iosr-JDMS   Volume-15 ~ Issue-4 ~ April-2016

Abstract: Introduction: Thyroid gland plays a vital role in regulating overall body metabolism including sexual development and reproductive function. Worldwide diseases of the thyroid gland disorders are among the most prevalent endocrine disorders especially in women, second only to diabetes. Menopausal age is more prone to get overt hypothyroidism. Symptoms of hypothyroidism are similar to postmenopausal complaints so can be difficult to differentiate........

Keywords: Premenopausal women, postmenopausal women. Serum TSHr.

[1]. Heuck CC, Kallner A, Kanagasabapathy AS, Riesen W. WHO Document (WHO/DIL /00.4) on "Diagnosis and monitoring of diseases of the thyroid", 2000.
[2]. Schindler AE.,Thyroid function and postmenopause. Gynecol Endocrinol.2003; 17(1):79-85.
[3]. Demers LM, Spencer CA.Laboratory medicine practice guidelines: laboratory support for the diagnosis and monitoring of thyroid disease.Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2003 Feb;58(2):138-40.
[4]. Garber JR, Cobin RH, Gharib H, Hennessey JV, Klein I, et al.Clinical Practice Guidelines for Hypothyroidism in Adults: Co-sponsored by American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists and the American Thyroid Association. Endocr Pract. 2012; 18(6):988-1028.
[5]. Brabant G, Prank K, Ranft U, et al. Physiological regulation of circadian and pulsatile thyrotropin secretion in normal man and woman. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.1990; 70:403–9.

Abstract: Pain is an unpleasant sensation which is almost totally subjective. It is a physiologically protective mechanism, but in excess, it becomes destructive and even fatal. Pain is the result of sensory perception and cortical integration of the stimuli that threaten the integrity of the body tissues.The International Association for the Study of Pain defines pain as an \"unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage or described in terms of such damage\".An ideal technique should provide effective pain relief with minimal side effects and a reasonable level of patient satisfaction in the post operative period.

[1]. Aanosen LM, Lei S and Wilcox GL. Excitatory amino acid receptors and nociceptive neurotransmission in rat spinal cord. Pain 1990; 41: 309-321.
[2]. Albillos A, Artalejo AR, Lopez MG, Gandia L, Garcia AG, Carbone E. Calcium channel subtypes in cat chromaffin cells. Journal of Physiol (Lond) 1994; 477: 197-213.
[3]. Anand KJS, Kenneth D. Craig. New perspectives on the definition of pain. Pain 1996; 67: 3-6.
Annika B. Malmberg and Tony L. Yaksh. Effect of continuous intrathecal infusion of -conopeptides, n-type calcium-channel blockers, on behaviour and antinociception in the formalin and hot-plate tests in rats. Pain 1995; 60: 83-90.
[4]. Augustine GJ, Charlton MP and Smith SJ. Calcium action in synaptic transmitter release. Annual Review of Neuroscience 1987; 10-633-693.
[5]. Besson JM and Chaouch A. Peripheral and spinal mechanisms of nociception. Physiology and Review 1987; 67-186.

Abstract: Setteling is the last step, before active treatment is discontinued to ensure that the teeth and related structures are positioned in such a way as will lead to a better stability of results, enhancement of esthetics, optimized functions of the stomatognathic system and improvement of the health of the periodontium. In order to achieve molar settling during setteling phase, a Transpalatal arch used during the treatment phase can be modified for attachment of the crossbite elastic.......

[1]. Alexander RG. 20 Principles of Alexander Discipline. 1st. Quintessence Publishing Co,Inc Hanover Park, IL;2008:165.

Abstract: Kidney plays an important role in our body such as excretes metabolic wastes, maintaining the equilibrium between fluid and electrolyte, control of blood pressure, erythropoiesis etc. Loss of kidney mass and kidney function alters the length and size of kidney. Many diseases adversely affect the kidney leading to its enlargement and reduction. Renal dimensions are also greatly affected by age, gender and body mass index. The methods of assessment of changes in the dimensions of visceral organs by using clinical methods......

Keywords: Renal length, Kidney, Height, Ultrasonography, Renal dimensions.

