IOSR-JAP   Volume-14 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan. – Feb. 2022

ABSTRACT: The effect of dye extract on the Transmittance and Absorbance behavior of dye sensitized ZnSe thin film was investigated. The films were deposited using chemical bath technique by an aqueous mixture appropriate precursor to provide the needed Information Zinc ion and selenide ion. The dye extracted from the leaf of Chromolaena Odorata (Siam Weed) plant was used to sensitize the film. Uv spectrophotometer was used in the optical analysis. The results obtained indicate that the transmittance values for the ZnSe and dye sensitized ZnSe thin films showed a high value (20%-90%) in the spectral region as wavelength increases corresponding to maximum sensitivity for photonic vision.......

Keywords: Transmittance, Absorbance, Band gap, chemical bath, dye, UV– Spectrophotometer, Temperature and annealing.

[1]. Abeles, F. (1972). Optical properties of Metals and Solids. Amsterdom, North Holland Publishing Company, 97.
[2]. Agbo, P. E. and Nwofe, P. A. (2015). Structural and Optical properties of Sulphurised Ag2S thin films. International journal of thin Films Science and Technology, 4, 9-12.
[3]. Agbo, P. E. and Nwofe, P. A. (2015). Comprehensive studies on the Optical properties of ZnO-core. Journal of Nanotechnology Advance Material, 3, 63-97.
[4]. Chopra, K. L. and S. R. Das, 1983. Why Thin Films Solar Cells? Springer.
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ABSTRACT: In this research, a poly-aniline polymer (PANI) was prepared using chemical oxidation polymerization method, and then it was doped with nano-graphene (GR) and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PVA), each separately with different weight ratios. The optical properties were studied through UV-vis (1800) Spectrophotometer within the range (300-900 nm) to measure the absorption, transmittance, reflection, refractive index, extinction coefficient, partial dielectric constant (real and imaginary), indirect energy gap, is estimated to be (3.02-3.60) ev. Used to determine X-ray diffraction the grain size and Interfacial distances of pure poly-aniline (PANI) samples, doped graphene (PANI / GR) and poly (vinyl alcohol) (PANI/PVA).

Keywords: Poly -aniline, graphene, poly (vinyl alcohol) optical properties, dielectric parameters

[1]. K I Ajeel and QS Kareem "synthesis and characteristics of polyaniline (PANI) Filled by Graphene (GR) nano-Films Journal of physics, lop conf. series 1234 (2019)
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ABSTRACT: The fine-structure constant denoted by α is a dimensionless number and very nearly equal to 1 / (137.036). For reasons of convenience, the reciprocal value of the fine-structure constant......

Keywords: Fine-Structure Constant α, Golden Ratio (Φ = 1.618034), Euler's number (e = 2.718282), and π = 3.1416.

[1]. Mohr, P. J.; Taylor, B. N.; Newell, D. B. (2019). "Fine structure constant". CODATA internationally recommended 2018 values of the fundamental physical constants. National Institute of Standards and Technology.
[2]. Fujii, Yasunori (2004). "Oklo Constraint on the Time Variability of the Fine-Structure Constant". Astrophysics, Clocks and Fundamental Constants. Lecture Notes in Physics. 648. pp. 167–185. ISBN 978-3-540-21967-5.
[3]. King, J. A.; Mortlock, D. J.; Webb, J. K.; Murphy, M. T. (2009). "Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods applied to measuring the fine structure constant from quasar spectroscopy". Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana. 80–864.
[4]. Fine-structure constant, Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine-structure_constant (Retrieved: 2022)
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ABSTRACT: The Ac conductivity of the system Te80S20-xAsx was very small under the effect of each of frequency and temperature. The exponent factor decrease with temperature and reach zero at high temperature. The zero value of the exponent factor keep the electric conduction at minimum constant value. The dielectric constant and dielectric losses very high at low frequency and their values depends the medium temperature. At high frequency, the dielectric constant and dielectric losses become temperature independent. The addition of As on expense of S decrease the Ac conductivity and increase dielectric properties. The low Ac conductivity and high dielectric properties confirm the use of these material as optic fiber cables.

