IOSR-JBM   Volume-16 ~ Issue-7 ~ July-2014

Abstract: Electronic commerce, commonly known as e-commerce which consists of the buying and selling of products or services over electronic systems such as the internet and other computer networks. Electronic commerce is rapidly growing as an impressive manifestation of globalization. The rapid expansion of e-commerce is a major opportunity for local and international trade development of LDCs including Bangladesh. The amount of trade conducted electronically has grown dramatically since the spread of the internet. A wide variety of commerce is conducted in this way, spurring and drawing on innovations in electronic fund transfer, supply chain management, internet marketing, online transaction processing, electronic data interchange, automated inventory management systems and automated data collection systems. Modern electronic commerce typically uses the World Wide Web at least at some point in the transaction's life cycle, although it can encompass a wider range of technologies such as e-mail as well. Bangladesh has also stepped into the arena of e-commerce slowly but surely. This work focuses on the overall e-commerce websites and business to consumer category of Bangladesh (B2C). This article emphasizes on secondary sources data collection. The report ends with recommendations and conclusion.

Keywords: E-commerce, Business to Business (B2B), Business to Consumer (B2C), Business to Government (B2G), E-Market.

[1] Tkacz, Ewaryst; Kapczynski, Adrian, Springer, 2009, 255.

[2] Miller, Holmes E. and Engemann, Kurt J., A methodology for managing information-based risk, Information Resources Management Journal,9(2), 17-24.
[3] Introduction to E-commerce, Available: www.pearsonhighered.com/samplechapter/0131735160.pdf
[4] Forecast for Global Ecommerce: Growth, Available: www.captureecommerce.com

[5] Mann, Catherine L., Sue E. Eckret and Sarah Cleeland Knight, A Policy Primer: Global Electronic Commerce, Institute for International Economics, Washington DC, 2000.

Abstract: This study examines the role of Information Communication Technology (ICT) in combating corrupt business activities in Nigeria. The main objective is to investigate how adoption of ICT helps in reducing the menace of corrupt practices in business activities in Nigeria. As part of the methodology, a sample of 200 respondents, representing 70 percent of the population (285) was used for analysis in the study. The analysis was conducted using Descriptive Statistics and chi-square to test the formulated hypotheses which reveal that ICT helps in reducing organizations spending & increased earning, identification of ghost workers and elimination of corrupt practices of following files and cheques, as well as enhancing marketing practice and tracking of financial fraudsters and other fraudulent banking services which significantly helped in achieving greater transparency, accountability and effective management and reduce opportunities for corruption. Some recommendations were made, among the major recommendations is the need for business organizations (public and private) in Nigeria to ensure adequate provision of ICT infrastructure such as access to computers and capacity to connect to the internet globally and the need to ensure massive involvement of local communities in the ICT derive in the country

Key Words: Business Activities, Corruption, E-governance, Information Communication Technology (ICT) and Nigeria.

[1] Danfulani, "E-Governance: A Weapon for the Fight against Corruption in Nigeria, available online at www.cnknigeria.com, 2013
[2] H. Margetts, (2005). "Electronic Goverment: A Revolution in Public Administration" in B. G. Peters, and J. Pierre, (Ed.), Handbook of Public Administration, (London: Sage Publications, 2005)
[3] M. Gasco, "New Technologies and Institutional change in Public Administration", Social Science Computer Review, 21(1), 2003
[4] P. Kotler, "Marketing Management" (Pearson Education, Singapore, 2003).
[5] S. B. Adewale, "The crowding-out effects of corruption in Nigeria: An empirical study", E3 Journal of Business Management and Economics, 2(2), 2011, 059-068.
[6] O. O. Monday, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Local Government Administration: The Case of Oshimili North Local Government Area of Delta State, Delta State University, Abraka, Nigeria, 2013

