IOSR-JAP   Volume-8 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep-Oct 2016

ABSTRACT: In this report, we will present results of Photofield emission current (PFEC) from zirconium carbide (ZrC) by using Green's function in which the basic functions are deduced by using Projection Operator method of Group Theory.The vector potential of interest are the ones developed by Bagchi and Kar . Results of PFEC in ZrC are compared with the density of state (DOS) calculated by using the density functional theory which is implemented in wien2k code.

Keyword: Band structure, Density functional theory, Photofield emission ; Projection operator; Vector potential.

[1]. R.K.Thapa and GunakarDas,Modern Physics Letters B, 21(22) 1501-1507(2007).
[2]. A. Bagchi and N. Kar, Phys. Rev.B18 (1978) 5240-5247.
[3]. W. Kohn & L.J. Sham, Phys. Rev.A140 (1965) 1133-1138.
[4]. P. Blaha, K. Schwarz, G. K. H. Madsen, D. Kvasnicka and J. Luitz, Vienna Universitat of Technology, Vienna(2001).
[5]. M.J.G. Lee, Phys. Rev.30 (1973) 1193.

ABSTRACT: In this study, data obtained with the aid of an ABEM Terameter (SAS 300C), from twenty-five (25) Vertical Electrical Soundings (VES) stations in Kutunku, with maximum half-current electrodes spacing AB/2, of 170m and maximum half-potential electrodes spacing MN/2, of 7.5m for most of the profiles, were analysed with IPI2Win software. The analysis indicated 3 to 5 geo-electric layers where the former was predominant and the lithologic units were interpreted to consist of sandy top soil, clay/clayey sand, lateritic sand, compact laterite, weathered/fractured basement and fresh basement.........

Keywords: Resistivity, Terameter, Kutunku, geo-electric layers, aquifer.

[1]. Abdulsalam, N.N and Ologe, O. The use of Resistivity Profiling Method in Groundwater Investigation of a typical Basement
Complex: A case study of L.E.A Primary School-Dagiri in Gwagwalada Area, Northcentral Nigeria. Report and Opinion, Vol.5 (5),
2013, pp.48-53.
[2]. Abuja Guide. A National Space Research and Development Agency Atlas, 2002 pp10.
[3]. Adiat, K. A. N., Olayanju, G. M., Omosuyi, G. O., and Ako, B. D. Electromagnetic profiling and electrical resistivity soundings in
groundwater investigations in a typical basement complex: a case study of Oda town, south western Nigeria. Ozean Journal of
Applied Sciences, Vol. 2 No. 4, 2009, pp. 333-359.
[4]. Adiat, K. A. N., Nawawi, M. N. M., and Abdullah, K. Assessing the accuracy of GIS-based elementary multi criteria decision
analysis as spatial prediction tool: a case of predicting potential zones of sustainable groundwater resources. Journal of Hydrology,
Vol. 440-441, 2012, pp. 75-89.
[5]. Adiat, K. A. N., Nawawi, M. N. M., and Abdullah, K. Application of multi-criteria decision analysis to geoelectric and geologic
parameters for spatial prediction of groundwater resources potential and aquifer evaluation. Pure and Applied Geophysics, Vol. 170,
2013 pp. 453-471.

ABSTRACT: Rainfall is very important to humankind, because it represents a pure source of water aside from the Earth's. Therefor many researchers are interested in Rainfall. In this study, the monthly data of the amount of rainfall of four stations (Baghdad, Mousl, Rutba, and Basra) of Iraq were collected by means of algorithm, standerd deviation, maximum and minimum were computed. To understand the behavior of rainfall, we tested the data according to Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Chi-Squared tests. The 16 probability distributions were applied to know which distribution is suitable for these data..........

Keywords: Agricultural, atmospheric sciences, climate, rainfall, urban.