[1]. Hollinshead WH. The Kidneys, Ureters and Suprarenal gland. In: Anatomy for surgeons. The Thorax, Abdomen and Pelvis. Volume 2. 2nded. New York: Harper and Row publisher; 1971. 518.
[2]. Bax L,Van derGraaf Y, Rabelink AJ, Algra A, Beulter JJ, Mali WP. SMART study group. Influence of atherosclerosis on age related changes in renal size and function.Eur J Clin Invest 2003; 33(1):34-40.
[3]. Moorthy KH, Venogopal P. Measurement of renal dimensions in vivo: A critical appraisal. Indian J Urol 2011; 27(2):169-175.
[4]. Hekmatnia A, Yaraghi M. Sonographic Measurement of Absolute and Relative Renal Length in Healthy Isfahani Adults. Journal of Research in Medical Sciences 2004; 2: 54-57.
[5]. Arooj A, Lam J, Wui YJ, Supriyanto E. Comparison of Renal Size among Different Ethnicities. International Journal of Biology and Biomedical Engineering 2011; 5(4): 221-229.

Abstract: Aim: To evaluate the of role of ultrasonography in the diagnosis of ocular diseases in eyes with opaque media Settings and Design: Department of Radiology, Tertiary Care Referral Centre in Tamilnadu. Prospective, single institution, Diagnostic case–series. Materials and Methods: 101 eyes of 82 patients with opaque media were examined with ultrasound and followed up with clinical methods and radiological examinations.......

Keywords: Ocular ultrasound, eyes with opaque media.

[1]. Atta H.R, 1999. "New applications in ultrasound technology". Br.Jophthamol, 83:1246-1249.
[2]. Byrne S.F and Green R.L. "Ultrasound of the eye and orbit". Second edition, Mosby 1992.
[3]. Bhatt D. C. and Bhatt K. D. 1995. "Ultrasound of the eye and orbit using a dedicated ophthalmic scanner". Indian J. Radial Imag. 5: 111-118.
[4]. Sharma O. P. et al., 2005. "Orbital sonography with its clinicosurgical correlation". IRIA; 15:4: 534-537.
[5]. Bronson N. R. 1974. : Contact B-scan ultrasonography". Am. J. Ophthalmol, Vol. 77, No. 2: 181-191.

Abstract: Objectives:To determine whether MILLIN's Open prostatectomy is still a valid option for management of symptomatic BPH in today's era of endourology. MaterialsAndMethods:FOURTY FIVE(45) patients who presented with distressing LUTS ,refractory to medical therapy, were included in a prospective, non-randomised study (during 10 months period, APRIL 2015 to JANUARY 2016).All patients planned for surgery were those admitted in Male surgical ward in Dr.RML COMBINED HOSPITAL,LUCKNOW.......

Keywords:MILLIN's Open prostatectomy, Benign Prostate Hyperplasia

[1]. Lee C., Kozlowski J.M., Grayhack J.T. Intrinsic and extrinsic factors controlling benign prostatic growth. Prostate, 1997; 31: 131–138.
[2]. Lee C., Kozlowski J.M., Grayhack J.T. Etiology of benign prostatic hyperplasia. Urol Clin North Am, 1995; 22: 237–246.
[3]. McConnell JD, Barry MJ, Bruskewitz RC, Bueschen AJ, Denton SE, Holgrewe HL, et al. Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia: Diagnosis and Treatment. Clinical Practice Guideline 1994; AHCPR Publication No. 94-0582.
[4]. Souverein PC, Erkens JA, De la Rosette JJ, Leufkens HG, Herings RM. Drug treatment of benign prostatic hyper hyperplasia and hospital admission for BPH-related surgery. Eur Urol 2003;43:528–34.
[5]. Wong MY, Lim YL, Foo KT. Transurethral resection of the prostate for benign prostatic hyperplasia – a local review. Singapore Med J 1994;35:357–9.

Abstract: Late presentations of supracondylar femoral fractures are not uncommon in our environment. In these cases, the conventional lateral approach to the lower femur is a difficult exposure especially to osteoclase and reduce a medially positioned mal-uniting fracture and place a hardware accurately with the intent of achieving a stable fixation. A combined lateral and limited anterior incisions approach helps to obviate this difficulty and ensures a timely reduction with minimal blood loss and without a shortening osteotomy and most importantly to achieve less limb length discrepancy........

