IOSR-JAP   Volume-18 ~ Issue-2 ~ Mar. – Apr. 2026

ABSTRACT: Metal oxide nanowires have desirable properties suited to nano-electronic and spintronic devices, but are significantly affected by intrinsic defects. In this research, the electronic effect of point defects in ZnO nanowires is explored using “Density Functional Theory (DFT”) and experimental characterization. Nanowires were prepared through mechanical milling, and the defects, like oxygen vacancies and interstitials, were characterized with Raman, XPS, and EPR methods. DFT calculations revealed bandgap reduction from 3.30 eV (pristine) to 2.36 eV (defective) with mid-gap states that are localized at the....

Keywords: Metal oxide nanowires, DFT, Electronic, XPS

[1] Devan, Rupesh S., Ranjit A. Patil, Jin‐Han Lin, And Yuan‐Ron Ma. "One‐Dimensional Metal‐Oxide Nanostructures: Recent Developments In Synthesis, Characterization, And Applications." Advanced Functional Materials 22, No. 16 (2012): 3326-3370.
[2] Tonezzer, Matteo, Dang Thi Thanh Le, Lai Van Duy, Nguyen Duc Hoa, Flavia Gasperi, Nguyen Van Duy, And Franco Biasioli. "Electronic Noses Based On Metal Oxide Nanowires: A Review." Nanotechnology Reviews 11, No. 1 (2022): 897-925.
[3] Rackauskas, Simas, Albert G. Nasibulin, Hua Jiang, Ying Tian, Victor I. Kleshch, Jani Sainio, Elena D. Obraztsova, Sofia N. Bokova, Alexander N. Obraztsov, And Esko I. Kauppinen. "A Novel Method For Metal Oxide Nanowire Synthesis." Nanotechnology 20, No. 16 (2009): 165603.
[4] Klamchuen, Annop, Masaru Suzuki, Kazuki Nagashima, Hideto Yoshida, Masaki Kanai, Fuwei Zhuge, Yong He Et Al. "Rational Concept For Designing Vapor–Liquid–Solid Growth Of Single Crystalline Metal Oxide Nanowires." Nano Letters 15, No. 10 (2015): 6406-6412.-
[5] Rafique, Muhammad, Muhammad Bilal Tahir, Muhammad Shahid Rafique, Neelam Safdar, And Rabia Tahir. "Nanostructure Materials And Their Classification By Dimensionality." In Nanotechnology And Photocatalysis For Environmental Applications, Pp. 27-44. Elsevier, 2020.

ABSTRACT: The present study investigates the effects of temperature on phase transitions, optical textures, optical anisotropy, and birefringence in a binary mixture of cholesteryl nonanoate and the surfactant N-cetyl-N,N,N-trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). A binary mixture consisting of 70% CTAB and 30% cholesteryl nonanoate exhibits sequential phase transitions of cholesteric, SmA, SmB, and SmE phases upon cooling from the isotropic state. Similar sequential phase transitions were observed for mixtures of different concentrations. Temperature...

Keywords: liquid crystal, binary mixture, texture, optical anisotropy, birefringence

[1]. Chandrasekhar, S. (1992). Liquid Crystals (2nd Ed.). Cambridge University Press.
[2]. Collings, P. J., & Hird, M. (1997). Introduction To Liquid Crystals: Chemistry And Physics. Taylor & Francis.
[3]. Gray, G. W., & Winsor, P. A. (1974). Liquid Crystals And Plastic Crystals (Vol. 1). Ellis Horwood.
[4]. De Gennes, P. G., & Prost, J. (1993). The Physics Of Liquid Crystals (2nd Ed.). Oxford University Press.
[5]. Khoo, I. C. (1995). Liquid Crystals: Physical Properties And Nonlinear Optical Phenomena. Wiley..