[1]. Tao, D.Q, Nguyen, V.T and Bourque, A (2002). On selection of probability distributions for representing extreme precipitations in Southern Quebec. Annual Conference of the Canadian Society for Civil Engineering. 5th -8th June 2002. pp 1-8.
[2]. Suhaila Jamaludin, Abdul Aziz Jemain, Fitting the Statistical Distributions to the Daily Rainfall Amount in Peninsular Malaysia, Vol 46 (June 2007)
[3]. Olofintoye, O.O et al, Best–fit Probability distribution model for peak daily rainfall of selected Cities in Nigeria, New York Science Journal, 2009, 2(3), ISSN 1554-0200
[4]. Mohita A. S. and J. B. Singh, Use of Probability Distribution in Rainfall Analysis, School of Basic and Applied Science, Shobhit University, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, 250110, India 2010;3(9)

ABSTRACT: Morocco has a diversity of marine species of great interest from the aquaculture standpoint. Their availability in space and time requires the development of conservation techniques ensuring the quantity and quality of these products. In this context, our work studies the kinetics of the drying and storage of shrimps as per the requirements for food products. Our work consists in an experimental protocol carried out in a partially thin film solar dryer operating in forced convection and provided with an auxiliary power source. Three drying temperatures were selected (50, 70 and 90 ° C) for a drying air flow rate of 3 -1 0,083m .s .

Keywords: Drying kinetics, preservation, characteristic drying curve, modeling.

[1] S. Lahsasni, M. Kouhila, M. Mahrouz. and J. T. Jaouhari, Drying kinetics of prickly pear fruit (Opuntia ficus indica). J. Food Eng. 61(2): (2004) 173-179;
[2] L.Ait Mohamed, M. Kouhila, A. Jamali, S. Lahsasni, N. Kechaou and M. Mahrouz, Single layer solar drying behaviour of Citrus aurantium leaves under forced convection. Energy Conv. Manage. 46 (9-10): (2005) 1473-1483.
[3] V.T. Karathanos, Determination of water content of dried fruits by drying kinetics. J. Food Eng., 39(1): (1999) 337-344.
[4] S.Bellagha, E. Amami, A. Farhat and N. Kechaou, Drying kinetics and drying characteristic curve of lightly salted sardine (Sardinella aurita). Drying Technology. 20 (7): (2002) 1527-1538.
[5] C. Kara and I. Doymaz. Thin Layer Drying Kinetics of By-Products from Pomegranate Juice Processing. Journal of Food Processing and Preservation. 39(5): (2015) 480-487.

ABSTRACT: The Solar Dynamics Observatory EUV 9.4 nm data was used to study the intensity fluctuation at the solar equator during the Sep 6 2016 NOAA Active Region (AR) 12585 Arcing. The 9.4 nm intensity data parallel with the solar equator showed correlation with the adjacent image row-data (R-sq >0.95) for the studied region near AR 12585. The analysis of the percent increment in the intensity data series (parallel with the solar equator) showed that the fractal dimension values (>2.05) of the studied series correlated with standard deviations. The interpretation of the percent increment in the intensity as a Gaussian-like probability density function via a Fokker-Plank equation model is discussed.

Keywords: Fokker-Planck equation model, Intensity fluctuation, SDO/AIA 9.4 nm data, Percent increment data series, Solar Active Region.

[1] Ignacio Ugarte-Urra and Harry P. Warren, Determining heating time scales in solar active region cores from AIA/SDO Fe XVIII images. arXiv:1311.6346v1 (2012). http://lanl.arxiv.org/abs/1311.6346112-116.
[2] George Tremberger, Sunil Dehipawala, Raul Amendariz, Chantale Damas and Tak Cheung, Cosmic Ray time series data fractal analyses during Solar AR 1890 Eruption Event & GW150914 GW151226 Passing Events, 2016 EEECOS Conference Proceedings, pp454-457. http://eeecos.org/conference_proceedings.html
[3] J. Langfellner, L. Gizon, A. C. Birch, Anisotropy of the solar network magnetic field around the average supergranule. A&A 579, L7 (2015). http://lanl.arxiv.org/abs/1505.01427
[4] Ana Cristina Cadavid Cadavid, Yeimy J. Rivera, John K. Lawrence, Damian J. Christian, Peter J. Jennings, A. Franco Rappazzo, Multifractal Solar EUV Intensity Fluctuations and their Implications for Coronal Heating Models. arXiv:1609.02625v1 (Sep 2016) http://lanl.arxiv.org/abs/1609.02625

ABSTRACT: Nano structured thin films having different thickness of bismuth CdSe were deposited by thermal evaporation techniques, onto precleaned amorphous glass substrate at room temperature. The structural properties of films were evaluated by XRD, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The quantitative analysis was done by Energy Dispersive Analysis for X – Ray to determine atomic % of the material used. The optical band gaps of the films were measured by using optical absorption spectra. The X-ray diffraction analysis confirms that films are polycrystalline in nature having hexagonal structure with a preferential orientation along the (002 and 101) plane.