[1]. Singh PK, Sharma SK, Tripathi SK, Dwivedi DK., Results in Physics. 2019 Mar 1;12:223-36.
[2]. Singh PK, Dwivedi DK,Ferroelectrics. 2018 Jul 27;531(1):72-83.
[3]. Fathy A. Abdel-Wahab* , Heba Abdel Maksoud, American Journal of Condensed Matter Physics 2017, 7(2): 41-49.
[4]. M.M.El-Zaidia,Z.H.El-Gohary,M.S.AboGhazala,G.M.Turky and E.A.Rebea,IOSR Journal of Electronics and Communication Engineering volume 13, Issue 5,2018,pp 49-53.
[5]. Chandel N, Imran MM, Mehta N. Comprehensive studies of temperature and frequency dependent dielectric and ac conducting parameters in third generation multi-component glasses. RSC advances. 2018;8(45):25468-79.

ABSTRACT: We show in this short scientific announcement the logical and mathematical connections between the famous quintic problem of mathematics and T. Kaluza's five dimensional space time theory. The likelihood of the appearance of Cantorian fractals fine structure in this case is highlighted and the connection to Newtonian mathematics and engineering nonlinear dynamics is explained in some reasonable detail.

Keywords: Newton fractals, N. body problem, Cantorian spacetime, E-Infinity theory, Superstrings, Fractal M-theory, E.Witten, D.Gross, Penrose tiling universe, Golden mean number system, G.Parisi, G. 'tHooft, Platonic network, T.Kaluza the son, T. Kaluza the father, Nonlinear dynamic, Deterministic chaos, M. Feigenbaum.

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[2]. 3 Blue 1 Brown. Newton's Fractal which Newton knew nothing about. YouTube video, October [2022]
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[5]. M. S. El Naschie. A review of E-Infinity theory and the mass spectrum of high energy particle physics. C, S & F [2004]. Vol. 19 no. 1, pp. 209-236..

ABSTRACT: Space and Time are continuous absolute quantities. They don't change with anything at all. However, the dimension and duration of an object or event can change with the local gravitational field and aging of the universe. This is because that Wu's Unit Length (diameter) and Wu's Unit Time (period) of Wu's Pairs (building blocks of the universe) in an object or event can be affected by the bombardment of gravitons complying with gravitational field in accordance to Graviton Radiation and Contact Interaction Theory, and also the shrinkage of Wu's Pairs due to aging of the universe in compliance with Cosmic Microwave Background Radiation (CMB). According.......

[Keywords]
Space, Time, Spacetime, Special Relativity, General Relativity, Velocity Time Dilation, Gravitational Time Dilation, Wu's Spacetime Equation, Wu's Spacetime Shrinkage Theory, Cosmological Redshift, Gravitational Redshift, Subatomic Equilibrium, Corresponding Identical Object, Principle of Equilibrium, Principle of Correspondence, Principle of Parallelism, Yangton and Yington, Wu's Pairs, Graviton Radiation and Contact Interaction,.

[1]. Edward T. H. Wu, "Yangton and Yington–A Hypothetical Theory of Everything", Science Journal of Physics, Volume 2015, Article ID sjp-242, 6 Pages, 2015, doi: 10.7237/sjp/242.
[2]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Subatomic Particle Structures and Unified Field Theory Based on Yangton and Yington Hypothetical Theory". American Journal of Modern Physics. Vol. 4, No. 4, 2015, pp. 165-171. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmp. 20150404.13.
[3]. Edward T. H. Wu" Five Principles of The Universe and the Correlations of Wu's Pairs and Force of Creation to String Theory and Unified Field Theory." IOSR Journal of Applied Physics (IOSR-JAP), vol. 10, no. 4, 2018, pp. 17-21.
[4]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Time, Space, Gravity and Spacetime Based on Yangton & Yington Theory, and Spacetime Shrinkage Versus Universe Expansion". American Journal of Modern Physics. Vol. 5, No. 4, 2016, pp. 58-64. doi: 10.11648/j.ajmp.20160504.13.
[5]. Edward T. H. Wu. "Gravitational Waves, Newton's Law of Universal Gravitation and Coulomb's Law of Electrical Forces Interpreted by Particle Radiation and Interaction Theory Based on Yangton & Yington Theory". American Journal of Modern Physics. Vol. 5, No. 2, 2016, pp. 20-24. doi:10.11648/j.ajmp.20160502.11

