962. – Vol.52. – P. 264-272.
[5]. Khonina, SN. Ustinov, AV., and Pelevina, EA. Analysis of wave aberration influence on reducing the focal spot size in a High-aperture focusing system. J. Opt., 2011. – Vol.13. – 13pp.

ABSTRACT: In this paper the Hall's effect in spiral geometry is studied, i.e. the formula of the voltage produced by a magnetic field perpendicular to a spiral metal sheet in which an electric current flows is determined. The mathematical relationship between the potential and the electric field is discussed by solving the Laplace equation in spiral coordinates together with the boundary conditions.
Since both rectangular and circular geometries are limiting cases of spiral geometry, the spiral Hall's effect is a generalization of the homonymous effect discovered by Hall in 1879 and of the circular Corbino's effect. At the end of the paper it will be clear that spiral geometry is one of the best choices for designing a long stripe Hall's effect device in a small space..

[1]. J. C. Maxwell, A Treatise on Electricity and Magnetism, Vol. 2, Oxford: Clarendon , 1873.
[2]. G. S. Leadstone, The discovery of the Hall effect, Phys. Educ. Vol. 14 , 1979.
[3]. G. H. Wiedemann, Die Lehre vom Galvanismus und Elektromagnetismus nebst technischen Anwendungen, Brunswick 2nd ed., 1872.
[4]. E. H. Hall, Am. J. Sci. (3) 20 161-86, republished in Phil. Mag. (5) 10 301-28, 1880.
[5]. O. M. Corbino, "Electromagnetic effects due to distortions that a field produces on non-metallic ion paths", Physikalische Zeitschrift, 12, 561, 1911