Keywords: Optical band gap, thermal evaporation, XRD, SEM, AFM, EDAX, PL.

[1] R. Castro-Rodriguez, J. Mendez-Gamboa, I. Perez- Quintana, R. Medina-Ezquivel; Applied
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ABSTRACT: This paper deals with the double-diffusive boundary layer flow of non-Newtonian nano-fluid over a stretching sheet. In this model, where binary nano-fluid is used, the Brownian motion and thermophoresis are classified as the main mechanisms which are responsible for the enhancement ofthe convection features of the nanofluid. By means of the successive approximation method the governing equations for momentum and energy have been solved. Nevertheless, these boundary-value problems can be solved correctly using expansions solutions, and we present the formulation that makes this possible (in essence, an application of Duhamel's principle). The solutions obtained by this new approach are shown to agree identically with those obtained by using numerical method solutions......

Keywords: .......

[1]. B.C. Sakiadis, Boundary-layer behaviour on continuous solid surfaces, Am. Inst. Chem. Eng. J. 7 (1961) 26–28.
[2]. L.E. Erickson, L.T. Fan, V.G. Fox, Heat and mass transfer on amoving continuous moving surface, Ind. Eng. Chem. Fund. 5 (1966)19–25.
[3]. F.K. Tsou, E.M. Sparrow, R.J. Goldstein, Flow and heat transfer in the boundary layer on a continuous moving surface, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 10 (1967) 219–223.
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ABSTRACT: Two different synthesis procedures: sol-gel synthesis and dry mechano-chemical processing; have been used in the present study for the synthesis of ZnO nanoparticles. The obtained ZnO nanoparticles have been structurally characterized by X-ray diffraction, indicating a wurtzite structure with high crystallinity. The UV–Visible diffuse reflectance spectrum of the ZnO nanoparticles indicates a band gap of about 3.28 eV with an onset of absorption at about 3.1 eV, showing a weak red shift compared to 3.37 eV for the bulk ZnO. The SEM images show preferred hexagonal nut shaped structures in sol-gel method. In the dry mechano-chemical process nano-sized spherical structures evolve

Keywords: sol-gel, dry mechano-chemical, red shift, hexagonal nut shape, flower structure.

[1]. V. A. Coleman and C. Jagadish, in Chennupati Jagadish and Stephen Pearton (Eds.), Zinc Oxide Bulk, Thin Films and Nanostructure , Elsevier Sci.(2006)1-20.
[2]. M. K. Hossain, S. C. Ghosh, Y. Boontongkong,C. Thanachayanont and J. Dutta,
[3]. "Growth of Zinc Oxide Nanowires and Nanobelts for Gas Sensing Applications"
[4]. J. of Metastable and Nanocrystalline Materials Vol. 23 (2005) pp. 27-30
[5]. Zhiyong Fan and Jia G. Lu, "Chemical Sensing With ZnO Nanowire Field-Effect Transistor" IEEE Transactions On Nanotechnology, Vol. 5(2006), no. 4.

ABSTRACT: Introducing Universe's own Ambient Time. This paper deals with qualitative assessment of Ambient Time purely through, naked eye observational research of everyday phenomena. For quantitative measurement of same, sensitive instrumentation is required and sensitive instrumentation is too pricey and generally beyond the reach of independent researchers. Here Electromagnetic Wave has been used as a yardstick for the qualitative assessment of Ambient Time.

Keywords: Candles, Einstein, Electromagnetic, Lights, Wave.

[1]. Einstein, Albert (1916). "The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity" (PDF). Annalen der Physik 354 (7): 769. Bibcode:1916AnP...354..769E. doi:10.1002/andp.19163540702
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ABSTRACT: The present research aim is to investigate the radiation hazard through measurements of changes in the biophysical properties of red blood cell, white blood cell, hemoglobin and the palatate of the human. The biophysical structural functions of blood play the major role to present the injury to the occurred system. Blood sample of 80 healthy students of Al Muthanna University that examined after and before irradiation by X-ray and Gamma-ray. Each sample was equally divided into7blood collection tubes for irradiation. One of the samples remained as control. The x-ray energy rate from 40-120 kV and the time of the exposure of gamma-ray was differing from 3-9 min. In RBC the mean values of blood count in female groups were almost less than males, except in 120 KV, 5.08 and 7.01(106/μL), for male and female, respectively

Keywords: Co-60 source, Gamma source, Radiation dose, RBC,WBC,PLT, Radiation exposure,X-ray source and Al-Muthanna University

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[2]. Keith, N.M., L.G. Rowntree, and J.T. Geraghty, A method for the determination of plasma and blood volume. Archives of Internal Medicine, 1915. 16(4): p. 547-576.