Abstract: Gujarat Solar Park is the world's first multi developer, multi facility, multi technology and multi beneficiary solar park located in 2,000-hectare (4,900-acre) plot of land near Charanka village in Patan district, northern Gujarat. This is the Asia's largest solar park hub. This project is Honorable Prime Minister Mr. NarendraModi pet project and because of his initiative in Gujarat the Solar has taken birth in India. The Gujarat Solar Park hosts about 17 different projects by different developers. As on April 2014, a total of 221 megawatts had been commissioned. It also became the world's second largest photovoltaic power station. When fully built out, the Charanka Solar Park will host 500 MW of solar power systems using state-of-the-art thin film and crystalline technology. The investment cost for the Charanka solar park amounts to US$280 million, the construction began on December 3, 2010. The solar park is expected to save around 8 million tonnes of carbon dioxide from being released into the atmosphere and save around 900,000 tonnes of natural gas per year.The Gujarat government has signed Power purchase agreement (PPA) with developers for Rs15 (about USD 0.29) per kWh for the first 12 years and Rs 5 (about USD 0.10) per kWh from the 13th to 25th year. The national solar policy has fixed tariffs of Rs17 for photovoltaic and Rs15 for solar thermal for 25 years.

[1]. Gujarat State Load Dispatch Centre
[2]. Gujarat Solar Park Plant Performance by Resolve Energy
[3]. Gujarat State Electricity Regulatory Commission
[4]. Gujarat State Electricity Generation Commission
[5]. Gujarat Power Corporation Ltd.

Abstract: The small and the medium enterprises (SME's) sector play a pivotal role in the overall economy of the country, besides contributing significantly towards the employment generation and exports. To compete in the global market, implementing cutting edges and state of the art technologies are essential. SME's located in tier 1 cities are having better access to such technologies when compared to SME's of tier 2 cities like Hubli-Dharwar, Belgaum (Karnataka, India). This work is carried out to identify thefactor influencing performance and to create interest amongst the entrepreneurs. This study attempted to identify the government factors such as frequent change in tax policies, Regulatory issues, Rules and Procedures and their impact on performance of small and medium manufacturing enterprises (SME's) in Hubli-Dharwar region. A well-structured questionnaire was used to capture the relevant data needed for analysis and identification of factors. Statistical package for the social sciences SPSS was used to analyse the dataset and test the various hypotheses. It is for the concerned stakeholders to focus on this factor on priority basis to enable SME's to reach their full potential. Keywords: SME's, Adaptation, Pearson correlation, Descriptive analysis, multiple regression analysis.

[1]. Annual Report (2012-13).Government of India Ministry of Micro, Small and MediumEnterprises.
[2]. Annual ReportDIPDharward "Brief Industrial Profile of Dharwad District, Karnataka State".
[3]. ChaitanyaShah, Lt. Ashwin Merchant "what do Indian SME's need?"IMC-Economic Research & Training Foundation Team practical guide book.
[4]. Guiding Principles for Tax Simplification Issued by the Tax Division of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants.
[5]. HairullizaMohamad Judi (2009) "Product Inspection Using Computer-Aided Acceptance Sampling for SMEs" European Journal of Scientific Research ISSN 1450-216X Vol.27 No.1, pp.6-15.
[6]. Hallberg, Kristin (2012): A Market-oriented strategy for Small and Medium scale enterprises(International Finance Corporation) The World Bank Washington,D.C

Abstract: Economics as a body of knowledge has been known to have an immense impact on the analysis and practice of Law and Law making. In fact, various economic tools to analyze law are taught in law schools and used by law makers to shape law. The basic assumption from which all economic analyses starts is that individuals are rational and take actions to maximize their utility. However there have been some noneconomists who have not bought this assumption. This has given birth to a new school of thought known as Behavioral Economics. These experts believe that individuals are "normal" rather than "rational". According to this school of thought, individuals make choices based on limited information and limited cognitive ability and therefore their choices are not the ones that will "maximize" but "satisfice" the utility.As a result, the behavior and reaction to changes in Law of these individuals subject to bounded rationality are different from behavior and reaction of rational individuals. Although research in this area is becoming popular, the relationship between law and behavioral economics is still at its incipient stage. This is a conceptual and by and large a descriptive paper which attempts to provoke a thought in the mind of the reader that behavioral economics may be a more appropriate approach to analyze and shape Law. Its purpose is to extract from literature what behavioral economics is about and then consider some implications of behavioral economics for lawmaking. The authors feel that an endeavor to understand this relationship will help the lawmakers in ensuring that resources flow to their highest valued use.