ABSTRACT: Hubble’s Law is an experimental result asserting a linear relationship between the recession velocity and proper distance of a star 5 billion light years away from earth. It indicates that the universe is moving apart with intrinsic expansion and acceleration. However, what the driving force (Dark Energy?) is and where it comes from...

Keywords: Hubble’s Law, Hubble’s constant, Universe Expansion, Cosmological Redshift, Intrinsic Expansion, Doppler Effect, Wu’s Spacetime Shrinkage Theory, Wu’s Spacetime Equation, General Relativity, Spacetime, Big Bang, Dark Energy, Yangton and Yington Theory, Wu Unit Length, Wu’s Pairs, Principle of Parallelism, Vision of Object.

[1]. Edward T. H. Wu "Hubble’s Law Interpreted By Acceleration Doppler Effect And Wu’s Spacetime Reverse Expansion Theory.” Iosr Journal Of Applied Physics (Iosr-Jap), Vol. 10, No. 1, 2018, Pp. 58-62.
[2]. Peebles, P. J. E. And Ratra, Bharat (2003). "The Cosmological Constant And Dark Energy". Reviews Of Modern Physics 75 (2): 559-606. Arxiv: Astro-Ph/0207347. Bibcode: 2003 Rvmp.75.559 P. Doi: 10.1103/Revmodphys.75.559.
[3]. Edward T. H. Wu “Hubble’s Law Derived From Wu’s Spacetime Shrinkage Theory And Wu’s Spacetime Reverse Expansion Theory Versus Universe Expansion Theory.” Iosr Journal Of Applied Physics (Iosr-Jap), Vol. 11, No. 1, 2019, Pp. 03-07.
[4]. Edward T. H. Wu “The Correlations Of Wu’s Constant And Wu’s Spacetime Constant To Hubble Constant” Iosr Journal Of Applied Physics (Iosr-Jap) , Vol. 11, No. 4, 2019, Pp. 01-06.
[5]. Edward T. H. Wu. “Interpretation Of Dark Matter, Dark Energy And Hubble’s Law Based On Wu’s Pairs And Yangton And Yington Theory.” Iosr Journal Of Applied Physics (Iosr-Jap), 12(2), 2020, Pp. 54-65.

ABSTRACT: Single photon emitters (SPEs) based on semiconductor quantum dots have emerged as promising candidates for applications in quantum communication, quantum cryptography, and photonic quantum information processing. Among various material systems, Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) quantum dots exhibit superior optical quality, high emission efficiency, and compatibility with established semiconductor fabrication technologies. In electrically pumped quantum dot devices, excitons are generated through carrier injection, and their interaction with the surrounding...

Keywords: Gallium arsenide quantum dots; Acoustic phonons; Quantum coherence; Semiconductor nanostructures; Solid-state quantum optics

[1]. Reigue, A., Proux, R., Dwir, B., Kapon, E., & Gérardot, B. D. (2018). Probing exciton–phonon interactions in semiconductor
quantum dots using resonance fluorescence. Physical Review Letters, 121, 127401.
[2]. Thoma, A., Schnauber, P., Gschrey, M., et al. (2019). Exploring phonon-induced decoherence in electrically driven quantum dot
single-photon sources. Applied Physics Letters, 114, 091104.
[3]. Schlehahn, A., Kaganskiy, A., Strauß, M., et al. (2020). Electrical pumping of highly coherent single photons from GaAs
quantum dots. Nano Letters, 20, 283–289.
[4]. Lodahl, P., Mahmoodian, S., & Stobbe, S. (2020). Interfacing single photons and single quantum dots with phononic
environments. Reviews of Modern Physics, 92, 035002.
[5]. Roy, C., Hughes, S., & Kamada, H. (2021). Phonon-assisted population dynamics in electrically driven semiconductor quantum
dots. Physical Review B, 103, 045316.

