IOSR-JAP   Volume-6 ~ Issue-3 ~ May-June 2014

Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Development of Models for Predicting Global Solar Radiation in Minna, Nigeria using Meteorological Data
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Okonkwo G.N. , Nwokoye A.O.C
	:	10.9790/4861-06330106

ABSTRACT: The monthly mean daily meteorological data measured in Minna (09.65°N, 06.47°E) for a period of thirteen years (2000 – 2012) were obtained with permission from Nigerian Meteorological Agency, Minna. These data, which comprised of Gunn-Bellani solar radiation, sunshine hour duration, relative humidity, rainfall, wind speed, maximum and minimum air temperatures were analysed based on Angstrom-Prescott model to generate several models (equations) for predicting global solar radiation in Minna. These models were subjected to statistical error test methods of the mean bias error (MBE), root mean square error (RMSE), mean percentage error (MPE) and paired sample test (T- test) to determine the best-performed model in predicting global solar radiation for all the months of the year in Minna. Based on the highest values of correlation coefficient, R, coefficient of determination, R2 and least value of RMSE, the multivariable model that correlates the global solar radiation with sunshine hour duration, relative humidity, rainfall, wind speed, temperature ratio and the product of these parameters, proved to be the best model by giving the best performance from January to December. This model is therefore recommended for utilization by designers and engineers of solar energy systems in Minna and other localities having similar weather patterns.
Keywords: Angstrom-Prescott model, global solar radiation, sunshine hours, relative humidity, rainfall, wind speed, temperature ratio.

[1] A.O.C. Nwokoye, Solar energy technology: other alternative energy resources and environmental science (Rex Charles and Patricks Ltd, Nimo, 2006).
[2] A.G. Aliyu and A.S. Sambo, Development of a model for computing the total component of solar radiation in Sokoto, Nig. J. Ren. Energy, 2 (2), 1991, 10 – 17.
[3] M. Bindi and F. Miglietta, Estimating daily global radiation from air temperature and rainfall measurements, Clim.Res 1, 1991,117 – 124.
[4] F.O. Akinbode, Solar radiation in Minna: Correlation with meteorological data, Nig. J.Ren. Energy. 3 (1&2), 1992, 9 – 17.
[5] E.E. Iheonu, Model for the prediction of average monthly global solar radiation on a horizontal surface for some locations in the tropics using temperature data, Nig. J. Ren. Energy, 9 (1&2), 2001,12 – 15.
[6] F.W. Burari and A.S. Sambo, Models for the prediction of global solar radiation for Bauchi using meteorological data, Nig. J. Ren. Energy. 9 (1&2), 2001, 30 – 33.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	An account of spin memristive and memcapacitive systems: Next generation memory devices
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Raj Kumar Singh , Kumari Mamta
	:	10.9790/4861-06330723

ABSTRACT: We explore the current state of the progress in memristive and memcapacitive devices and their possible applications in electronic, spintronic and in the field of biological neural network from the first proposition by Leon O. Chua in 1971. This demands inclusion of devices exhibiting memristive behavior due to change in internal state following variations in temperature, spin polarization, resistance and history dependent channel conductance in axons. Memcapacitive systems that can be realized from metamaterial medium with metal layer embedding, from charge transport through nanopore, and by the vibration of strained elastic membrane replacing one plate of the regular capacitor has also been discussed. Finally, memristor and memcapacitor based circuits finding application in analog memory and computing have been reported.
Keywords: memristor, memcapacitor, non-pinched hysteresis, pinched hysteresis, spin memory

[1] Di Ventra M, Electrical transport in nano scale systems (Cambridge University Press, Cambridge), 1st Edn, 2008.
[2] Pershin, Y V and Di Ventra M, Phys. Rev. B, 79 (15) (2009) 153307.
[3] Chua L O, IEEE Trans. Circuit Theory, CT-18 5 (1971) 507-519.
[4] Strukov D B, Snider G S, Stewart D R and Williams R S, Nature, 453 80–83 Tour J M and He T, Nature, 453 (2008) 42–43.
[5] Joglekar Y N and Wolf S J, Eur. J. Phys, 30 (2009) 661–675.
[6] Chua L O and Kang S M, Proc. IEEE, 64 2 (1976) 209-223.
[7] Sapoff M and Oppenheim R M, Proc. IEEE, 51 (1963) 1292-1305.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	A Review of Fundamental Characteristics of Major Antenna
Country	:	India
Authors	:	Rajesh Shrivastava, Namita Pandey , Ashutosh Pandey, K.N. Singh, A.K. Shrivastava, Komal Tamrakar
	:	10.9790/4861-06332438

