IOSR-JAP   Volume-9 ~ Issue-2 ~ March-April 2017

ABSTRACT: The organic photovoltaic device has been electrically simulated by GPVDM software model at different charge carrier mobility. Organic bulk heterojunction solar cell consists of the mixture of electron donor (P3HT) and electron acceptor (PCBM) materials as active layer, ITO (indium tin oxide) is a transparent electrode, PEDOT: PSS is electron blocking layer and Al is a back electrode. In this study the electrical simulation has been done at different charge mobility 0.510-4 m2v-1s-1, 0.510-5 m2v-1s-1, 0.510-6 m2v-1s-1 and 0.510-7 m2v-1s-1 respectively. It is observed that J-V characteristics are affected by charge carrier mobility and it is concluded that the best J-V characteristic is obtained at 0.510-6 m2v-1s-1 carrier mobility.

Keywords: GPVDM software, Bulk heterojunction, Organic solar cell, charge carrier mobility

[1]. C. J. Brabec, G. Zerza, G. Cerullo, S. De Silvestri, S. Luzzati, J. C. Hummelen, S. Sariciftci, Tracing photo induced electron transfer process in conjugated polymer/fullerene bulk heterojunctions in real time, Chemical Physics Letters 340 (2001), 232.
[2]. Tang, CW.; Albrecht, AC. "Photovoltaic effects of metal–chlorophyll-a–metal sandwich cells"J.Chem.Phys.62 No.6 (1975) pp. 2139-2149.
[3]. S.C Jain, M. Willander and V. Kumar, Conducting organic material and devices (Academic, San Diego, (2007).
[4]. F. Padinger, R. S. Ritterberger, and N. S. Sariciftci, Effects of postproduction treatment on plastic solar cells, Adv. Funct. Mater. 13 (2003) 85-88.
[5]. Y. Kim, S. Cook, S. M. Tuladhar, S. A. Choulis, J. Nelson, J. R. Durrant, D. D. C. Bradley, M. Giles, I. McCulloch, C. S. Ha, and M. Ree, A strong regioregularity effect in self-organizing conjugated polymer films and high-efficiency polythiophene:fullerene solar cells, Nat. Mater. 5 (2006) 197-203

ABSTRACT: This paper presents the evaluation of the effect of temperature on output power of polycrystalline and monocrystalline photovoltaic module. This research was carried out by monitoring the variation in power output of the Photovoltaic (PV) modules with temperature of the chosen area in Nigeria during raining season. The results show that within the capacity of a photovoltaic panel, increase in temperature favours output current (i.e short circuit current ISC) of the PV modules while temperatures greater than 420C do not favour high performance with the electrical efficiency of the PV modules also drops with the rise in temperature.

Keywords: Efficiency, monocrystalline, photovoltaic module, polycrystalline, temperature

[1]. Zafer, U. and H. Arif, 2007. A review on the analysis and evaluating the energy utilization efficiency on countries. International Solar Energy Society Journal, 2(1): 1-7.
[2]. Dincar I (2003): The role of Energy in Energy Policy Making. Energy Policy Vol 30 137-149.
[3]. El-Shaer, M. T. Y. Tadros 2 and M. A. Khalifa. Effect of Light intensity and Temperature on Crystalline Silicon Solar Modules Parameters. International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering Volume 4, Issue 8, August 2014.pp 311-318.
[4]. Cuce E, Cuce P and Bali T. An experimental analysis of light intensity and temperature dependency of photovoltaic module parameters.Applied Energy 2013;111:374–382.
[5]. AmajamaJoseph and Samuel EyehMopta:Effect of Air temperature on the Output of photovoltaic panels and its relationship with Solar illuminance/intensity .International Journal of Scientific Engineering and Applied Science (IJSEAS) – Volume-2, Issue-8, August 2016 ISSN: 2395-3470.

