IOSR-JAP   Volume-7 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov-Dec 2015

ABSTRACT: In40 Se60 thin films with different thicknesses (300,500, and 700nm) have been deposited by single source vacuum thermal evaporation onto glass substrates at ambient temperature to study the effect of thickness and on its structural morphology, and electrical properties. AFM study revealed that microstructure parameters such as crystallite size, and roughness found to depend upon deposition conditions. The DC conductivity of the vacuum evaporated In40 Se60thin films was measured in the temperature range (293-473)K and was found to increase on order of magnitude with increase of thickness. The plot of conductivity with reciprocal temperature
suggests, there are two activation energies Ea1and Ea2 for In40 Se60 for all thicknesses which decreases with increasing thickness

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ABSTRACT: Electrical resistivity survey was carried out to investigate the groundwater potential of Abakaliki urban, a sedimentary area with the oldest Cretaceous rocks (sandstones and shales) which are of Albian age. The equipment used for the survey include, ABEM terrameter (SAS, 300C), four electrodes, hammer, four reels of wires, connecting cords, measuring tapes and global positioning system. The survey was carried out in three different locations. The field layout employed was the schlumberger array. The result of the survey shows that the average resistivities are 1337.06m for the first layer, 5914. 34m for the second layer, 1277. 59m for the third layer, 189.

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ABSTRACT: The automatic three phase power system selector was designed and constructed. The device automatically switches over to the alternative phase that has current when there is power outage or extremely low current in the phase which the load is connected without the power being off. The selector links the load and the other phases and relay switches allowing the usage of the remaining phases where there is outage on the mains source without disturbing or interrupting the load. It maintains constant power supply to the load by automatically activating the phases when the need arises. This safeguards the electronics system from being damaged and burnout as a result of voltage instability, collapse, insistent outages which are paramount in under developed and developing countries.

[1]. Nweke F. U., Anyigor I. S., Ekpe J. E. and Egba E. I. (2012). Essentials of Electricity Generation, Transmission, Distribution and its Hazards. International Journal of Advancement in Physics. Vol 4. Number 1. Pp 55-56
[2]. Nweke F. U. (2010). Workshop Processes and Practice: Electronics and Electrical Installation. IZU Prints Abakaliki Nigeria
[3]. Guasch L., Corcoles F. and Pedra J. (2000). Effects of Unsymmetrical Voltage Sag types E, F and G on Induction Motors. Proceedings of the conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power 3(3) 796-803

ABSTRACT: A combination of two geophysical methods not only helps to enhance the accuracy of results but also helps to detect the presence of a low velocity layer which cannot be detected by refraction shooting alone. The Direct Current resistivity method was combined with the seismic refraction method to infer the lithology of Nnodo (Latitude 6.300 - 6.320N and Longitude 8.100 - 8.120E), Nigeria, during which a low-velocity layer was encountered. The major instruments used were the signal enhancement seismograph and the ABEM terrameter. The seismic refraction method revealed three layers of the earth from its surface with velocities 300m/s, 1200m/s and 2100m/s which were interpreted as dry/loose sand, saturated sand and limestone respectively.

[1]. Agha S.O. and Nnabo P. N.(2013). Lithologic deduction from resistivity studies in Nkwegu, Nigeria. Journal of the Nigerian Association of Mathematical Physics, 25, Pp. 183-186.
[2]. Agha S. O., Idenyi, N. E. And Umahi, A. E.(2010). Estimation of the elastic constants of subsurface rocks at Mgbom, Nigeria by the seismic refraction method. Journal of Applied and Natural Sciences, 5(1), Pp. 56-59.
[3]. Agha S.O. (2014) : Ground water exploration and exploitation in parts of Abakaliki, Nigeria. Journal of National Association of Mathematical physics (NAMP). Vol. 26(1)pp.
[4]. Agha S.O.(2014b): Compressional wave propagation and deformations in rocks. Journal of national association of mathematical physics. Vol. 26(1)pp

ABSTRACT: Nanostructured CdS thin filmsof different thicknesses were deposited onacleaned glass substrateusingsol-gel spin coatingtechnique. CdS thin filmswere prepared using cadmium acetate as cadmium source and thiourea as sulfur source. The Morphological, chemical composition, and optical properties of the spin- coated CdS thin film were studiedusingfield emission- scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM), Energy dispersive X –ray (EDX) spectroscopy, and a UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer.The morphological results revealed thatthe films consist of agglomerated spherical CdS nanoparticles with diameter < 20 nm, which distributed uniformly on the substrate surface.The films show high transmittance > 90% andverystrong absorption edge at 295 nm.The absorption edge shifts towards longer wavelength as the film thickness increased.