ABSTRACT: An Antenna is an essential terminal device in all types of communication and radar system. All communication and radar system requires an antenna in one form or the other. Without an antenna there would be no communication system and no radar system. The antenna is a source as well as a sensor of electromagnetic wave. In this paper an attempt has been made to receive the fundamental characteristics of different types of antenna with diagram. Further again it has been elaborated comprehensively its applications.
Keywords: device, communication, radar, electromagnetic wave, sensor.

[1]. Pramod Dhandev," Antenna and its Application," Armament Research and Development Establishment,Dr. Homi Bhabha Rd, Pashan.
[2]. J.R James & P.S. Hall," Handbook of Microstrip Antenna ," Artech House Publication.
[3]. I. Lijima,' Helical Microtubels of Graphitic Carbon," Nature,vol. 354 pp.56-58,1991
[4]. S.Li,Z,Yu,C. Rutherglan, and P.J.Bruke," Electrical Properties of 0.4 cm Long Single Walled Carbon nano Tubes," Nano let., vol. 4, pp. 2003-2007,2004
[5]. Z.Yao, C. Dekker and P Avouris, " Electrical TransportTthrough Single Walled Carbon Nano tubes," in Carbon nano tubes; oics in Applied Physics, M.S. Dresselhouse, G.Dresselhouse, and P. Avorious,Eds. Berlin, Germany,:Springer-Verlag,2001,vol. 80, pp. 147-171

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Moving Electron Is Magnetic Monopole
Country	:	India
Authors	:	S Hussainsha
	:	10.9790/4861-06333942

ABSTRACT: By using existing theory we logically deduce moving electron or moving charge as magnetic monopole. So we derive Maxwell's 2nd equation by considering moving charge as magnetic monopole and also we introduce new law called LAW OF NATURE 1 which unifies scalars and vectors. Since physics always seeks unification, so we unify scalars and vectors by using new law which is initiated from Maxwell's equations.
Keywords: Law of nature 1, Maxwell's 2nd equation, moving charge, magnetic current density, monopole

[1]. Stephen hawking, A stubbornly persistent illusion (running press book publishers, Philadelphia, London)
[2]. Matthew N.O. Sadiku, elements of electromagnetics(oxford university press,oxford)
[3]. S.Ramareddy, electromagnetic theory(scitech publications(India) Pvt.Ltd.,India)

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Determination of noise levels with respect to distance at selected workshops/factories in Itu Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom state, Nigeria
Country	:	Nigeria
Authors	:	Menkiti, A. I, Ekott, E. E.
	:	10.9790/4861-06334353

ABSTRACT: The measurement of noise levels with distances at selected workshops/factories in Itu Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria was carried out. The noise levels measurements were made using a sound level meter, while distances were measured with a measuring tape. Firstly, the background noise levels (or noise levels without power generators and other noise makers from the workshops/factories) with distances were taken. Noise levels with power generators and other noise makers were then measured. Finally, the equivalent continuous noise levels, Leqs for them were calculated. The results of the survey show that the equivalent continuous noise level, Leq which is a measure of energy content of the noise decreases as the distance from the noise source increases, hence degree of bother (or annoyance) decreases with distance.
Keywords: Determination, distances, equivalent continuous noise levels, Itu Local Government Area, sound level meter.

[1] A. I. Menkiti, Factors that Constitute Road Traffic Noise in Nigerian Environment, Global Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 7(3), 2001, 589.
[2] G. Kiely, Environmental engineering (Singapore, Irwin/McGraw-Hill Publishing Company Limited, 1998)
[3] FEPA, Guidelines to Standards for Environmental Pollution Control in Nigeria. Federal Environmental Protection Agency (FEPA), Lagos, 1991.
[4] E.E.C. Damage and Annoyance Caused by Noise EUR 5398e CEC Luxemburg, 1978.
[5] Commission of the European Communities, Council Directive on the protection of workers from the risks related to exposure to noise at work', 86/18/EEC,1986.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	The Better Efficiency Calibration for HPGe Detector by Comparing the Single Point Gamma Sources and Multi-nuclides Gamma Source for k0-NAA Method
Country	:	Malaysia
Authors	:	A. Yavar, S. B. Sarmani, K. S. Khoo
	:	10.9790/4861-06335456

