iosr-JDMS   Volume-25 ~ Issue-8 ~ Aug. 2026

Abstract: Perineal endometriosis in an episiotomy scar is a rare form of extrapelvic endometriosis that may pose a diagnostic challenge. We report a 26-year-old P2L2 woman who presented with cyclical pain and swelling at a previous episiotomy site for one year. Examination revealed a 3 × 4 cm tender nodular swelling at the left mediolateral episiotomy scar. Perineal ultrasonography demonstrated an ill-defined hypoechoic lesion in the intramuscular and subcutaneous planes. Wide local excision was performed, and histopathological examination confirmed endometriosis.....

Keywords: Endometriosis; episiotomy scar; perineal endometriosis; extrapelvic endometriosis; scar endometriosis; wide local excision

[1]. Thirupathi K, Rengaraj N. An episiotomy scar site endometriosis: a rare case report and review of literature. Int J Reprod Contracept Obstet Gynecol. 2022;11:2292–2296.
[2]. Kaur N, Goel B, Huria A. Episiotomy site scar endometriosis: a case report and review of literature. The New Indian Journal of OBGYN. 2022;8(2):318–320.
[3]. Sharma N, Khan DA, Jethani R, Baruah S, Dey B. Perineal endometriosis in an episiotomy scar: a case report and review of literature. Gynecol Obstet Case Rep. 2018;4(2):66

Abstract: Background: Background: Thermoformed thermoplastic sheets have become integral to modern pediatric dental practice, spanning trauma management, orthodontics, preventive dentistry, craniofacial rehabilitation, and restorative care. Despite their widespread use, the literature remains fragmented, and comprehensive evidence synthesis is lacking.
Objective: This narrative review critically evaluates the evolution, material properties, manufacturing techniques, digital workflows........

Key word: thermoforming, pediatric dentistry, clear aligners, mouthguards, dental trauma, nasoalveolar molding, PETG, digital workflow

[1]. Delgado JI, Kehyaian P, Fernández-Blázquez JP. Thermoplastics for clear aligners: a review. Polymers (Basel). 2025;17(12):1681.
[2]. Materials for Clear Aligners—A Comprehensive Exploration of Characteristics and Innovations: A Scoping Review. Appl Sci. 2024.
[3]. Sheridan JJ, LeDoux W, McMinn R. Essix retainers: fabrication and supervision for permanent retention. J Clin Orthod. 1993;27(1):37–45.
[4]. Gracco A, Mazzoli A, Favoni O, et al. Short-term chemical and physical changes in invisalign appliances. Aust Orthod J. 2009;25(1):34–40.
[5]. Takahashi M, Bando Y. Effective thermoforming method for maintaining mouthguard thickness with a circular sheet using a circular frame. Dent Traumatol. 2022;38:325–331.

Abstract: Periodontitis is a highly prevalent, largely silent inflammatory disease. Conventional diagnosis relies on clinical and radiographic parameters that represent cumulative tissue destruction rather than real time disease activity. Two converging fields are starting to change the diagnostic paradigm in the past few years: salivary biomarker science and artificial intelligence (AI). Saliva is an easily accessible and non-invasively sampled biofluid that harbors a vast repertoire of inflammatory cytokines, proteolytic enzymes, oxidative stress markers, microbial signatures and more and more extracellular vesicles, microRNAs and metabolomic markers reflecting the hostmicrobial..

Keywords: Saliva; Biomarkers; Periodontitis; Artificial Intelligence; Machine Learning; Point-of-care diagnostics