Keywords: CdS film, EDX, FE-SEM, optical properties, and Spin coating

[1]. A. J Salah, R,A,Z. Abubaker A., and A,A,A. Gassan, Influence of substrate temperature on the structural, opticaland electrical properties of CdS thin films deposited by thermal evaporation, Results in Physics, 3, 2013, 173–178
[2]. N.A Shah, R.R. Sagar, W. Mahmood, and W.A.A. Syed, Cu-doping effects on the physical properties of cadmium sulfide thin films, Journal of Alloys and Compounds,512, 2012, 185–189
[3]. T Sivaraman, A.R. Balu, and V.S. Nagarethinam, Effect of magnesium incorporation on the structural, morphological, optical and electrical properties of CdS thin films, Materials Science in Semiconductor Processing, 27, 2014, 915–923
[4]. N Romeo,A.Bosio,R.Tedeschi,A.Romeo,andV. Canevari, A highly efficient and stable CdTe/CdS thin film solar cell. Solar Energy Materials & Solar Cells, 58, 1999, 209–218.
[5]. KRamanathan, M.A. Contreras,C.L.Perkins,S.Asher,F.S. Hasoon, J. Keane,Y.David,R.Manuel,M. Wyatt, N. Rommel,W.James,andA. Duda, Properties of 19.2% efficiency ZnO/CdS/CuInGaSe2 thin-film solar cells,Progress in Photovoltaics: Research and Applications,11(4), 2003, 225–230.

ABSTRACT: Understanding the detailed structure and behavior of rainfall parameters is important for improving the efficiency of signals over an Earth-space transmission links. The use of data from weather radar is an efficient way of observing the characteristics of rainfall. The attenuation due to rain has been recognized as one of the major causes of unavailability of radio communication systems operating at frequencies above 10 GHz (Ojo et.al, 2008).

[1]. AMS Glossary (2009): Glossary of meteorology, 2nd edition. Allen, American Meteorological Society, Boston, MA, USA.
[2]. Ajayi G.O and E.B.C. Ofoche, "Some tropical rainfall rate characteristics at Ile –Ife for Microwave and Millimetre wave
application, "J. of climate and applied meteor., Vol.23, pp 562 – 507.
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Telecomm., 42(1-2), 3-12.
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ABSTRACT: We propose supersymmetric E6 models with intermediate Left-right symmetry as a result of spontaneous compactification of E8 theory in a ten dimensional space. We show that much lower value of Left-right symmetry breaking scale and consistent unification scale can be achieved in presence of some appropriate light multiplets resulting from spontaneous compactification of higher dimensions at the Planck scale. In the model we could successfully lower the intermediate Left-right symmetry breaking scale MR up to 105 GeV. With such a lower value of MR, we can easily accommodate low scale leptogenesis in tune with gravitino constraint. The model can also predict desired value of neutrino mass that can be tested at LHC.

Keywords: Exceptional groups, Left-right symmetry, Renormalization group equation, Supersymmetry.

[1]. F. Gursey and P. Sikivie, Phys. Rev. Lett. 36 (1976) 775; Phys. Rev. D16 (1977) 816; F. Gursey, P. Ramond, P. Sikivie, Phys. Lett. B 60 (1976) 177.
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ABSTRACT: The results of the diurnal variation of refractivity based on measurement of atmospheric pressure, temperature and relative humidity made across some selected locations within Nigeria, Yola (9011' N, 12030' E), Anyigba (70 45' N, 6045' E), Lagos (60 27' N, 5012' E), and Port-Harcourt (40 48'N, 70E), is presented in this study. The study utilized three years of meteorological data measured from January 2010 to December 2013 using Vantage Pro 2 automatic weather station installed at each location. The average hourly variations of refractivity in the dry season is largely as a result of the variations of the wet component (humidity) while the average daily variations of surface radio refractivity in the rainy season is as a result of both the variations of the dry (pressure) and wet (humidity) component of surface radio refractivity.