ABSTRACT: In this paper, we study an anisotropic cosmological model based on Bianchi Type III cosmology within the framework of f(R,G,T) gravity, where the gravitational action depends on the Ricci scalar 𝑅, the Gauss–Bonnet invariant 𝐺, and the trace of the energy–momentum tensor 𝑇. By considering the functional form 𝑓(𝑅,𝐺,𝑇)=𝛼𝑅+𝛽𝐺𝑇, the modified field equations are derived for the Bianchi Type III space–time. To obtain exact solutions, a variable...

Keywords: Bianchi Type III cosmology; 𝑓(𝑅,𝐺,𝑇)gravity; Variable deceleration parameter; Modified gravity; Anisotropic universe; Statefinder diagnostics; Cosmological parameters

[1]. Riess, A. G. Et Al., Astronomical Journal 116, 1009 (1998).
[2]. Perlmutter, S. Et Al., Astrophysical Journal 517, 565 (1999).
[3]. Knop, R. A. Et Al., Astrophysical Journal 598, 102 (2003).
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[5]. Weinberg, D. H., Mortonson, M. J., Eisenstein, D. J., Hirata, C., Riess, A. G., And Rozo, E., Physics Reports 530, 87 (2013)..

ABSTRACT: Single photon emitters (SPEs) based on semiconductor quantum dots have emerged as promising candidates for applications in quantum communication, quantum cryptography, and photonic quantum information processing. Among various material systems, Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) quantum dots exhibit superior optical quality, high emission efficiency, and compatibility with established semiconductor fabrication technologies. In electrically...

Keywords: Gallium arsenide quantum dots; Acoustic phonons; Quantum coherence; Semiconductor nanostructures; Solid-state quantum optics

[1]. Reigue, A., Proux, R., Dwir, B., Kapon, E., & Gérardot, B. D. (2018). Probing exciton–phonon interactions in semiconductor quantum dots using resonance fluorescence. Physical Review Letters, 121, 127401.
[2]. Thoma, A., Schnauber, P., Gschrey, M., et al. (2019). Exploring phonon-induced decoherence in electrically driven quantum dot single-photon sources. Applied Physics Letters, 114, 091104.
[3]. Schlehahn, A., Kaganskiy, A., Strauß, M., et al. (2020). Electrical pumping of highly coherent single photons from GaAs quantum dots. Nano Letters, 20, 283–289.
[4]. Lodahl, P., Mahmoodian, S., & Stobbe, S. (2020). Interfacing single photons and single quantum dots with phononic environments. Reviews of Modern Physics, 92, 035002.
[5]. Roy, C., Hughes, S., & Kamada, H. (2021). Phonon-assisted population dynamics in electrically driven semiconductor quantum dots. Physical Review B, 103, 045316..

ABSTRACT: It is reported that experimental set-ups have been created and experiments have been conducted by which an “Aether wind” has been discovered. Based on the experimental results obtained, it can be stated with a high degree of certainty that the Special Theory of Relativity is invalid. It is noted that the experiments conducted were successful because the Fresnel formula (Fresnel's drag hypotheses) was used as a basis for sizing the experimental set-ups. The question of the physical meaning of this formula is discussed. Formulas for sizing experimental set-ups by which...

