iosr-JECE   Volume-10 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-Feb 2015

Abstract: A mobile ad-hoc network (MANET) is an autonomous system of mobile nodes connected by wireless links. Mobile Ad-hoc Networks (MANET) are characterized by open, distributed and dynamic architectures, built on top of the shared wireless medium; all features contribute to make MANET very vulnerable to attacks at any layer of the Internet model. We consider the following problem: nodes in a MANET must separated data packet using rateless codes but some nodes are assumed to be malicious, i.e., before transmitting a coded packet they may modify its payload. Nodes receiving corrupted coded packets are prevented from correctly decoding the original chunk. We propose SIEVE, a fully distributed technique to identify malicious nodes. SIEVE is based on special messages called checks that nodes periodically transmit.

[1] B. Wu, J. Chen, J. Wu, and M. Cardei, "A survey of attacks and countermeasures in mobile ad hoc networks," in Wireless Network
Security, Y. Xiao, X. S. Shen, and D.-Z. Du, Eds. New York, NY, USA: Springer, 2007, pp. 103–135.
[2] H. Yang, H. Luo, F. Ye, S. Lu, and L. Zhang, "Security in mobile ad hoc networks: Challenges and solutions," IEEE Wireless
Commun., vol. 11, no. 1, pp. 38–47, Feb. 2004.
[3] J. Pearl, Probabilistic Reasoning in Intelligent Systems: Networks of Plausible Inference. San Francisco, CA, USA: Morgan
Kaufmann Publishers, Inc., 1988.
[4] D. MacKay, Information Theory, Inference and Learning Algorithms. Cambridge, U.K.: Cambridge University Press, 2003.
[5] J. Yedidia, W. Freeman, and Y. Weiss, "Constructing free-energy approximations and generalized belief propagation algorithms,"
IEEE Trans. Inf. Theory, vol. 51, no. 7, pp. 2282–2312, Jul. 2005.

Abstract: This paper presents a design and implementation of a smart and unique car parking system to support the modern day tedious car parking design using RFID reader and PIC controller. In the presented prototype model we describe and implement a parking tower with 2 floors and 2 slots per floor on either sides of the central lift. This prototype has a central lift where the user actually mobilizes his car and then the system designed with PIC controller automatically identifies the empty slot and parks the car at the corresponding slot. A group of Sensors, Conveyor belts, motors and software are embedded together to work as a system to transport the car to its calculated parking slot. The System embedded with a real time clock helps us to calculate the time period during which the car is parked, thus helping an automatic e-commerce system to deduct the amount for the mentioned time period from the users account. The system has a GSM add-on module which will automatically respond's to the users SMS request by letting him the available slots at a given time.

Keywords: PIC Controller, automated car parking, sensors, GSM and RFID.

[1]. V.W. S. Tang, Y. Zheng, and J. Cao, "An Intelligent Car Park Management System based on Wireless Sensor Networks", Proceedings of the 1st International Symposium on Pervasive Computing and Applications, Aug. 2006, pp. 65-70.
[2]. M. Wada K.S. Yoon,H. Hashimoto, "Development of Advanced Parking Assistance System," IEEE Transactions On Industrial Electronics, vol. 50, pp. 4-17, February 2003.
[3]. C. W. Cheng, S. J. Chang, and T. H. Li, "Parallel-parking control of autonomous mobile robot," in Proc. Int. Conf. Industrial Electronics, and Control, and Instrumentation ,Tokyo, Japan,1997, pp. 1299–1304.
[4]. J. Pohl1, M. Sethsson, P. Degerman, and J Larsson, "A semi-automated parallel parking system for passenger cars", Proc. IMechE Vol. 220 Part D: J. Automobile Engineering, 2006, pp. 53.
[5]. Want, Roy. "An Introduction to RFID Technology." Pervasive Computing, January/March 2006.

Abstract: novel design of modified H-shaped microstrippatch antenna with periodic ground structure for broadband hasbeen proposed. Simulated result shows that the proposedgeometry offers bandwidth of 52.43 % (2.4GHz wide bandwidth)ranging from 3.165-5.565 GHz. The proposed antenna has stableradiation pattern and gain of more than 2 dB over the entireoperating bandwidth.

Keywords: bandwidth, gain, periodic structure.