Keywords: Double incisions, surgical approach, supracondylar femoral fracture, limb length iscrepancy,osteotomy

[1]. Jamiaton C, Apivatthakakul T, The safety and feasibility of minimally invasive plate osteosynthesis (MIPO) on the medial side of the femur, A cadaveric injection study, Injury, 46(11), 2015 Nov, 2170-6.
[2]. Bellabarba C, Ricci WM, Bolhofuer BR, Indirect reduction and plating of distal femoral non-unions.JOrth Trauma, 16(5), 2002 May, 287-96.
[3]. Chapman MW, Finkemeier CG, Treatment of supracondylar non-unions of the femur with plate fixation and bone graft,J Bone Joint Surg Am, 81(9), 1999 Sept,1217-28.
[4]. Moore TJ, Watson T, Green SA, Garland DE, Chandler RW,Complications of surgically treated supracondylar fracture of the femur, J Trauma, 27(4), 1987 Apr, 402-6.
[5]. Orth P, Madry H, A low morbidity surgical approach to the sheep femoral trochlea, BMC MusculoskeletDisord. 14, 2015 Jan, 5..

Abstract: Thalassemia major is the most common inherited haemolytic anaemia presenting with chronic anaemia and its consequences. Combination of blood transfusion and chelation therapy has prolonged survival in thalassemic children significantly. However this has given rise to increased iron overload and consequent cardiac complications. The present cross-sectional study was contemplated with an aim to assess cardiovascular complications in thalassemic children and its relationship with iron overload.

Keywords: Thalassemia; cross sectional study; cardiovascular complications; iron overload, India.

[1]. Kremastinos DT, Tsiapras DP, Kostopoulou AG, Hamodraka ES, Chaidaroglou AS, Kapsali ED. NT- proBNP levels and diastolic dysfunction in beta-thalassaemia major patients. Eur J Heart Fail. 2007;9:531-536
[2]. Jain M, Sinha RSK, Ghellani H, Anand NK. Assessment of thyroid functions and its role in body growth in thalassemia major. Indian Pediatr. February 1995;32:213-219
[3]. Cooley TB, Lee P. A series of cases of splenomegaly in children with anemia and peculiar bone changes. Trans Am Pediatr Soc 1925; 37: 29-30
[4]. Maria-Domencia Cappellini, Alan Cohen. Guidelines for the clinical Managment of Thalassemia" Second revised editon 2008. Published by : Thalassemia International Federation.
[5]. Thompson AA, Cunningham MJ, Singer ST, et al Red cell alloimmunization in a diverse population of transfused patients with thalassemia. Br J Haematol 2011;153: 121-128.

Abstract: Bones are living tissue and constantly changing. From the moment of birth until young adulthood, bones are developing and strengthening. Our bones are at their most dense in our early 20s – called peak bone mass. (International osteoporosis foundation- IOF.) Osteoporosis is the most common metabolic bone disorder, and it affects all population and up to 40% of postmenopausal women (1) & leading to fractures. It is considered a silent disease because bone loss occurs without symptoms or signs, and approximately two-thirds of vertebral fractures are asymptomatic. Osteoporosis with fractures frequently goes unrecognized (2) in the clinical settings........

[1]. Aasis Unnanuntana, Brian P. Gladnick, , Eve Donnelly,and Joseph M. Lane, J Bone Joint Surg Am. 2010 March; 92(3): 743–753.
[2]. Cooper C, Atkinson EJ, O'Fallon WM, Melton LJ., 3rdIncidence of clinically diagnosed vertebral fractures: a population-based study in Rochester, Minnesota, 1985-1989. J Bone Miner Res. 1992;7:221-7. [PubMed]
[3]. Kanis JA, Johnell O, et al A meta-analysis of previous fracture and subsequent fracture risk. Bone. 2004;35:375-82. [PubMed]
[4]. Kanis JA, et al. The use of clinical risk factors enhances the performance of BMD in the prediction of hip and osteoporotic fractures in men and women. Osteoporos Int.2007;18:1033-46. [PubMed]
[5]. Watts NB, Ettinger B, LeBoff MS. FRAX facts. J Bone Miner Res. 2009;24:975-9. [PubMed]

Abstract: Background: Hematological disorders have diverse modes of presentation that often requires bone marrow examination for both diagnosis and management. Most of the hematological disorders first present as anemia. Bone Marrow Aspiration plays a major role in the diagnosis of its underlying cause. Aim: The aim of study to emphasize the crucial role of bone marrow aspiration in the diagnosis of hematological disorders.......

Keywords: Bone marrow aspiration, diagnostic role, hematological disorders.