Keywords: Aether, Aether wind, Fresnel's drag hypotheses, Special Relativity

[1] Stoinov D.G., Stoynov D.D., Description Of An Experimental Set-Up To Determine The Direction And Velocity Of The Earth's
Movement In Space.Sixteenth International Scientific Conference, 4 – 6 November, P. 84. Sofia, Bulgaria (2020)
Http://Space.Bas.Bg/SES/Archive/SES%202020_DOKLADI/1_Space%20Physics/11_Stoynov.Pdf.[2] Stoinov D.G., Stoynov D.D., “An Experiment To Address A 100-Year Dispute: Does Aether Wind Exist?, Galilean Electrodynamics, V. 32, 3 (2021)
[3] Stoinov D.G., Stoynov D.D., Experimental Set-Ups Based On The Mach-Zehnder Interferometer, Through Which It Is Possible To Detect "Aether Wind" And Determine Its Velocity., Sixteenth International Scientific Conference, 19 – 21 October, P. 97, Sofia, Bulgaria (2022) Http://Space.Bas.Bg/SES/Archive/SES%202022_DOKLADI/1_Space%20Physics/14_Stoynov.Pdf
[4] Dimiter Stoinov, Dilian Stoynov, Experiment Show: Special Theory Of Relativity Is Invalid. IJERA, Volume 15, Issue 5, May 2025, Page No. 79-87 Https://Www.Ijera.Com/Papers/Vol15no5/15057987.Pdf
[5] Fresnel O., „Sur L’influence Du Mouvement Terrestre Dans Quelques Phenomenes D’optique”Ann.Chim. Et Phys., 9, 57 (1818).
[6] Ugarov W.A., Special Theory Of Relativity, "Science" Moscow, P. 92 (1977)

ABSTRACT: Single photon emitters (SPEs) based on semiconductor quantum dots have emerged as promising candidates for applications in quantum communication, quantum cryptography, and photonic quantum information processing. Among various material systems, Gallium Arsenide (GaAs) quantum dots exhibit superior optical quality, high emission efficiency, and compatibility with established semiconductor fabrication technologies. In electrically pumped quantum dot devices, excitons are generated through carrier injection, and their interaction with the surrounding lattice vibrations, particularly acoustic phonons, plays a critical role in determining emission linewidth, coherence, and photon indistinguishability.......

Keywords: Gallium arsenide quantum dots; Acoustic phonons; Quantum coherence; Semiconductor nanostructures; Solid-state quantum optics.

[1]. Reigue, A., Proux, R., Dwir, B., Kapon, E., & Gérardot, B. D. (2018). Probing Exciton–Phonon Interactions In Semiconductor Quantum Dots Using Resonance Fluorescence. Physical Review Letters, 121, 127401.
[2]. Thoma, A., Schnauber, P., Gschrey, M., Et Al. (2019). Exploring Phonon-Induced Decoherence In Electrically Driven Quantum Dot Single-Photon Sources. Applied Physics Letters, 114, 091104.
[3]. Schlehahn, A., Kaganskiy, A., Strauß, M., Et Al. (2020). Electrical Pumping Of Highly Coherent Single Photons From Gaas Quantum Dots. Nano Letters, 20, 283–289.
[4]. Lodahl, P., Mahmoodian, S., & Stobbe, S. (2020). Interfacing Single Photons And Single Quantum Dots With Phononic Environments. Reviews Of Modern Physics, 92, 035002.
[5]. Roy, C., Hughes, S., & Kamada, H. (2021). Phonon-Assisted Population Dynamics In Electrically Driven Semiconductor Quantum Dots. Physical Review B, 103, 045316.

ABSTRACT: Abhraka Bhasma is a unique and important Bhasma preparation used in Ayurveda therapeutics. There has been a constant surge in the demand for the traditional medicine like ayurvedic preparations. Abhrak bhasma is a type of ayurvedic preparation prepared from repeated incineration of mica mineral with decoction of various medicinal herbs. Traditionally, it has been used in the treatment of asthma, bronchitis, bleeding disorders, cough, cold, urinary disorders, diabetes, anemia, skin diseases, splenic disorders etc. It has also been considered.......