ABSTRACT: The structural, physical and optical properties of glasses of composition (50-x)TeO2-40B2O3-10BaO-xNa2O (x=0, 2.5, 7.5 and10 mol%) and the role of Na2O have been studied in this work. The amorphous phase of the glasses was confirmed through an X-ray diffraction study. The optical band gap energy (Eopt) was decreased with the addition of Na2O, whereas, the refractive index values were increased. Urbach energy (ΔE) of the glasses varied from 0.18 to 0.26 eV and and refractive index of the glass system also increased. Density (ρ) of the studied glasses was found to increase from 3.46 g/cm3 to 3.87 g/cm3 with Na2O content. Glass transition temperature (Tg) was increased with Na2O content..

Keywords : Density, cut-off wavelength, Urbach energy, indirect band gap

[1]. D. Yardımc, M. Çelikbilek, A.E. Ersundu, S. Aydin, Thermal and microstructural characterization and crystallization kinetic studies in the TeO2 − B2O3 system, Mater. Chem. Phys., 137 (2013), pp. 999-1006
[2]. G. Upender, M. Prasad, Raman, FTIR, thermal and optical properties of TeO2-Nb2O5-B2O3-V2O5 quaternary glass system. Taibah Univ. Sci., 11 (2017), pp. 583-592
[3]. H. Tomoharu, Optical properties of Bi2O3 –TeO2 –B2O3 glasses, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 357 (2011), pp. 2857-2862
[4]. N. Manikandan, A. Ryasnyanskiy, J. Toulouse, Thermal and optical properties of TeO2–ZnO–BaO glasses, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 358 (2012), pp. 947-951
[5]. N. Elkhoshkhany, S. Marzouk, Sh Shahin, Synthesis and optical properties of new fluoro-tellurite glass with in (TeO2-ZnO-LiFNb2O5- NaF) system, J. Non-Cryst. Solids, 472 (2017), pp. 39-45

ABSTRACT: In this work, we study the change in the degree of compensation of surface states (In+Sn) at the interface of the nITO-pCdTe structure and the resistance of the near-surface layer of the pCdTe semiconductor. The temperature I – V characteristics were investigated in the temperature range (273–373 )K. The values of the impurity activation energy for ITO / pCdTe were determined and the values of the spectral distribution of the collection coefficient Q (λ) and photosensitivity S λ of the ITO / pCdTe structures were determined. Analysis of the dependences V ( ψ s ), N s ( ψ s ) shows that in the modes of accumulation and depletion, the recharging of defects occurs in the near-surface layer of the semiconductor and at the interface.

Keywords : Polycrystalline, resistivity, layer, oxide, temperature, surface states, potential, characteristic.

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ABSTRACT: The ultra-thin film is nanoscale layers of material that play an important role in functionalizing surfaces to building devices. This theoretical study deal with systems of metal growth on weakly interacting substrates. The adatoms particles assemble into dispersed islands and grow in size until they affect each other and eventually form a continuous layer that covers the whole substrate surface. The surface diffusion of an adatom occurs in a certain time interval, as a film grows, between its adsorption and its final position of the film. In most deposition models, the subsurface and bulk diffusion features are neglected so that the film morphology is only determined by the surface dimension.