ABSTRACT: In this article we present our results on a study of performance gap among our male and female college students. Our choice for the study tool for this work was the force concept inventory (FCI). We gave the test to our students twice; before and after our instructions on force and motion. The overall performance of male and female students in both tests along with details about individual questions is reported. The mean percentage scores showed a gender gap in favor of male students. Male students outperformed female students in almost every one of the thirty questions of the inventory in both the pre and the post test.

Keywords: Gender gap. Force concept Inventory. Force and motion in physics. misconceptions. Physics education research.

[1]. Docktor J. and Heller K., Gender differences in both Force Concept Inventory and Introductory Physics Performance, AIP Conf. Proc. 1064, 15 (2008)
[2]. Kost L. E., Pollock S. J., and Finkelstein N. D., Characterizing the gender gap in introductory physics, Phys. Rev. ST Phys. Educ. Res. 5, 010101 2009.
[3]. McCullough, L. 2002. "Gender, Math, and the FCI." Proceedings of the 2002 Physics Education Research Conference. S. Franklin, J. Marx, & K. Cummings, Eds. Rochester NY.
[4]. McCullough, L. (2011, July). Gender differences in student responses top physics conceptual questions based on question context. Paper presented at the ASQ Advancing the STEM Agenda in Education, the Workplace, and Society Conference at the University of Wisconsin–Stout, Menomonie Wisconsin
[5]. Madsen A., Mckagan S. B., and Sayre E. C.,"Gender gap on concept inventories in physics: What is consistent, what is inconsistent, and what factors influence the gap?," Physical Review Special Topics- Physics Education Research 9, 020121 (2013).

ABSTRACT: Our main purpose of the current research project is to improve the whole physics educational process at our university, not only the learning side from our students but also the teaching side from us instructors. In this report we discuss the part of the big project dedicated to the study of common dominant misconceptions among male and female students about force and motion. We used the force concept inventory (FCI) as a study tool for this work and was given to our students as a pre and post test. Although our previous study showed an outperformance of our male students over females in almost all items from the inventory, this study shows that both groups are still holding the same kind of misconceptions..........

Keywords: Force concept Inventory. Force and motion in physics. Common misconceptions. Dominant incorrect answers. Physics education research

[1]. Bani-salameh H.N., Nuseirat M., Alkofahi K.A., Performance gap among male and female college students measure with the force concept inventory, (submitted to IOSR for publication).
[2]. Hestenes, D., Wells, M. & Swackhamer, G. (1992). Force concept inventory. The Physics Teacher, 30 (3), 141–158
[3]. Martín-Blas Teresa, Seidel Luis & Serrano-Fernández Ana (2010). Enhancing Force Concept Inventory diagnostics to identify dominant misconceptions in first-year engineering physics. European Journal of Engineering Education 35 (6), 597–606
[4]. Bani-Salameh H.N. (2017). Using the Method of Dominant Incorrect Answers with the FCI Test to Diagnose Misconceptions Held by First Year College Students. Phys. Educ. 52 015006
[5]. Bani-Salameh H.N. (2017). How persistent are the misconceptions about force and motion held by College Students. Phys. Educ. 52 014003

ABSTRACT: Nano structured thin films having different thickness of CuInSe were deposited by thermal evaporation techniques, onto precleaned amorphous glass substrate at room temperature. The structural properties of films were evaluated by XRD, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM). The quantitative analysis was done by Energy Dispersive Analysis for x-ray to determine atomic % of the material used. The electrical transport properties of as deposited thin films have been evaluated by using four probe resistivity set up. Resistivity (3.108 X 10-5 ohm - cm), activation energy (0.00396 – 0.0752 eV), carrier concentration (1.30 X 1018 /cm3), mobility..........

