IOSR-JAP   Volume-13 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep. – Oct. 2021

ABSTRACT: The Doppler effect or sound and light is a well-known phenomenon: the wave emitted by a source undergoes a frequency change due to the velocity of the source and the observer relative to the medium.For sound, the medium is known: air, fluid, etc. For light, the medium is called the "luminoferous ether". However, according to Special Relativity of Einstein, (SRT) ether is not necessary to be includedin the theory.Therefore, relativistic formulas have been created, which apparently eliminate the carrier medium. The derivation of these formulas is based on a travelling electromagnetic wave which aberrates because of the move of the source or the observer. Thereafter the time dilation factor is applied. In this article we derive the relativistic Doppler formulas (both longitudinal and transverse) without referring to EM wave, frequency, wavelength, time dilation or flying photon.

Keywords: Doppler effect, missing lightwave

[1]. Wikipedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect
[2]. Gupta, O.P.: The Doppler effect: a unified approach for sound and light waves. Phys. Educ. 31 351
[3]. Einstein, A.: "ZurElektrodynamikbewegter Körper",(On the Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies)Annalen derPhysik 17: 891;
[4]. Serway, R.-Vuille, Ch.: College physics Brooks/Cole
[5]. Korn, G.A.-Korn, T.M.: Mthematical Handbook for Scientists and Engineers McGraw-Hills 2nd Ed..

ABSTRACT: The radius of the contact area has been found by consideration of the contact geometry. Two variants of the position of the contact area at impact between a spherical body and a semi-space surface have been examined in this paper. The differential equations of the displacement (the movement) of the centre of mass of the body have been given. The distribution of deformation velocities on the semi-space surface, and the size and velocity of the circular surface waves have been found. The occurrence of micro-impact waves in the initial stage of impact have been considered. The equation for the velocity of the front of the micro-impact wave has been obtained. Also, here, the problems of distribution of the stresses on the surface of the contact area and the definition of the normal contact stresses......

Keywords: collision, impact, methods, specific forces, differential forces, viscoelasticity, dynamics, parameters viscoelasticity, specific viscoelastic forces, dynamic modules, energy, work, restitution, compression, contact geometry, dissipative energy and work, parabolic shape, movement differential equations, contact stress, stress distribution, velocities distribution, deformed volume, volume of deformation, circular surface waves, micro impact, oscillations, experimental techniques, experimental oscilloscopic curve, piezoelectric signal, time - temperature superposition, relaxation, physical relaxation, mechanical relaxation, relaxation of oscillations, retardation time, subatomic structures, viscoelastic behaviour, elastoplastic behaviour, plastic deformation, creep.....

[1]. Goloshchapov N. Application of the method of the specific forces in the mechanics of a viscoelastic collision between a solid body and a semi-space. International Journal of Damage Mechanics, August 2015; vol. 24, 6: 915-943. http://ijd.sagepub.com/content/24/6/915
[2]. Goloshchapov N. Solutions of the Problems of a Viscoelastic Dynamic Contact between Smooth Curvilinear Surfaces of two Solid Bodies by the Application of the "Method of the Specific Forces". Mechanical Engineering Research; 2015:Vol. 5, No. 2. URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/mer.v5n2p59
[3]. Goloshchapov N. Contact Dynamics: Methods of Differential Specific Forces ©– Apple Academic Press, 2018: 425 pages, 23 Color Illus. 8 B/W Illus. https://www.routledge.com/Contact-Dynamics-Methods-of-Differential-Specific-
[4]. FerryJ.D. Viscoelasticpropertiesof polymers. John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York. 1963.
[5]. Van Krevelen D. W. Properties of polymers correlations with chemical structure. Esliier Publishing, Amsterdam-London-New York. 1972..

ABSTRACT: Noise pollution has adverse impacts on the physical, social and psychological wellbeing of exposed individuals or wildlife. In this work, android-based smartphone measurements of the outdoor noise levels at three students' hostels of the University of Maiduguri, Nigeria was conducted in five weekdays. Two-minute recordings were made at selected commonly-use outdoor locations within the hostels every hour from 0500 to 2400. The noisescapes derived from the data obtained revealed similar patterns that consist of day- and nighttimes peaks differing only in magnitude across the subject hostels. The day-time peaks are associated with foot traffic going for or coming....

Keywords: Noisescapes; Outdoor Survey; Students' Hostel: Android.

[1] S. Parajuli, Noise Mapping of an Educational Environment: A Case Study of South Dakota State University, Electronic Theses and Dissertations, 2018. https://openprairie.sdstate.edu/etd/2683.
[2] J. Guo, The Assessment of Soundscape Quality in Urban Parks - A Case Study in Penn Park, Master of Environmental Studies Capstone Projects, 2019. https:/ /repository upenn.edu/mes_capstones/82.
[3] H. W. DeKoning, Setting Environmental Standards, Guidelines for Decision Making, World Health Organization, Geneva, Switzerland, 1987, 76 – 89.
[4] P. A. Hessel, Hearing loss among construction workers in Edmonton, Alberta, Canada, J Occup Environ Med 42(1), 2000, 57 - 63.
[5] European Environment Agency, Noise in Europe. Copenhagen, Denmark: EEA, 2014. Retrieved from http://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/noise-in-europe-2014.