[1]. Pudasaini S, Prasad KBR, Rauniyar SK, Shrestha R, Gautaam K, Pathak R et al. Interpretation of bone marrow aspiration in haematological disorders. Journal of pathology of Napal 2012; vol 2: 3099-312.
[2]. Egesie OJ, Joseph DE, Egesie UG, Ewuga JO. Epidemiology of anaemia necessitating bone marrow aspiration cytology in Jos. Niger. Med. J. 2009; 50: 61-63.
[3]. Ahmed SQ, Khan OU, Zafar N. Utilization of bone marrow examination in a secondary care hospital. JRMC 2011; 15: 40-41.
[4]. Jha A, Sayam G, Adhikari RC, Panta AD, Jha R. Bone marrow examination in cases of Pancytopaenia. J Nepal Med Assoc 2008; 47: 12-17.
[5]. Timothy AE, Mabel Benson IE, Olugbemi OM, Indications and Spectrum of Haematological Disorders from Bone Marrow Aspiration Examination: A Three Year Review Study. GJHBT 2015; 2: 4-8

Abstract: Each tooth in oral cavity shows different possible alteration in their internal anatomy. Hence knowledge of these variations is very important for success of endodontic therapy.The C shaped canal configuration is one among them; commonly observed in mandibular 2nd molar. It was first documented in literature by Cooke and Cox in 1979.This configuration demands a big challenge to clinician with regard to cleaning, debridement and obturation. This is a case report presenting the management of two cases of C shaped canal configuration in mandibular 2nd molars.

Keywords: C shaped canals, mandibular second molars, melton category III, root canal configuration

[1]. Jafarzadeh H, Wu YN. The C-shaped root canal configuration: a review. Journal of endodontics 2007;33:517-523.
[2]. Velmurugan N, Sandhya R. Root canal morphology of mandibular first premolars in an Indian population: a laboratory study. International endodontic journal 2009;42:54-58.
[3]. Sidow SJ, West LA, Liewehr FR, Loushine RJ. Root canal morphology of human maxillary and mandibular third molars. Journal of endodontics 2000;26:675-678.
[4]. Manning SA. Root canal anatomy of mandibular second molars. Part II. C-shaped canals. International endodontic journal 1990;23:40-45.
[5]. Yang ZP, Yang SF, Lin YC, Shay JC, Chi CY. C-shaped root canals in mandibular second molars in a Chinese population. Endodontics & dental traumatology 1988;4:160-163.

Abstract: RTIs are also known to act as one of the risk factor for transmission of HIV. The Objectives of the present study is to find the prevalence of Reproductive tract infections among both symptomatic and asymptomatic women and also to assess the levels of knowledge of women regarding RTIs and its prevention after taking treatment. 122 married asymptomatic and symptomatic women were explained about the study. Diagnosis of RTIs and treatment has given to patients based on the relevant history, gynecological examination, vaginal or cervical discharge examination........

Keywords: Reproductive Tract Infections, Women, Asymptomatic Women and Symptomatic Women.

YS. Marfatia, A. Sharma, SP. Joshipura., Overview of Sexually Transmitted Diseases. In: Valia RG, Valia AR, Editors. IADVL Textbook of Dermatology. Mumbai, Bhilani Publishing House. 2010, 1766-77.
[2]. SS. Balmurugan and ND. Bendigeri ND, Community- based study of reproductive tract infections among women of the reproductive age group in the urban health training centre area in Hubli, Karnataka, Indian J Community Med, 37, 2012, 34-8.
[3]. S. Garg, N. Sharma, P. Bhalla, R.Sahay, R.Saha, U. Raina et al, Reproductive morbidity in an Indian urban slum: Need for health action, Sexually transmitted infections, 2002;78:68-69.
[4]. R. Sahay, P. Bhalla, S.Garg, Mehra Malti, An epidemiological and sociological study of symptomatic and asymptomatic RTI and STI among women in an urban slum Report on task force project: Special programme of research development and training in human reproduction, Maulana Azad Medical College New Delhi 2000.
[5]. A. Meheus, Women's health: Importance of RTI, pelvic inflammatory disease, cervical cancer in reproductive tract infections, Global impact and priorities for women's reproductive health (NY), 1992.

Abstract: In a situation of terminal event of death happening during follow-up period to preclude further occurrence for recurrent event, the shared frailty model is used considering proportional hazard model for the recurrent and terminal process. Covariates effect taken into account are the ART status of entry, number of medication taken and CD4PepBase of the HIV patient and dependence modeled by the shared frailty model on survival........

Keywords: HIV, ART, shared frailty.