ABSTRACT: To obtain high quality of results in gamma spectrometry, it is necessary to calibrate energy and efficiency of gamma detector as accurate as possible. To achieve this aim, utilizing the convenient gamma source can be very useful. Therefore, purpose of present study was to evaluate the determined efficiency by single point gamma sources and multi-nuclides gamma source in a high purity germanium (HPGe) detector The multi-nuclides source comprised 241Am, 109Cd, 57Co, 137Cs and 60Co nuclides and single point sources of 241Am, 133Ba, 137Cs and 60Co were utilized under identical geometry to calibrate efficiency of HPGe detector. The source-detector distance was 15.8 cm. The accuracy of the method was evaluated by analyzing IAEA- Soil 7 as certified reference materials in k0-neutron activation analysis (k0-NAA) method. Our findings were demonstrated the result of multi-nuclides source was more reliable.
Keywords: HPGe detector, Detection efficiency, Point sources, Multi-nuclides source

[1] Lenn F. Knoll. 1989. Radiation detection and measurement. John Wiley & Sons, Second edition.
[2] Moens, L., De Donder, J., Lin, X., De Corte, F., De Wispelaere, A., Simonits, A. and Hoste, J. 1981. Calculation of the absolute
peak efficiency of gamma-ray detectors for different counting geometries. Nuclear Instrumental Methods. 187, 451–472.
[3] Harb, S., Salahel Din, K. and abbady, A. Study of Efficiency Calibrations of HPGe Detectors for Radioactivity Measurements of
Environmental Samples. Proceedings of the 3rd Environmental Physics Conference, 19-23 Feb. 2008, Aswan, Egypt.
[4] Loat, B.V.,Quan, N.V., Anh, L.T.,Anh, T.T.,Nghia, N.T.and Hung, N.V. 2009. Studying of characteristic of GEM40P4 HPGE
detector by experiment. VNU Journal of Science, Mathematics – Physics. 25, 231-236.
[5] Vukanac, I.,Djurasevic, M., Kandic, A., Novkovic, D., Nadjerdj, L. andMilosevic, Z. 2008. Experimental determination of the
HPGe spectrometer efficiency curve. Applied Radiation and Isotopes. 66, 792.

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Paper Type	:	Research Paper
Title	:	Wavelength spacing tenable capability of optical comb filter using Polarization maintaining fiber
Country	:	Bangladesh
Authors	:	J. N. Sikta , M. S. Islam , O. F. Rasel , N. N. Ripa, M. Mehade Hasan
	:	10.9790/4861-06335762

ABSTRACT: In this paper, tuneable comb filter using single-mode fiber (SMF)has been proposed and theoretically studied its capability of tuning the output spectral spacing continuously by using the birefringence property of polarization maintaining fiber (PMF).The proposed filter consists of one QWP, one HWP, one SMF and one PMF segment . Depending on the dynamic settings of wavelength of the input signal, refractive index, and length of the fiber material the comb filter offers the continuous channel spacing tunability. Obtainedoutput spectra are quite similar as calculated from equation. Channel spacing can be tuned at any desired value with the help of this comb filter. PMF based filter is very useful for long distance transmission.
Keywords: Comb filter, Spectral spacing, SMF, PMF, tunability

[1] S. Hu , L. Zhan , Y. J. Song , W. Li , S. Y. Luo and Y. X. Xia ,Switchable multiwavelength erbium-doped fiber ring laser with a
multisection high-birefringence fiber loop mirror, IEEE Photon. Technol. Lett., 17( 7),1387 -1389, 2005
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Ratio Coupler-Based Mach-Zehnder Interferometer,J. Lightw.Technol., 30(12), 1857-1862, 2012
[3] J. Stone, L. W. Stutz, and A. A. M. Saleh, Three-mirror fiber Fabry–Perot filters of optimal design,Electron. Lett., 26(14), 1073–
1074, 1990
[4] B. Lyot, Optical apparatus with wide field using interference of polarized light, C.R. Acad. Sci. (Paris), 197, 1933
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Lett.,30( 19), 1620–1622, 1994