[1]. Chen MX, Zhong YJ, Dong QQ, Wong HM, Wen YF. Global, regional, and national burden of severe periodontitis, 1990–2019: an analysis of the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. J Clin Periodontol. 2021;48(9):1165–1188.
[2]. Sanz M, Marco del Castillo A, Jepsen S, Gonzalez-Juanatey JR, D'Aiuto F, Bouchard P, et al. Periodontitis and cardiovascular diseases: consensus report. J Clin Periodontol. 2020;47(3):268–288.
[3]. Rahim A, Khatoon R, Khan TA, Syed K, Khan I, Khalid T, et al. Artificial intelligence-powered dentistry: probing the potential, challenges, and ethicality of artificial intelligence in dentistry. Digit Health. 2024;10:20552076241291345.
[4]. Samaranayake L, Tuygunov N, Schwendicke F, Osathanon T, Khurshid Z, Boymuradov SA, Cahyanto A. The transformative role of artificial intelligence in dentistry: a comprehensive overview. Part 1: fundamentals of AI, and its contemporary applications in dentistry. Int Dent J. 2025;75(2):383–396.
[5]. Blanco-Pintos T, Regueira-Iglesias A, Seijo-Porto I, Balsa-Castro C, Castelo-Baz P, Nibali L, et al. Accuracy of periodontitis diagnosis obtained using multiple molecular biomarkers in oral fluids: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Periodontol. 2023;50(11):1420–1443.

Abstract: Periodontal regeneration requires coordinated restoration of the cementum, periodontal ligament and alveolar bone within a biologically controlled healing environment. Although angiogenesis has traditionally received considerable attention because of its role in supplying oxygen, nutrients and circulating cells to regenerating tissues, the contribution of the lymphatic vasculature has received comparatively little investigation. Increasing evidence indicates that lymphatic vessels participate actively in interstitial fluid regulation, immune-cell trafficking, inflammatory...

Keywords: lymphangiogenesis; periodontal regeneration; lymphatic vessels; VEGF-C; VEGFR-3; periodontitis; alveolar bone regeneration; oral wound healing

[1]. Hajishengallis G, Chavakis T. Local and systemic mechanisms linking periodontal disease and inflammatory comorbidities. Nat Rev Immunol. 2021;21(7):426-440. doi:10.1038/s41577-020-00488-6.
[2]. Sculean A, Nikolidakis D, Schwarz F. Regeneration of periodontal tissues: combinations of barrier membranes and grafting materials—biological foundation and preclinical evidence: a systematic review. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35(8 Suppl):106-116. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2008.01263.x.
[3]. Bosshardt DD. Biological mediators and periodontal regeneration: a review of enamel matrix proteins at the cellular and molecular levels. J Clin Periodontol. 2008;35(8 Suppl):87-105. doi:10.1111/j.1600-051X.2008.01264.x.
[4]. Berggreen E, Wiig H. Lymphangiogenesis and lymphatic function in periodontal disease. J Dent Res. 2013;92(12):1074-1080. doi:10.1177/0022034513504589.
[5]. Berggreen E, Wiig H. Lymphatic function and responses in periodontal disease. Exp Cell Res. 2014;325(2):130-137. doi:10.1016/j.yexcr.2013.12.006

Abstract: Despite all innovations, traditional endosseous dental implants became an important breakthrough in the field of oral rehabilitation their ability to form a reliable osseointegration. However, compared to natural teeth, implants do not have periodontal ligament (PDL) and mechanoreceptors. Therefore, there are some distinctions in masticatory forces perception and regulation. Osseoperception presupposes the possibility to perceive information through the...

Keywords: Dental implants; osseointegration; osseoperception; peri-implant innervation; neural regeneration sensory integration.

[1]. Trulsson M. Sensory and motor function of teeth and dental implants: a basis for osseoperception. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol. 2005;32(1-2):119-122. doi:10.1111/j.1440-1681.2005.04139.x.
[2]. Jacobs R, Van Steenberghe D. From osseoperception to implant-mediated sensory-motor interactions and related clinical implications. J Oral Rehabil. 2006;33(4):282-292. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2842.2006.01621.x.
[3]. Johnsen SE, Trulsson M. Receptive field properties of human periodontal afferents responding to loading of premolar and molar teeth. J Neurophysiol. 2003;89(3):1478-1487. doi:10.1152/jn.00537.2002.
[4]. Corpas LDS, Lambrichts I, Quirynen M, Collaert B, Politis C, Vrielinck L, et al. Peri-implant bone innervation: histological findings in humans. Eur J Oral Implantol. 2014;7(3):283-292.
[5]. Mishra SK, Chowdhary R, Chrcanovic BR, Brånemark PI. Osseoperception in dental implants: a systematic review. J Prosthodont. 2016;25(3):185-195. doi:10.1111/jopr.12310.