ABSTRACT: The pure Polyvinyl butyral (PVB) and Multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTS) loaded PVB composite films were fabricated by using a simple method of solution casting. The effect of MWCNTSonspectroscopic properties of PVBcomposite films was carried out usingXRD and UV-Visible techniques. The XRD patterns showed that MWCNTS are dispersed excellently in the PVB matrix. The UV-Visible studies were performed in thewavelengthrange of 190–1100nmand theabsorption edge, direct bandgap, indirect bandgap and Urbach energy values were evaluated. The loading with 2.0wt.% of MWCNTS in PVB resulted in significant changes in directbandgap from 4.62eV to 1.72eV, indirect bandgap from 4.90 eV to 2.49 eVand Urbach energy from 0.77 eV to 1.80 eV. The results showed that the spectroscopic properties of PVB nanocomposite films are modified considerably withsmall loadings of MWCNTSdue to cross-linking formation between the nanotubes and polymer
chains..

Keywords: PVB nanocomposite films, Multiwall carbon nanotubes,X-Ray diffraction,UV-Visible spectroscopy, Bandgap energy, Urbachenergy

[1]. Handbook of Thermoplastics, Polyvinyl Butyral Publication details https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/doi/10.1201/b19190-4 Christian Carrot et.al.
[2]. Everyday Life Applications of Polymer Nanocomposites.C. G. Delides, https://www.researchgate.net/publication/308518339.
[3]. carbon nanotubes polymer nanocomposites by Siva Yellampalli, ISBN 978-953-307-498-6, published July 2011.
[4]. Carbon Nanotube-Based Polymer Composites: Synthesis, Properties and Applications. Waseem Khan et.al, http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/62497, 2016.
[5]. Strategies for dispersing nanoparticles in polymers, Krishnamoorti, research society MRS bullet in- materials; 32, 4; 341-347; 2007, ISSN:0883-7694

ABSTRACT: Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is one of the soluble polymers in water. It is used in ceramics, pharmacy and electronic industry. Titanium oxide (TiO2) is a chemically stable, active with its high surface area in the form of nanoparticles. PVA doped with TiO2 nanoparticles increases its amorphous phase and ionic conductivity. In this article TiO2 nanoparticles at different weight percentages (0.5, 1.0, 1.5, 2.0) are doped in 3 g of PVA using the casting technique. Its properties are characterized by XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis and DSC techniques. The XRD studies showed the nano size of TiO2 particles and amorphous nature of PVA increased with rising the TiO2 quantity. In FTIR studies the presence of dopant with PVA are examined. The UV-Vis showed the irregular changes of absorption, transmittance, reflection and optical constants. With increasing TiO2 content, optical band gap decreased and refractive index increased. DSC characteristics showed the Tg and Tm values.

Keywords: PVA, TiO2, XRD, FTIR, UV-Vis and DSC

[1]. Wu, W., Liang, S., Shen, L., Ding, Z., Zheng, H., Su, W. and Wu, L., Alloys Compd., 520 (2012) 213-219
[2]. Chahal, R.P., Mahendia, S., Tomar, A.K. and Kumar, S., Alloys Compd 538 (2012) 212-219.
[3]. Kinadjian, N.; Achard, M.-F.; Julián-López, B.; Maugey, M.; Poulin, P.; Prouzet, E.; Backov, R. Adv. Funct. Mater 22 (2012) 3994–4003
[4]. A.H. Yuwono, J. Xue, J. wang, H.I. Elim, and Wei Ji., Nonlinear Optical Physics and Material 14 (2005) 281-297
[5]. S.Lewis, V. Hayns, R.Wheeler-Jones,J.Sly, R.M.Perks, L.Piccirillo, Thin solid films 518 (2010)2683-2687.

ABSTRACT: The interaction potential between muon and nucleus, completely inside, completely outside and partially inside and outside was study. The interaction potential decease with increase in separation between muon and nucleus, and become minimum....

Keywords: Interaction potential, Nucleus, Muon, Dirac Wave Function, Amplitude, Angular momentum etc

[1]. A. Amato, Physics with Muons: From Atomic Physics to Solid State Physics, Lecture PHY 432, 2018, 11-17. https://www.psi.ch/sites/default/files/import/lmu/EducationLecturesEN/A_Amato_05_06_2018.pdf
[2]. B. L. Roberts, Muon Physics: A Pillar of the Standard Model, Journal of the Physical Society of Japan, 76, 11, 2007, 1-2.
[3]. G. Feinberg and L. M. Lederman, The physics of muons and muon neutrinos, Annual Review of Nuclear Science, 1963, 433-434. https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/pdf/10.1146/annurev.ns.13.120163.002243
[4]. J. Gronowski, Muonic Atom Scattering from Atoms and Molecules, Department of Strong Interactions and Mechanisms of Nuclear Reactions, Ph.D. Dissertation, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poland, 2011, 1-2.
https://www.ifj.edu.pl/msd/rozprawy_dr/rozpr_Gronowski.pdf.

ABSTRACT: A number of exogenous peptides obtained from food have opioid-like properties. These peptides were called exorphins. The first known exorphins were obtained by in vitro pepsin hydrolysis of α-casein and wheat glutone. The conformational capabilities of the β-casomorphin-7 molecule (Tyr1-Pro2-Phe3-Pro4-Gly5-Pro6-İle7-NH2) have been studied by the method of theoretical conformational analysis. The potential function of the system is chosen as the sum of non-bonded, electrostatic, torsion interactions and the energy of hydrogen bonds. Low-energy conformations of the β-casomorphin-7 molecule were found, the dihedral angles of the main and side chains of amino acid residues.......

Keywords: exorphin, β-casomorphin, opioid, structure, conformation

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[3]. E.Sienkiewicz-Szlapka, B.Jarmolowska, S.Krawczuk,E.Kostyra.Contents of agonistic and antagonistic opioid peptides in different cheese varieties.Int.Dairy J.19, №4, 258-263 (2009).
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