[1]. Box-Steffensmeier, J. M., Linn, S., & Smidt, C. D. (2014). Analyzing the robustness of semi-parametric duration models for the study of repeated events. Political Analysis, 22(2), 183-204.
[2]. Masenyetse, L. J., Manda, S. O., & Mwambi, H. G. (2015). An assessment of adverse drug reactions among HIV positive patients receiving antiretroviral treatment in South Africa. AIDS research and therapy, 12(1), 6.
[3]. Mauguen, A., Pignon, J.-P., Burdett, S., Domerg, C., Fisher, D., Paulus, R., . . . Eisen, T. (2013). Surrogate endpoints for overall survival in chemotherapy and radiotherapy trials in operable and locally advanced lung cancer: a re-analysis of meta-analyses of individual patients' data. The Lancet Oncology, 14(7), 619-626.
[4]. Mazroui, Y., Mathoulin‐Pélissier, S., MacGrogan, G., Brouste, V., & Rondeau, V. (2013). Multivariate frailty models for two types of recurrent events with a dependent terminal event: Application to breast cancer data. Biometrical Journal, 55(6), 866-884.
[5]. Otwombe, K. N., Petzold, M., Modisenyane, T., Martinson, N. A., & Chirwa, T. (2014). Factors associated with mortality in HIV-infected people in rural and urban South Africa. Global health action, 7.

Abstract: Background: finger tip injuries and contracture of fingers are very common cases who need reconstruction that is able to provide stable padding and sensory recovery. There are various techniques used for reconstruction of finger defect but cross finger flap is effective & very simple procedure without significant complication or require special techniques.......

[1]. Nae-Ho Lee et al. Innervated Cross-Finger Pulp Flap for Reconstruction of the Fingertip Arch Plast Surg. 2012 Nov; 39(6): 637–642.

[2]. Kappel DA, Burech JG. The cross-finger flap. An established reconstructive procedure. Hand Clin.1985;1:677–683.

[3]. Spokevicius S, Gupta A. The modified cross finger flap for finger pulp and nail bed reconstruction. J Hand Surg Br. 1997;22:745–749. [4]. Gurdin M, Pangman WJ. The repair of surface defects of fingers by trans-digital flaps. Plast Reconstr Surg (1946) 1950;5:368–371. [5]. Fisher RH. The Kutler method of repair of finger-tip amputations. J Bone Joint Surg Am. 1967;49:317–321.

Abstract: The gingiva is the most frequently pigmented of the intra-oral tissues as well as the most readily seen.[1] In recent years, there is an increasing need for esthetics and growing cosmetic demands for a pleasing smile in many individuals. In particular, parents are more conscious of the black or dark pigmentation patches on the facial aspects of the gingiva of their child, which may be strikingly apparent during smiling and speaking.[2] Change in the colour of the oral mucosa reflects the underlying health status either local or systemic. Change in color is brought about by pigmentation, and these could be physiological or pathological.....

[1]. Zimmerman DE, Pomerantz JM, Sanfacan DG. Denture esthetics (III) and denture base color. Quintessence International. 1982; 7: 747-758.
[2]. Mehra M. Grover R. Gupta S. Sadana G. Gingival Depigmentation In Children: A Case Report. Indian Journal of Dental Sciences, June 2012 Issue:2, Vol.:4
[3]. Sivapathasundharam, et, al. Pigmentation. IJDA, 1(1), 2009
[4]. United Nations Administrative Committee on Coordination/Sub-Committee on Nutrition and International Food Policy Research Institute. Fourth Report of the World Nutrition Situation. Geneva, Switzerland: United Nations Administrative Committee on Coordination/Sub-Committee on Nutrition; 2000
[5]. Assessing the iron status of populations: report of a joint World Health Organization/ Centers for Disease Control and Prevention technical consultation on the assessment of iron status at the population level, 2nd ed., Geneva, World Health Organization, 2007.

Abstract: Even after the availability of effective treatment and management of the disease, persons affected by Leprosy and related disability, face stigmatisation.(1–3) This stigma and discrimination due to disabilities restricts social participation and activity of the individual, hampering earning capacity, having direct bearings on the socio-economic status......