[1] Ali, S., Malik, S. A., Alimgeer, K. S., Khan, K. S. and Ali, R. L., (2011). Statistical estimation of tropospheric radio refractivity derived from 10 years meteorological data, Journal of atmospheric and solar-Terrestrial physics, Vol. 77, pp 196-103

[2] Adediji, A. T. and Ajewole, M. O., (2010). Microwave Anomalous Propagation (AP) Measurement over Akure South-Western Nigeria, Journal of atmospheric and solar-Terrestrial physics, vol. 72, pp 550-555.

[3] Adediji, A. T., Ajewole, M. O. and Falodun, S. E., (2011). Distribution of radio refractivity gradient and effective earth radius factor (k-factor) over Akure, South Western Nigeria, Journal of atmospheric and solar-Terrestrial physics, vol. 73, pp 2300-2304

[4] Adediji, A. T., Mahamod, I. and Mandeep, J. S., (2013). Variation of radio field strength and radio horizon distance over three stations in Nigeria, Journal of atmospheric and solar-Terrestrial physics, vol. 109, pp 1-6

[5] Ayatunji, B. G. and Okeke, P. N., (2011). Diurnal and seasonal variation of surface refractivity over Nigeria, Progress in electromagnetic Research B, vol. 30, pp 201-222 [6] Ayatunji, B. G., Okeke, P. N. and Urama, J.O., (2011). Seasonal variation of surface refractivity over Nigeria, Advances in space Research vol. 48, pp 2023-2027

ABSTRACT: Since the discovery of the atom and nucleus. The bonding of the proton & neutron, proton & proton, neutron & neutron have remained a mystery. Although, scientists discovered they were being held together by nuclear forces, the scientific explanation of the attraction remained a mystery. This paper unfolds the mystery behind the attraction in the nucleus of an atom.

[1]. Ababio O.Y. (1990), New School Chemistry, New Edition, FEP International PTE Ltd., pp 386 –387.
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[4]. Sung J.C.(2015), On the possible deeper structure of leptons, quarks: a view of "ulgon"-"logotron" theory, Open journal of philosophy, 2015, Vol.5, pp.302-312

ABSTRACT: The single element theory by Prof. Gabriel Oyibo that states that "Hydrogen is the only element; other elements are compounds of Hydrogen" has been a very controversial issue. Though no real proof exists, speculations thus exists. This paper brings to light how hydrogen isotopes could be fused together in Nucleosynthesis to give every other element in the periodic table.

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ABSTRACT: Non-thermal argon plasma needle at atmospheric pressure was constructed. The experimental setup was based on a simple and low cost electric components that generate a sufficiently high electric field at the electrodes to ionize various gases which flow at atmospheric pressure. A high AC power supply was used with 1.1Kv and 19.57KHz. Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma has much potential for medical applications. The atmospheric pressure plasma needle contains almost equal amounts of positive and negative charges. In this research we focused on the possible biomedical application of the atmospheric pressure plasma needle, where we used plasma ignited in Argon (Ar) gas flow to cause strand breaks in DNA.

[1] Lee, Hyun Woo et al. (2009) Tooth bleaching with nonthermal atmospheric pressure plasma. JOE (587- 591).
[2] Belkind, A. and Gershman S. (2008) Plasma Cleaning of Surfaces. Vacuum Technology and Coating.
[3] Felipe Iza, et al. (2008). Microplasmas: Sources, Particle Kinetics, and Biomedical Applications. Plasma Processes and Polymers, 322- 344.
[4] Sylwia Ptasinska, et al. (2010) DNA strand scission induced by a non-thermal atmospheric pressue plasma jet. Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics, 12, (7779- 7781).
[5] Couto, M. C.; Sudre, A. P.; Lima, M. F. and Bromfim, T. C. (2013). Comparison of techniques for DNA extraction and agarose gel staining of DNA fragments using samples of Cryptosporidium. Vet. Med., 58(10): 535-542.
[6] Xu Han, W.A. Cantrell, E.E. Escobar, S. Ptasinska,(2014), Plasmid DNA damage induced by helium atmospheric pressure plasma jet. Eur.J.D;DOI:101140/epjd/e2014-40753-y.
[7] D. O,Connell, L.J. Cox, W.B. Hyland, S.J. McMahon, S. Rreuter, W.G. Graham, T. Gans, and F.J.Currell, (2011), Cold atmospheric pressure plasma jet interactions with plasmid DNA, Applied Physics letters98, 043701;doi:10.10631/1.3521502.