Keywords : Ultra-thin film growth, Coverage dependent diffusion coefficient, Fick's second law equation, (MOL) finite difference method

[1]. M. H. AL-Musaoi ,Theoretical study of Ion-diffusion in Heterostructure, University of Basrah, Iraq,(2020) .
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ABSTRACT: The fine-structure constant α is a dimensionless number and very nearly equal to 1 / (137.036). For reasons of convenience, the reciprocal value of the fine-structure constant.....

Keywords : Fine-Structure Constant α, Golden Ratio (Φ = 1.618), Euler's number (e = 2.7182), and π = 3.1416.

[1]. Mohr, P. J.; Taylor, B. N.; Newell, D. B. (2019). "Fine structure constant". CODATA internationally recommended 2018 values of the fundamental physical constants. National Institute of Standards and Technology.
[2]. Fujii, Yasunori (2004). "Oklo Constraint on the Time Variability of the Fine-Structure Constant". Astrophysics, Clocks and Fundamental Constants. Lecture Notes in Physics. 648. pp. 167–185. ISBN 978-3-540-21967-5.
[3]. King, J. A.; Mortlock, D. J.; Webb, J. K.; Murphy, M. T. (2009). "Markov Chain Monte Carlo methods applied to measuring the fine structure constant from quasar spectroscopy". Memorie della Societa Astronomica Italiana. 80–864.
[4]. Fine-structure constant, Wikipedia. Available at: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fine-structure_constant (Retrieved: 2022)
[5]. M. Planck. "The Theory of Radiation". International Journal of Theoretical Physics (1959) (translated from 1906).

ABSTRACT: PID controllers are standard tools for industrial applications because, they are facile and potent. But it is difficult to characterize the PID controller parameters accurately. Therefore auto tuning methods are advanced. In any of the process control and automation industries, controller designing and automatic controlling is the utmost important part. The objective of this paper prompts the analysis of temperature process control and robust controller. Control or maintaining the temperature at a desired state is an influential and common task in all process industries. Traditional controllers are easy to understand and implement. PID controllers are felicitous to many control problems, but they perform poorly in some control applications. It suffers deficiencies in the face of plant non-linearity and......

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ABSTRACT: Measurements of natural radioactivity levels have been carried out in the dwellings of Firozabad District (U.P.) in then indoor environment by using radon-thoron twin cup dosimeter. For the measurements of activity levels, the dosimeters containing LR-115, type II SSNTD film were installed in both old houses (i.e. Mud houses and poorly ventilated having small one window or without window and with only one door)as well as new one. It was found that during winter season, indoor radon activity varies from 25 Bq/m3 to 80 Bq/m3 with an average value of 45.32 Bq/m3 where as thoron activity levels varies from 18Bq/m3 to 41Bq/m3 with an average value of31.44. In summer......

Keywords: Radon, Thoron, Solid State Nuclear Track Detector (SSNTD), dosimeters, dwellings

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ABSTRACT: Information transmission from one place to another place between human beings is essential component for continuous development of the civilization. In ancient time, it was done through the traditional methods which include oral, face to face and also written literature in form of books. But it changed with the passage of time and invention of technology. At present Information and communication Technology (ICT) become powerful tool for information transmission. This research paper focuses on the impact of ICT on various aspects of contemporary life, including healthcare, social interactions, business, and most importantly, higher education. Specifically, it explores the integration of ICT tools in higher education and how they have transformed the traditional classroom setting into a dynamic and......

Keywords: ICT, Tools, Higher Education, Environment, Opportunities, Challenges, India

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[2]. Kozlova, D. and Pikhart, M., The use of ICT in higher education from the perspective of the university students, Procedia Computer Science 192, (2021) 2309-2317.
[3]. Alzahrani, Latifa, Seth, Kavita Panwar, Factors influencing students' satisfaction with continuous use of Learning management systems during the covid-19 pandemic: An empirical study, Education and information technologies, 26, 6 (2021) 6787-6805.
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