Abstract: Background: Rehabilitation of extensively damaged endodontically treated posterior teeth requires careful selection of the definitive restoration based on the remaining tooth structure, available restorative space and patient-related factors. Although endocrowns have emerged as a conservative treatment option for posterior teeth, they are not universally applicable.
Case presentation...

Keywords: Endodontically treated tooth; Interocclusal clearance; Mandibular first molar; Richmond crown; Restoration selection.

[1]. Mannocci F, Cowie J. Restoration of endodontically treated teeth. Br Dent J. 2014;216:341-6.
[2]. AlDabeeb DS, Alakeel NS, Al Jfshar RM, Alkhalid TK. Endocrowns: Indications, preparation techniques, and material selection. Cureus. 2023;15:e49947.
[3]. Papalexopoulos D, Samartzi TK, Sarafianou A. A thorough analysis of the endocrown restoration: A literature review. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2021;22:422-6.
[4]. Mishra P, Mantri SS, Deogade S, Gupta P. Richmond crown: A lost state of art. Int J Dent Health Sci. 2015;2:448-53.
[5]. Bhuva B, Giovarruscio M, Rahim N, Bitter K, Mannocci F. The restoration of root filled teeth: A review of the clinical literature. Int Endod J. 2021;54:509-35.

Abstract: Malocclusion is among the most prevalent conditions in dentistry, yet its consequences extend well beyond occlusal alignment. This narrative review synthesizes literature published from 2020 to 2026 on the functional, psychosocial, and socioeconomic impact of malocclusion, with attention to mastication and nutrition, speech, and self-esteem. Evidence consistently associates malocclusion with reduced masticatory efficiency, compromised ingestion, and diminished.....

Key Words: malocclusion; oral health-related quality of life; orthodontic access; special needs; socioeconomic disparities
Date of Submission: [to be assigned upon journal submission] Date of Acceptance: [to be assigned upon journal acceptance]

[1]. El Osta N, Chambon P, Dol G, et al. Does malocclusion affect ingestion: A systematic review. Clin Oral Investig. 2024;28:Article 111. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00784-024-05508-6
[2]. Leck R, Paul N, Rolland S, Birnie D. The consequences of living with a severe malocclusion: A review of the literature. J Orthod. 2021;49(2):228–239. https://doi.org/10.1177/14653125211042891
[3]. Göranson E, Sonesson M, Naimi-Akbar A, Dimberg L. Malocclusions and quality of life among adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Orthod. 2023;45(3):295–307. https://doi.org/10.1093/ejo/cjad009

Abstract: Background: Endodontically treated teeth are structurally weakened due to loss of tooth structure during endodontic procedures. Premolars are highly susceptible to fracture because of thin cuspal walls and reduced cervical dimensions, leading to cuspal deflection under occlusal forces. Composite resin restorations provide bonding but may not fully restore fracture resistance due to polymerization shrinkage and limited toughness. Fiber reinforced composites improve stress distribution and prevent crack propagation. This study aimed to evaluate and compare......

Key Word: Fracture resistance, Endodontically treated teeth, Polyethylene fiber, Glass fiber strip, Composite resin.

[1]. Belli S, Erdemir A, Ozcopur M, Eskitascioglu G. The effect of fibre insertion on fracture resistance of root‑filled molar teeth with MOD preparations restored with composite. Int Endod J. 2005;38(2):73‑80.
[2]. Hiremath H, Ankola AV, Hebbal M, Patil AC. Comparative evaluation of fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth restored with different post systems: An in vitro study. J Conserv Dent. 2022;25:189‑192.
[3]. Mergulhão VA, de Oliveira DCRS, do Nascimento AB, Costa YM, de Morais RR. Fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth restored with different post systems. Oper Dent. 2019;44:E1‑E11.
[4]. Bilgi PS, Shah NC, Patel PP, Vaid DS. Evaluation of fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth restored with fiber posts and composite resin. J Conserv Dent. 2016;19:364‑367.
[5]. Rodrigues FB, Gomes BPFA, Ferraz CCR, Teixeira FB, Souza‑Filho FJ. Influence of different restorative techniques on fracture resistance of endodontically treated teeth. Int Endod J. 2010;43:356‑362.