Keywords: Nano structured, XRD, SEM, AFM, activation energy, Fermi energy

[1]. K. Senthil, D. Nataraj, K. Prabakar, Materials Chemistry and Physics 58, 1999, 221-226.
[2]. Feng Kang, Jianping Ao, Guozhong Sun, He Yun Sun, Journal of Alloys and Compounds 478, 2009, l25-l27.
[3]. Weidong Wang, Zhengguo Jin, Hui Liu, Haiyan Du, Materials Letters 65, 2011, 2895-2898.
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ABSTRACT: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the level of concentration of radionuclides in Non-cultivated soils and water, which are taken from Seberang Perai in Penang, Malaysia. The concentrations of natural radioactive nuclides; 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K were assessed using HPGe detector. The concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in soil samples are 4.98 to 160.09, 3.43 to 233.59 and from 56.40 to 819.63 Bq kg-1 respectively. The mean concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K are 36.00, 44.21 and 254.60 Bq kg-1 respectively. Similarly, the concentrations of 226Ra, 232Th, and 40K in water samples were assessed to be from 0.19 to 2.13 (mean=1.07), 1.15 to 4.32 (mean = 3.08 ) and from 92.37 to 172.43..........

Keywords: Soil, Radioactivity, Water, 226Ra, 232Th, 40K

[1]. UNSCEAR. (2000). Source and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation, United Nations, New York.
[2]. Ramli, A. T., Hussein, A. W. M., & Wood, A. K. (2005). Environmental 238 U and 232 Th concentration measurements in an area of high level natural background radiation at Palong, Johor, Malaysia. Journal of environmental radioactivity, 80(3), 287-304.
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ABSTRACT:The research paper discussthe change in current and voltage of arc discharge with the pressure CO2 gas respectively. at gas pressure of (2Torr) to (12Torr), we measured current and voltage at this range of pressures byvarying distances were changing the distance between the electrodesat range 1mm to 10mm as shown through research that the current and voltage are changing with every change of pressure and the distance.

Keywords: Volt , Ampere , discharge arc

[1].Zhao. P, Ni.............

ABSTRACT: Nano-crystalline perovskite of the general formula La0.8Sr0.1Ag0.1MnO3 was synthesized using the Pechini sol-gel method. Variation of the gel pH was done during synthesis process to control the aggregation of particles and their crystal structural. The synthesized nanoparticles were characterized using X-ray analysis (XRD), High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscope (HR-TEM) andThermal analyses(TGA/DTA). XRD confirms the formation of the pure phase perovskite inrhombohedral structure with R-3c space group and with crystallite size about 28 nm.The HR-TEM analysis further confirms the nanosize of the particles...........

Keywords: Magnetic properties, Modern applications, Perovskite nanoparticles, Sol-gel process.

[1]. Das, K., B. Satpati, and I. Das, The effect of artificial grain boundaries on magneto-transport properties of charge ordered-ferromagnetic nanocomposites. RSC Advances, 2015. 5(35): p. 27338-27346.
[2]. Sadhu, A. and S. Bhattacharyya, Enhanced Low-Field Magnetoresistance in La0.71Sr0.29MnO3 Nanoparticles Synthesized by the Nonaqueous Sol–Gel Route. Chemistry of Materials, 2014. 26(4): p. 1702-1710.
[3]. Venkataiah, G., et al., Influence of Particle Size on Electrical Transport Properties of La0.67Sr0.33MnO3 Manganite System. Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, 2007. 7(6): p. 2000-2004.
[4]. Liu, S., et al., Synthesis of strontium cerates-based perovskite ceramics via water-soluble complex precursor routes. Ceramics International, 2002. 28(3): p. 327-335.
[5]. Popa, M. and M. Kakihana, Synthesis of lanthanum cobaltite (LaCoO3) by the polymerizable complex route. Solid State Ionics, 2002. 151(1–4): p. 251-257.

ABSTRACT: In this paper α-Fe2O3, thin films were prepared by spray pyrolysis technique via spraying FeCl3·6H2O (10-2 M) based aqueous solution with a spray flow of 8 ml/min onto heated glass substrates at 350 °C. After deposition, rust red and amorphous films was obtained. After a heat treatment at 400 ° C for six hours, the thin films are well crystallized. In order to study the surface morphology of the films and their crystalline structure, an electron scanning microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffraction were used (XRD). A UV-Vis-NIR spectrophotometer in the wavelength range 200–2500 nm was used to carry out the transmittance and the reflectance of the iron oxide films............