Keywords: Abhrak Bhasma, Shataputi, Sahastraputi, XRD

[1]. Agnivesha.(2000). Charaka Samhita. Chaukhamba Sanskrita Sansthana, Varanasi. Sutra Sthana 1/69,12.
[2]. Shailesh, Kantak, Nilima, Rajurkar., Parag, Adhyapak. (2020). Synthesis Characterization Of Abhraka (Mica) Bhasma By Two Different Methods. Journal Of Ayurveda And Integrative Medicine, 11, 236-242.
[3]. Nandurkar, Vishal Marotrao. (2020). Pharmaceutical And Analytical Study Of Abhrak Bhasma, Ayushdhara,Vol 7(6), 2958-2963.
[4]. Nandurkar, Vishal Marotrao. (2020). Pharmaceutical And Analytical Study Of Abhrak Bhasma, Ayushdhara, Vol 7(6), 2961.
[5]. Acharya Yashodhar. (2004). Rasa Prakasha Sudhakara Edited By Mishra Siddhinandan. Jaikrishnadas Ayurveda Series No. 54. Chaukhambha Orientalia, Varanasi. 94.

ABSTRACT: The concept of electromagnetic waves occupies a central and transformative place in the development of quantum theory. Classical physics, rooted in the laws of Isaac Newton and later explained by James Clerk Maxwell, described light as a wave phenomenon governed by deterministic equations. However, toward the end of the nineteenth century, several experimental observations revealed inconsistencies between classical electromagnetic theory and the.....

[1]. Principles Of Quantum Mechanics – Paul Dirac
[2]. Modern Quantum Mechanics- J.J. Sakurai
[3]. Introduction To Electrodynamics- David J. Griffiths
[4]. Classical Electrodynamics- John David Jackson
[5]. James Clerk Maxwel Formula (1865) A Dynamical Theory Of The Electromagnetic Wave

ABSTRACT: Ni₁₋ₓCrₓFe₂O₄ (x = 0.00–0.025) thin films were successfully synthesized using the spray pyrolysis technique, and their structural, vibrational, and optical properties were systematically investigated. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed the formation of a single-phase cubic spinel structure, indicating the successful incorporation of Cr ions into the lattice. The observed variation in structural parameters suggests lattice distortion and defect formation....

Keywords: NiFe₂O₄ thin films; Cr³⁺ substitution; Spray pyrolysis; Spinel ferrites; XRD; FTIR; Optical band gap; UV-Vis spectroscopy.

[1]. Meena,S.L.(2025).Spectral, Thermal and Raman Analysis of Ho3+ doped Borophosphate glasses with large Balaji Parameter,
IOSR Appl.Phys.17,24-31.
[2]. Meena,S.L.(2025).Spectral and Photoluminescence Properties of Nd3+ doped Borotellurite Glasses for 1.08μm photonic devices,
IOSR Appl.Phys.17,28-33.
[3]. Bondzior,B.,Lisiecki,R.(2024).Excellent Color Purity and Luminescence Thermometry Performance in Germanate Tellurite
Glass Doped with Eu3+,Appl.Sci.14,1-15.
[4]. B.Naziha,Lezid,M.,Goumeidane,F.,Legouera,M.,Prasad,P.S.,Rao,P.V.(2023).Judd-Ofelt Analysis and Spectroscopy study of
tellurite glasses doped with Rare-Earth(Nd3+,Dy3+ and Er3+)Materials,16,1-19.
[5]. Farag,M.A.,Lbrahim,A.,Hassaan,M.Y.,Ramadan,R.M.(2022).Enhancement of structural and optical properties of transparent
sodium zinc phosphate glass-ceramic nano composite,J.Aust.Ceram.58:653-661.

ABSTRACT: Zinc lithium alumino sodalime potassiumniobate borophosphate glasses containing Pr3+ in (20-x):P2O5: 10ZnO: 10Li2O: 10Al2O3: 10Na2O: 10CaO: 10K2O: 10Nb2O5:10B2O3:xPr2O3 (where x=1, 1.5,2 mol %) have been prepared by melt-quenching method. The amorphous nature of the glasses was confirmed by x-ray diffraction studies. Optical absorption, Excitation spectra and fluorescence spectra were recorded at room temperature for all.....

Keywords: ZLASLPNBP Glasses, Optical Properties, Judd-Ofelt Theory, Thermal Properties.