ABSTRACT: In this study, geometrical optimization, spectroscopic analysis, electronic structure and nuclear magnetic resonance studies of 2-[(methylamino)methyl]pyridine (abbreviated as 2MAMP) were investigated by utilizing DFT/B3LYP with 6-31G (d,p) as basis set. The FTIR and FT-Raman spectra of 2-[(methylamino)methyl]pyridine (2MAMP) have been recorded in the region 4000-400 cm-1 and 4000-50 cm-1 respectively. Complete vibrational assignments, analysis and correlation of the fundamental modes for the title compound were carried out. The harmonic vibrational frequencies were calculated and scaled values have been compared with experimental FTIR and FT-Raman spectra. The observed and calculated frequencies are found to be in good agreement.

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ABSTRACT: The dependence of dielectric constant ' and dielectric loss tangent tanon frequency and composition have been investigated at fixed temperatures for polycrystalline Ca0.5Sr0.5CoxTixFe12-2xO19 (where 0.0 ≤ x ≤ 0.8) hexaferrites samples prepared by ceramic method. The measurements reveal that the samples under investigation have high values of ' reached to 106at 1 KHz and 600K. The experimental results indicated that ' and tandecrease as the frequency increases and temperature decreases. The studied samples showed an abnormal dielectric loss (or relaxation peaks) which were shifted towards higher frequency as the temperature increases. ' and tan increase as Co and Ti ions substitution increases up to x≤0.4, after that both parameters decreases. The activation energy for dielectric relaxation, ED, were estimated for the samples. It is shown that, ED, have low values (~0.08- 0.18 eV) and have inverse proportional with the dielectric constant '.

Keywords – Dielectric properties, Doped M ferrite, Loss in ferrite, Dielectric relaxation, Activation energy.

[1]. V.B. Kawade, G.K. Bichile, and K.M. Jadhav, X-ray and infrared studies of chromium substituted magnesium ferrite, Materials Letters 42, 2000, 33-37.
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ABSTRACT: Arc discharge technique is still one of the popular techniques for producing fullerenes. This work describes an arc discharge installation with a chamber size of 140 mm diameter and 500 mm length that is able to produce fullerenes. Fullerenes solid was extracted from carbon soot collected from the arc discharge system at various experimental conditions of discharge current and chamber pressure using the solvent extraction technique. Fullerenes yield of up to 6 to 8 % was extracted from the fabricated discharge system which was higher when compared to the 3-4 % yield produced by an arc discharge system of 100 mm diameter and 200 mm length. The fabricated discharge system gave the best fullerenes percentage yield of 8 % at arc current of 150 A and 100 Torr of chamber pressure.

[1]. M. L. Charlse and C. Chia-Chun (1994). Preparation of fullerenes and fullerene-based materials, in Solid State Physics. Ehrenreich, H and Spaepen, F. (eds). USA, Academic Press Incorporation. 148pp.
[2]. G. N. Churilov. Synthesis of Fullerenes and Other Nanomaterials in Arc Discharge. Journal of Fullerenes, Nanotubes and Carbon Nanostructures. 16(5), 2008, 395-403.
[3]. Z. Yuming and C. Guang. C60 Fullerene Amphiphiles as Supramolecular Building Blocks for Organized and Well-Defined Nanoscale Objects. Structure and Bonding. 159, 2014, 23–54.
[4]. J. Hare (2008). The Design of a Fullerene Generator. [online] Available from: http://www.creative-science.org.uk/design.html [Accessed: 5 March 2015].
[5]. D.-W. Yan, W. Liu, H.-Z. Wang and C.-H. Wang. Preparation of Fullerene Polycrystalline Films on Different Substrates by Physical Vapor Deposition. Materials Transactions. 48(4), 2007, 700-703.