[3]. Christensen, D.M., C.J. Iddins, and S.L. Sugarman, Ionizing radiation injuries and illnesses. Emergency medicine clinics of North America, 2014. 32(1): p. 245-265.

[4]. Chassé, M., et al., Association of blood donor age and sex with survival after red blood cells transfusion. Short and long-term clinical effects of blood donor characteristics in transfusion recipients, 2015: p. 184.

[5]. Gaulden, M.E., "Biological Dosimetry" of Radionuclides and Radiation Hazards. Journal of Nuclear Medicine, 1983. 24(2): p. 160-164.

ABSTRACT: Maxwell equations are utilized to obtain a useful expression for the equation of motion of the magnetic moment. By imposing certain physical constrains on the conductivity, magnetic and electric susceptibility it is possible to have a powerful magnetic field

Keywords: Conductivity, magnetic moment, magnetic field, Susceptibility

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ABSTRACT: CdS films have been chemically deposited on glass substrates at room temperature at varying molarity from 0.05M ≤ x ≤ 0.2M by Chemical Bath Deposition technique. The study of crystallinity of the films by XRD, without annealing the films, is observed to improve with increasing molarity at 0.2M with particle size 10nm and prominent reflection along (200) plane in cubic Zinc blend structure. The SEM micrographs of the films at 0.1M and 0.2M show the formation of CdS nanorods with diameter within the range 471.2 – 668.7nm. The band gaps in the films are determined from UV absorption spectra which show lowering from the bulk value at 0.05M but increase above 2.4eV with increasing molarity. The absorption spectra shows blue shift at around 435nm wavelength..

Keywords: Cadmium sulphide, CBD technique, Nanostructure, Nanorods, optical absorption, Ionic concentrations.

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ABSTRACT: Drought monitoring is an essential component of drought risk management. It is normally performed using various drought indices that are effectively continuous functions of rainfall and other variables. A number of drought indices have been introduced and applied in different countries to date. In the current research, four meteorological drought indices including the standardized precipitation index (SPI), the Reconnaissance Drought Index (RDI), the Precipitation Declies Index (PDI) and Rainfall Anomaly Index (RAI) are compared and evaluated for monitoring droughts in Iraq............

Keywords: Drought Indices; Meteorological drought; Iraq

[1] D.A. wihite, and M.H. Clantz. understanding the drought phenomenon: the role of definitions. water international,10 (CEOBASE),1985,111-120.
[2] Mishra K, Singh VP. A review of drought concepts. Journal of Hydrologyl 2010, 202–216.
[3] T.Tadesse, , D.Wilhite, , S.Harms, , M. Hayes, and S.Goddard, Journal of Natural Hazards, 33(1), 2004, 137.
[4] K.Yaseen and H. Monim, Assessment of spatial and temporal drought in Iraq during the period 1980-2010Journal of Energy and Environment, 4(2), 2013, 292.
[5] M. H., Hussein and M. M., Abdul-Jabbar. Distrbution of Rainfall, Runoff and Soil Moisture Storage in the low Rainfall Zone of Northern Iraq, Journal . of Environmental Hydrology.2007,13-26.

ABSTRACT: Zn1-xCrxO (x = 0.00, 0.05, 0.10) nanoparticles were synthesized by novel co-precipitation method. The synthesized samples are characterized by powder x-ray diffraction (XRD). The x-ray diffraction pattern confirms that doping of Cr did not change the ZnO hexagonal wurtzite structure. The Cr doped ZnO nanoparticles have average crystallite size in the range of 19 - 27 nm. The increase in lattice parameters with increasing Cr doping%, it confirmed that the Cr substitution in Zn-O lattice.................

Keywords: Chemical synthesis; X-ray diffraction; bond length; strain; stress

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ABSTRACT: Uncontrolled activities associated with enhanced levels of NORM, can contaminate environment and pose a risk to human health. These risks can be alleviated by the adoption of controls to identify where NORM is present, its concentration and control NORM-contaminated equipment and waste. This paper try to identify type, activity concentration, absorbed dose rate and annual effective dose of radionuclides present in samples collected from oil fields in West Kordofan state which include Heglig, Bamboo, Diffra and Neem oil fields.

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