Keywords: -Fe2O3 thin films; ellipsometry; optical constants; spray pyrolysis.

[1]. M. Mohapatra and S. Anand, International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology, Vol. 2, No. 8, 2010, p. 127.
[2]. Y. Huang, Z. Lin, M. Zheng, T. Wang, J. Yang, F. Yuan, X. Lu, L. Liu, D. Sun, Journal of Power Sources, Vol. 307, 2016, p. 649.
[3]. M. M. Rahman, S. B. Khan, A. Jamal, M. Faisal, A.M. Aisiri (2011). Iron Oxide Nanoparticles, Nanomaterials, Prof. Mohammed
Rahman (Ed.), ISBN: 978-953-307-913-4, InTech. Available from:
www.intechopen.com/books/nanomaterials/iron-oxide-nanoparticles.
[4]. S. Boumaza, A. Boudjema, S. Omeiri, R. Bouarab, A. Bouguelia, M. Trari, Solar Energy, Vol. 84, 2010, p.715.
[5]. F. Meydaneri Tezel, O. Özdemir, İ. Afsin Kariper, Surface Review and Letters, Vol. 24, No. 4, (2017) p. 1750051-1.

ABSTRACT: Solar energy is rapidly gaining importance as a source of renewable energies. Solar tracker system enables be generated more solar energy by using photovoltaic solar cells. The degree of use the solar radiation can be maximized by use of tracker system which can increase the enough efficiency. It receives the largest amount of solar radiation incident when it is perpendicular to the solar panel. In this paper a one axis solar tracker is designed and implemented to track the sun in azimuth axis by using an AVR microcontroller. The implemented system consists mainly of the ATmega328 controller, DC motor, light sensors, relay and solar panel...........

Keywords: One axis tracker, Solar panel, LDR, Microcontroller, DC motor, Relay.

[1]. J. Patole, Aditi and Shweta Suryawanshi," Design & Development of Bidirectional Solar Tracking System Implemented in Western Region of Maharashtra", Journal of Engineering, Vol.3, Issue 6, (2013), pp:01-05.
[2]. O. Eseosa and U. Roland, "Design and Simulation of Solar Monitoring Tracking System", Journal of electrical and electronics engineering Vol.4, Issue 5,(2013), pp 35-39.
[3]. S. Deepthi, A.Ponni, R.Ranjitha and R. Dhanabal,"Comparison of Efficiencies of Single Axis Tracking System and Dual Axis Tracking System with Fixed Mount", International Journal of Engineering Science and Innovative Technology, Vol.2, Issue 2, (2013).
[4]. R. Banerjee," Solar Tracking System", International Journal of Scientific and Research Publications, Volume 5, Issue 3, (2015), ISSN 2250-3153.425-430.
[5]. E.P. I. Edinbarough ," Experimental Study On The Optimum Harvesting Of Sunlight For An Efficient Solar Energy System", University of Texas, Brownsville, 120th A see Annual Conference &Exposition, American Society for Engineering Education, )2013).

ABSTRACT: The grand unification basically provides unification of strong, hypercharge and weak couplings by the gauge group of standard model, SU(3)⊗SU(2)⊗U(1) having coupling constants for each group and Weinberg angle. In this paper the convergence of coupling constants is achieved using SU(5) model at GeV energy level, although earlier it was turned out that in the SU(5) model, the coupling constants do not come together at one point at energies of GeV scale. The value of Clebsch-Gordon coefficient is modified taking into account the vacuum polarization function; as the running coupling constants of the gauge group SU(3)⊗SU(2)⊗U(1) can be calculated only from vacuum polarization............

Keywords: Grand unification, vacuum polarization, clebsch-gordon coefficients, weinberg angle, coupling constant after convergence

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