[1]. Meena,S.L.(2025).Spectral, Thermal and Raman Analysis of Ho3+ doped Borophosphate glasses with large Balaji Parameter,
IOSR Appl.Phys.17,24-31.
[2]. Meena,S.L.(2025).Spectral and Photoluminescence Properties of Nd3+ doped Borotellurite Glasses for 1.08μm photonic devices,
IOSR Appl.Phys.17,28-33.
[3]. Bondzior,B.,Lisiecki,R.(2024).Excellent Color Purity and Luminescence Thermometry Performance in Germanate Tellurite
Glass Doped with Eu3+,Appl.Sci.14,1-15.
[4]. B.Naziha,Lezid,M.,Goumeidane,F.,Legouera,M.,Prasad,P.S.,Rao,P.V.(2023).Judd-Ofelt Analysis and Spectroscopy study of
tellurite glasses doped with Rare-Earth(Nd3+,Dy3+ and Er3+)Materials,16,1-19.
[5]. Farag,M.A.,Lbrahim,A.,Hassaan,M.Y.,Ramadan,R.M.(2022).Enhancement of structural and optical properties of transparent
sodium zinc phosphate glass-ceramic nano composite,J.Aust.Ceram.58:653-661.

ABSTRACT: We present a straightforward method to determine the entropy of a Schwarzschild black hole by analyzing the entropy associated with its Hawking radiation. Specifically, we demonstrate that when a thermodynamic system dissipates energy exclusively through blackbody radiation, the corresponding decrease in its entropy equals three-fourths of the entropy carried away by the emitted radiation. This result allows us to establish a connection between.....

Keywords: Camera Lenses; Diameter; Hawking Radiation; Proposition; Maximal Information

[1]. Andrew Strominger and Cumrun Vafa, “Microscopic origin of the Bekenstein-Hawking entropy”, Phys. Lett. B, 379, 99–104, (1996), [arXiv:hep-th/9601029].
[2]. Christoph Holzhey, Finn Larsen, and Frank Wilczek, “Geometric and renormalized entropy in conformal field theory”, Nucl. Phys. B, 424, 443–467, (1994), [arXiv:hep-th/9403108].
[3]. Concepts in Thermal Physics, by Stephen J. Blundell and Katherine M. Blundell, Oxford U. press, New York, (2006).
[4]. D. N. Page, “Hawking radiation and black hole thermodynamics,” New J. Phys., 7, 203 (2005), [arXiv:hep-th/0409024].
[5]. He X.G., Ma B.Q. Quantization of black holes. Mod. Phys. Lett. A. 2011;26:2299–2304.
[6]. G. Comp`ere, K. Hajian, A. Seraj, and M. M. Sheikh-Jabbari, “Wiggling Throat of Extremal Black Holes”, JHEP, 1510, 093, (2015), [arXiv:1506.07181].

ABSTRACT: Gravitation, electromagnetism, and nuclear interactions constitute the fundamental forces governing physical phenomena in nature. Among these forces, gravitation exhibits a unique and universal property which is the function of density. In this work threshold density of some astrophysical bodies to reduce to black hole was determined .it was found that Jupiter have a lower threshold density of 3.294×1016𝐾𝑔𝑚−3 while Mercury has higher threshold density of 2.707×1019𝐾𝑔𝑚−3 which means Jupiter has less mass to size ratio and gravity is less making it harder...

Keywords: Astrophysical bodies, electromagnetism, Gravitation, nuclear interactions.