Key words: Behavioral Economics, Bounded Rationality, Lawmaking

[1]. Becker, Gary S., "The economic approach to Human behavior", (1976), University of Chicago Press
[2]. Polinsky Mitchell A., "An introduction to Law and economics" (2003) 3rdEdition.
[3]. Available at SSRN: http://ssrn.com/abstract=413103 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.413103
[4]. Posner, Richard A., "Economic Analysis of Law" (1988), 5th Edition
[5]. Simon, Herbert A., "A behavioral model of Rational Choice", (1955), 69 Q.J. ECON. 99
[6]. Amos Tversky& Daniel Kahneman, "Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases", (1982), Cambridge University Press
[7]. Deborah M. Weiss, Paternalistic Pension Policy: Psychological Evidence and EconomicTheory, 58 U. CHI. L. REV. 1275 (1991).

Abstract: The generation a consumer was born into, defines their attitudes and experiences, which plays a great role in their buying behaviour. Although individuals have distinct characteristics, researchers are trying to identify commonbehaviours and attitudes within the generational groups. The main objective of this paper is to understand and highlight the challenges created by demographic trends to the Indian retailers. Population dynamics have always been constantly changing and the world's population is expected to cross 9 billion by 2050. This paper analyses the enormous challenges to the retailers posed by changing demographics and how they need to be prepared to face them and to convert them into business opportunities.

Key words: Demography, consumer, Indian retailer, challenges, opportunities

[1]. PWC-RAI report, 2010, Strategic issues for Retail CEOs: Perspectives on operating in India‟s retail sector.
[2]. Mckinsey&Company report, 2008, The Great Indian Bazaar- Organised retail comes of age in India
[3]. Mckinsey&Co. report, October 2013 - How to keep up with the consumers?
[4]. Prof.Dr. D. SudharaniRavindran et all - Study on decision making styles of Consumers in Malls www.publishingindia.com
[5]. Technopak White paper(2012)- FDI in RetailNielsen report dated 6.6.2014 – The aging population is growing, and so are its retail needs.
[6]. Deloitte report (2011) – Consumer 2020- Reading the signs

Abstract: Pakistan is one of the heavily indebted countries in the region, with external debt to GDP ratio standing at 33% until the 2013. Given the current strategy adopted by the government of Pakistan, it seems this ratio is going to increase further. By the end of 2011, total external debts amounted to 61 billion dollar. Recently, the government of Pakistan has inked Extended Fund Facility (EFF) agreement with IMF, by which it shall receive 6.7 billion dollar in the upcoming years. Besides, the government has signed another 12 billion dollar loan agreement with the World Bank. The 400 million dollar disbursement by the Asian development Bank and the 2 billion dollar Euro bond disbursements are the latest surge in the foreign debt stock of Pakistan. (Dawn, 2013) The government has signed numerous multilateral loan agreements with China and Gulf countries, which are going to increase the external debt liability of Pakistan in the days to come. These borrowings will have great economic consequences. Apart from substantial rise in debt servicing, the space for fiscal expenditures will be shortened. All the indicators of macroeconomic stability such as inflation, foreign exchange reserves, foreign direct investment, unemployment, private investment and private savings will be affected by these measures. (Saeed, A., 2013)

[1] Husain, I., 1999. Pakistan: The economy of an elitist state. Pakistan: Oxford University Press.

[2] Saeed, A., 2013. The economy of Pakistan. 3rd Ed. Pakistan: Oxford University Press.