ABSTRACT: This review tries to present an overview of the most important parameters to be taken in consideration in the evaluation of interferometer biosensors. Waveguide interferometers have particular importance, because by utilizing the combination of two very sensitive methods, the waveguiding and the interferometry techniques, they offer very good reliability and possibility for miniaturization and integration in optical chips. By using the evanescent wave technology they measure the interaction between receptors and biomolecules in real time without using labels. Receptors are immobilized onto a sensor surface and the interaction with the biomolecules near it cause a refractive index change. A large number of applications in life sciences, including binding kinetics of receptor-biomolecule pairs and virus-protein interactions, are using evanescent wave-based biosensors for their studies. This article describes the technology behind their sensing techniques, and a range of applications where they are used..

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ABSTRACT: This study compared the dosimetric outcomes and treatment efficiency between forward (F-IMRT) and inverse intensity modulated radiotherapy treatment technique (I-IMRT) for localized prostate cancer. Materials and methods: Twenty patients with localized prostate carcinoma were re-planned on Xio treatment planning system (TPS) for forward and inverse intensity modulated radiotherapy (F-IMRT and I-IMRT). Analyses were performed on comparing the dose volume histograms (DVHs) for Planning target volume (PTV) and the relevant organ at risk (OARs). Target coverage was evaluated with parameters including (Dmean) the mean target dose ,(Dmax) the maximum target dose, (D50%), (D98%), (D2%),(D5%) and (D95% ), the doses that covered 50,98,2,5 and 95 % of the volume of the PTV respectively. Also, (V95%) the volume of the target received 95% of prescribed dose (PD) and (V≤110%) the target volume received less than or equal 110% of PD.

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[4]. Wui-Jin Koh and David H.: Moore, Cervical cancer, Gunderson &Tepper, Clinical Radiation Oncology; Chapter 56, 2012.
[5]. Benedick A. Fraass, Shruti Jolly, and Avraham Eisbruch.: Conformal Therapy and Intensity Modulated Radiation Therapy: Treatment Planning, Treatment Delivery, and Clinical Results, Gunderson & Tepper, Clinical Radiation Oncology; Chapter 15, 2012.

ABSTRACT: Because of the rapid growth in agricultural yields plants and the temporal variation of satellite pass over the fields (e.g. 8-days repeat coverage between Landsat 7&8), and for the purpose of accuracy in estimating the amount of the expected crop yields that can be obtained by utilizing different satellite's images. The present research introduces a chronological calibration method for individual satellite image bands. Gaps bridging method based on the neighborhood is used to correct the failure of Scan Line Corrector (SLC) occurred in ETM+ images.

[1] P. Teillet, J. Barker, B. Markham, R. Irish, G. Fedosejevs, and J. Storey, Radiometric cross-calibration of the Landsat-7 ETM+ and Landsat-5 TM sensors based on tandem data sets . Remote Sens. Environ, 39–54, 2001.
[2] A.E. Boloorani, Multi- Source Remotely Sensed Data Combination: Projection Transformation Gap-Fill Procedure. Sensors, 8, 4429-4440, 2008
[3] J. Irons, J. Dwyer, and J. Barsi, The next Landsat satellite: The Landsat data continuity mission. Remote Sens. Environ. 122, 11–21, 2012
[4] S.M. Ali, Gap-Filling Restoration Methods for ETM+ Sensor Images, Iraqi Journal of Science, Vol.54, No.1, 206-214, 2013
[5] D.A. Lee, Two Algorithms for Constructing a Delaunay Triangulation, International Journal of Computer and Information Sciences, Vol. 9, No. 3, 219-242, 1980
[6] G.M. Chander, Summary of current radiometric calibration coefficients for Landsat MSS, TM, ETM+, and EO-1 ALI sensors. Remote Sensing of Environment 113, 893–903, 2009