Abstract: Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a multifactorial neurodegenerative disorder shaped by environmental exposures, aging, and genetic predisposition. Pesticides are established as potentially modifiable environmental risk factors for PD, although the precise mechanisms linking exposure to neurodegeneration remain incompletely defined. This review synthesizes epidemiological evidence connecting pesticide exposure to PD and integrates recent advances regarding....

Key Words: Parkinson’s disease, pesticides, environmental exposure, neurotoxicity, mitochondrial dysfunction, oxidative stress, α-synuclein, gut–brain axis, genetic susceptibility, probiotics, neuroprotection.

[1]. Zhu J, Cui Y, Zhang J, Yan R, Su D, Zhao D, Wang A, Feng T. Temporal trends in the prevalence of Parkinson's disease from 1980 to 2023: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Lancet Healthy Longev. 2024 Jul;5(7):e464-e479. doi: 10.1016/S2666-7568(24)00094-1.[2]. Peng S, Liu P, Wang X, Li K. Global, regional and national burden of Parkinson's disease in people over 55 years of age: a systematic analysis of the global burden of disease study, 1991-2021. BMC Neurol. 2025 Apr 23;25(1):178. doi: 10.1186/s12883-025-04191-8.
[3]. Tarakad A. Motor Features of Parkinson's Disease. Neurol Clin. 2025 May;43(2):279-289. doi: 10.1016/j.ncl.2024.12.007. Epub 2025 Jan 22. PMID: 40185522.
[4]. Yuan X, Tian Y, Liu C, Zhang Z. Environmental factors in Parkinson's disease: New insights into the molecular mechanisms. Toxicol Lett. 2022 Mar 1;356:1-10. doi: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2021.12.003. Epub 2021 Dec 3. PMID: 34864130.
[5]. Wise RM, Wagener A, Fietzek UM, Klopstock T, Mosharov EV, Zucca FA, Sulzer D, Zecca L, Burbulla LF. Interactions of dopamine, iron, and alpha-synuclein linked to dopaminergic neuron vulnerability in Parkinson's disease and Neurodegeneration with Brain Iron Accumulation disorders. Neurobiol Dis. 2022 Dec;175:105920. doi: 10.1016/j.nbd.2022.105920. Epub 2022 Nov 7. PMID: 36351559.

Abstract: Peri-implantitis has moved from a manageable complication to a growing international clinical concern as the global volume of implant placements continues to expand. Despite an unusually dense cluster of consensus statements published in 2025 by the American Academy of Periodontology/Academy of Osseointegration (AO/AAP), the Korean Academy of Periodontology, and the Osstem Global Consensus Meeting (GCM), the international community has not converged on a single decision framework for managing the disease once it is diagnosed. Divergence.....

Key Word: peri-implantitis; dental implants; oral and maxillofacial surgery; peri-implant disease; explantation; guided bone regeneration; cone-beam computed tomography; artificial intelligence.

[1]. Berglundh T, Armitage G, Araujo MG, et al. Peri-implant diseases and conditions: consensus report of workgroup 4 of the 2017 World Workshop on the Classification of Periodontal and Peri-Implant Diseases and Conditions. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45(Suppl 20):S286-S291. doi:10.1111/jcpe.12957
[2]. Schwarz F, Derks J, Monje A, Wang HL. Peri-implantitis. J Clin Periodontol. 2018;45(Suppl 20):S246-S266. doi:10.1111/jcpe.12954
[3]. Herrera D, Berglundh T, Schwarz F, et al. Prevention and treatment of peri-implant diseases—the EFP S3 level clinical practice guideline. J Clin Periodontol. 2023;50(Suppl 26):4-76. doi:10.1111/jcpe.13823
[4]. Wang HL, Avila-Ortiz G, Monje A, et al.; AO/AAP Consensus Participants; Rosen PS. AO/AAP consensus on prevention and management of peri-implant diseases and conditions: summary report. J Periodontol. 2025;96(6):519-541. doi:10.1002/JPER.25-0270
[5]. Fiorellini JP, Mojaver S, Sarmiento H, Aghaloo T, et al. Clinical translation of the 2024 AO/AAP consensus on prevention and management of peri-implant diseases and conditions. Int J Periodontics Restorative Dent. 2025;45(4):1-23. doi:10.11607/prd.7658