[3] Dawn, 2013. Pakistan: Impact of foreign debts. Available online at:< http://www.dawn.com/news/777619/pakistan-impact-of-foreign-debts>[Retrieved 6 June, 2014].
[4] Akram, N., 2001. Impact of Public Debt on the economic growth of Pakistan. Available online at:< http://pide.org.pk/psde/25/pdf/AGM27/Naeem%20Akram.pdf> [Retrieved 6 June, 2014].
[5] Ezeabasili, N. & Isu, O. & Mojekwu, N., 2010. Nigeria's External Debt and Economic Growth:
[6] An Error Correction Approach. International journal of Business and management. 6(5), 156-170.

Abstract: Customer satisfaction, a business term, is a measure of how products and services supplied by a company meet or surpass customer expectation. We found that the majority of respondents are preferred quality, quantity, price and availability of Nandi pipes, are influenced by mouth publicity, news papers, A.P.S.R.T.C Buses and televisions factors in their purchasing of Nandi pipes, 28% of respondents are satisfied and few of respondents are not satisfied with the delivery of Nandi pipes, Company adopted a common credit policy for all customers to exchange the product, majority customers using Nandi pipes and few customers are using competitor's pipes (Sudhakar, Monarch).

[1]. Chopra, Sunil and Peter Meindl, 2001, Customer Satisfaction: Strategy, Planning and Operations, Prentice-Hall Inc.
[2]. Fredendall, Lawrence D. and Ed Hill, 2001, Basics of Supply Chain Management, St. Lucie Press.
[3]. Council of Logistics Management, www.clm1.org
[4]. Integrated Business Communications Alliance, www.ibcaweb.org
[5]. www.cio.com/research/scm
[6]. www.nandipipes.com

Abstract:As human beings require Power dressing to shape up their personality likewise is also required by a product. In the research paper below it is described how packaging of the product is influenced by its cognitive power.The mental processes of knowing, perceiving, remembering, reasoning & judgement affects the success of product packaging & ultimately affects the leadership potential of the brand. Imagine a product without a dress, so how haphhazard it would be for the consumers to know & identify a right product for them. Again if some products are wrapped in a shabby pack and some in clean,attractive, stylish packs which product the consumer would pick first? Obviously the one which is packed in a style. Marketers have not only provided a basic wrap but also have upgraded it from time to time to give a more appealing,stylish & formal look to the product in order to make the product more responsible, accountable & incredible in the eyes of the customer.Packaging gives a opportunity to influence the customers which ultimately may result in final purchase of the product. More cognitive power is added to the product package, more the customer will associate themselves to the product

[1]. Volpe and Koenig, P.C. Protecting Your Innovations: Obtaining, Maintaining and Sustaining Intellectual Property Rights in Your Brand, Prodcuts and Proceses, prepared for the Institute of Food Technologists Annual Meeting and Food Expo, 2006.
[2]. Philip Kotler, Gary Armstrong (2008) Principles of Marketing, 12th edition, Pearson Education Inc.
[3]. David Jobber (2001) Principles & Practice of Marketing, 3rd edition, McGraw-Hill Publishing Company.
[4]. Philip Kotler, Veronica Wong, John Saunders, Gary Armstrong (2005) Principles of Marketing, 4th European edition, Pearson Education Limited.
[5]. Fitzsimons, Gavan J., J. Wesley Hutchinson, Patti Williams, Joseph W. Alba, Tanya L.Chartrand, Joel Huber, Frank R. Kardes, Geeta Menon, Priya Raghubir, J. Edward Russo, Baba Shiv, and Nader T. Tavassoli (2002), "Non-Conscious Influences on Consumer Choice,"Marketing Letters, 13:3, 269-279.
[6]. Folkes, Valerie and Shashi Matta (2004), "The Effect of Package Shape on Consumers'Judgments of Product Volume: Attention as a Mental Contaminant," Journal of ConsumerResearch, 31 (2), 390-401.