[1]. Sinha A, Kushwaha AS, Kotwal A, Sanghi S, Verma AK. Stigma in leprosy: miles to go! Indian J Lepr. 2010 Sep;82(3):137–45.
[2]. Adhikari B, Shrestha K, Kaehler N, Raut S, Chapman RS. Community attitudes towards leprosy affected persons in Pokhara municipality of western Nepal. J Nepal Health Res Counc. 2013 Sep;11(25):264–8.
[3]. Lusli M, Zweekhorst MBM, Miranda-Galarza B, Peters RMH, Cummings S, Seda FSSE, et al. Dealing with stigma: experiences of persons affected by disabilities and leprosy. BioMed Res Int. 2015;2015:261329.
[4]. van Brakel WH, Sihombing B, Djarir H, Beise K, Kusumawardhani L, Yulihane R, et al. Disability in people affected by leprosy: the role of impairment, activity, social participation, stigma and discrimination. Glob Health Action. 2012;5.
[5]. Santos VS, Oliveira LS, Castro FDN, Gois-Santos VT, Lemos LMD, Ribeiro M do CO, et al. Functional Activity Limitation and Quality of Life of Leprosy Cases in an Endemic Area in Northeastern Brazil. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2015 Jul;9(7):e0003900.

Abstract: One in six couples in this country have difficulty in conceiving a baby. The number of couples seeking medical help to have a family has risen dramatically. The fact is that infertility in women and even men is increasing not just in India but everywhere. The contribution of male factor alone to this total infertility is reported as 26.2% to 46.6%. Asthenozoospermia,one of cause of infertility can correlate with Granthija shukradushti where motility of sperm get lost.......

Keywords: Asthenozoospermia, Granthija shukradushti, vrushya, uttarbasti.

[1]. http://www.who.int/reproductivehealth/topics/infertility/burden/en/global infertility rate
[2]. K. Park ,Park's Textbook of Preventive and Social Medicine, Banarsidas Bhanot Publishers,22nd Edition,2013,Page no 451
[3]. http://edition.cnn.com/2015/04/22/health/infertility-5-questions/Infertility: Causes and solutions - CNN.com
[4]. D.C.Dutta ,Textbook Of Gynecology,New central Book agency,5th edition,2009,page no.221
[5]. Vaclav Inslar,Bruno Lunenfeld,Infertility :Male and Female ,Medical division of Longman Group UK Limited ,2nd edition,1993,Page no317

Abstract: It has been well acknowledged that anterior ridge defects present in a patient are very difficult to treat properly. These defects have been treated with immense amount of planning and difficulty while using the conventional treatment approaches like removable or fixed prosthesis and options of implant.......

Keywords: Andrew's Bridge; Class III ridge defect; Cobalt -Chromium alloy; Bar Attachment

[1] Seibert JS. Reconstruction of deformed, partially edentulous ridges, using full thickness onlay grafts. Part I. Technique and wound healing. CompendContinEduc Dent. 1983;4(5):437-53. [PubMed]
[2] Studer S, Naef R, Scharer P. Adjustment of localized alveolar ridge defects by soft tissue transplantation improves mucogingival esthetics: A proposal for clinical classification and evaluation of procedures. Quintessence Int. 1997;28(12):785-805. [PubMed]
[3] Gates GN, Boch AJ. Boulder. Prosthodontics-crown and bridges.mht.
[4] Abrams H, Kopczyk RA, Kaplan AL. Incidence of anterior ridge deformities in partial edentulous patients. J Prosthet Dent. 1987;57(2):191-94. [PubMed]
[5] Garber DA, Rosenberg ES. The edentulous ridge infixed prosthodontics. CompendContinEdu. 1981 ;2(4):212-23. [PubMed]

Abstract: Unrelieved labour pain can result in exaggerated stress response and can have an adverse effect on the physiologic status of women. 'Medicinal music' is a growing area of research and is an effective intervention across many medical problems. This research is an effort to study the effects of music therapy on the stress experienced by the labouring women.......

Keywords: Music therapy, Labour pain, Active labour, Serum cortisol

[1]. Sasitorn Phumdoung, Marion Good. Music Reduces Sensation and Distress of Labor Pain. Pain Management Nursing 2003; 4(2): 54-61.
[2]. Bonica J.J. Textbook of pain. 4th edition 2009:534-39.
[3]. Maria Iliadou. Labor pain and pharmacological pain relief practice points. Health and science journal 2009; 3(4):197-201.
[4]. Yurdanur Demir. Non-Pharmacological Therapies in the Pain Management. Pain Management – Current Issues and Opinions 2004:485-502.
[5]. Music and Audio Analgesia. Section B: Clinical Guidelines for obstetrics and midwifery 2007; DPMS Ref: 8273.