[1]. Adams, J. C. (1886). Lectures On The Lunar Theory. Cambridge University Press. (Note: M Historically Referenced For The Fundamental Properties Of Gravitational Fields And The Universal Acceleration Of Bodies In A Vacuum).
[2]. A.M. Aliyu And Sambo,J.(2021) “Determination Of Schwarzschild’s Radius Of Some Planetary Bodies In The Solar System Using Newtonian Mechanics” Journal Of Physical Science And Innovation, 13(1): 41-47 ISSN: 2277-0119
[3]. Carroll, S. M. (2004). Spacetime And Geometry: An Introduction To General Relativity. Pearson.Provides The Undergraduate-Level Mathematical Derivations For The Various Metrics (Schwarzschild, Kerr, And Reissner–Nordström) Discussed In Chapter Two.
[4]. Einstein, A. (1916). The Foundation Of The General Theory Of Relativity. Annalen Der Physik, 49(7), 769–822.
Https://Doi.Org/10.1002/Andp.19163540702
[5]. Herbert Y. And Aliyu A. M. (2024). “Study Of Radiation Emission By Some Astrophysical Bodies Using The Laws Of Black Body Radiation” International Journal Of Natural And Applied Science 5(2):34-42 ISSN 2756-4606

ABSTRACT: The process of benchmarking exchange–correlation (XC) functionals presents a significant challenge to Density Functional Theory (DFT) because the accuracy of these functionals determines how reliably electronic structure calculations produce results. The research uses experimental Compton profiles as a momentum-resolved standard to determine how well common exchange-correlation functionals perform in practice. Researchers conduct a detailed comparison between high-quality experimental Compton scattering data and theoretical profiles which...

Keywords: Exchange–Correlation, Density Functional Theory, DFT Calculations, XC Estimation, Compton Profiles etc.

[1]. Assessing Exchange–Correlation Functionals for Accurate Densities of Solids. (2024). Journal of Chemical Theory and Computation.
[2]. Bansil, A., & Mijnarends, P. E. (1989). Compton scattering studies of electronic structure. Journal of Physics: Condensed Matter, 1(44), 8251–8264. https://doi.org/10.1088/0953-8984/1/44/004[3].
Bansil, A., Kaprzyk, S., Mijnarends, P. E., & Tobola, J. (1999). Electronic structure and momentum density of solids. Physical Review B, 60(19), 13396–13412. https://doi.org/10.1103/PhysRevB.60.13396
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ABSTRACT: This study assessed the concentrations of heavy metals and micronutrients in Milo and selected sachet milk brands consumed in Gombe Metropolis, Nigeria, using X-ray Fluorescence (XRF) spectrometry. The objective was to evaluate both the nutritional quality and potential health risks associated with these widely consumed beverages. Four samples comprising three milk brands and one Milo sample were collected from Gombe Main Market and analyzed for elemental composition. The results revealed the presence of essential micronutrients such as calcium, potassium, phosphorus, iron, zinc, and copper at significantly elevated concentrations. Notably, calcium...

Keywords: Heavy metals, micronutrients, milk, Milo, Gombe

[1]. Bilandžić, N., Dokic, M., & Sedak, M. (2011). Metal Content Determination In Four Fish Species From The Adriatic Sea. Food Chemistry, 124(3), 1005–1010.
[2]. Bousbia, A., Guerfel, M., & Abdellaoui, R. (2019). Heavy Metal Contamination In Dairy Products: A Review. Environmental Science And Pollution Research, 26, 123–135.
[3]. Fiłon, J., Ustymowicz-Farbiszewska, J., & Karwowska, M. (2020). Assessment Of Heavy Metal Exposure And Its Health Effects. International Journal Of Environmental Research And Public Health, 17(15), 5432.
[4]. Meshref, A. M. S., Moselhy, W. A., & Hassan, N. E. Y. (2014). Heavy Metals And Trace Elements Levels In Milk And Milk Products. Journal Of Food Measurement And Characterization, 8(4), 381–388.
[5]. Nagpal, R., Behare, P., Rana, R., Kumar, A., Kumar, M., Arora, S., Morotta, F., & Yadav, H. (2012). Bioactive Peptides Derived From Milk Proteins And Their Health Beneficial Potentials. Journal Of Food Science, 77(11), R199–R204