[1]. Constantine A. Balanis : "Antenna Theory, Analysis and Design" (John Wiley & Sons)
[2]. James, J.R. and Hall, P.S.: "Handbook of Microstrip Antennas" (Peter Peregrinus).
[3]. Y. P. Chien, T. S. Horng, W. S. Chen, and H. H. Chien, "Dual wideband printed monopole antenna for WLAN/WiMAX applications," IEEEAntennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 6, pp. 149–151, 2007.
[4]. Lin Dang, Zhen Ya Lei, Yong Jun Xie, Gao Li Ning, and Jun Fan: "A Compact Microstrip Slot Triple-Band Antenna forWLAN/WiMAX Applications," IEEE Antennas And Wireless Propagation Letters, vol. 9, pp.1178-1181,2010.
[5]. S. Chaimool and K. L. Chung, "CPW-fed mirrored-L monopole antenna with distinct triple bands for Wi-Fi and WiMAX applications,"Electron.Lett., vol. 45, no. 18, pp. 928–929, 2009.
[6]. T. Huynh and K. F. Lee, "Single-Layer Single-Patch Wideband Microstrip Antenna," Electronics Letters, 31, 16, 1995,pp. 13101312.

Abstract: With the advent of computing technologies, specifically in the areas of improved computational speed and reduced system cost with additional functionalities, real-time and virtual interactions between humans and computers have gained significant research and commercial interests recently. So it is essential to focuses on human interactions with computing devices using characters and gesture recognition.

[1]. S.Wang, Y. L. Hsu, and J. N. Liu, "An inertial-measurement-unit-based pen with a trajectory reconstruction Algorithm and its applications," IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron., vol. 57, no. 10, pp. 3508–3521, Oct. 2010.
[2]. Shengli Zhou1,,Zhuxin Dong1,, Wen J. Li1, , and Chung Ping Kwong" Hand-Written Character Recognition Using MEMS Motion Sensing Technology," Proceedings of the 2008 IEEE/ASME International Conference on Advanced Intelligent Mechatronics July 2 - 5, 2008.
[3]. Meenaakumari.M, M.Muthulakshmi, "Mems Accelerometer Based Hand Gesture Recognition", International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer Engineering & Technology (IJARCET) vol. 2, No 5, May 2013.
[4]. Renuka R, Suganya V &ArunkumarB,"Online Hand Written Character Recognition Using Digital Pen For Static Authentication", Proceedings of IRAJ International Conference, 20th October 2013, Chennai, India. ISBN: 978-93-82702-34-4.
[5]. Jeen-Shing Wang and Fang-Chen Chuang, "An Accelerometer-Based Digital Pen With a Trajectory Recognition Algorithm for Handwritten Digit and Gesture Recognition," IEEE Sens. J., vol. 59, no. 07, pp. 1543–1551, July. 2012

Abstract: In this paper we perform a quality control over an chaotic masking encryption scheme. We simulate a nonlinear system based on Chua's chaotic oscillator. Simulations were carried out using Multisim, which is widely accepted as the circuit simulation software that provides for an interface adequately close to real implementation. In order the circuit to be used in chaotic encryption schemes we have implemented a master slave chaotic synchronization scheme. We investigate the robustness of the simulation with respect to the
resistance of the line which connect the two systems. For our results we have figure out that the synchronization could be achieved if the line has a total resistance below 3.5kΩ.
Keywords: chaotic circuit, chaotic encryption, nonlinear circuits, Chua's circuit.

[1]. L. Chua, The genesis of Chua's circuit, vol. 46. 1992, pp. 250–257.
[2]. M. P. Hanias, Z. Avgerinos, and G. S. Tombras, "Period doubling, Feigenbaum constant and time series prediction in an experimental chaotic RLD circuit," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, vol. 40, no. 3, pp. 1050–1059, May 2009.
[3]. M. P. Hanias and G. S. Tombras, "Time series analysis in a single transistor chaotic circuit," Chaos, Solitons & Fractals, vol. 40, no. 1, pp. 246–256, Apr. 2009.
[4]. M. P. Hanias, I. L. Giannis, and G. S. Tombras, "Chaotic operation by a single transistor circuit in the reverse active region.," Chaos, vol. 20, no. 1, p. 013105, Mar. 2010.
[5]. J. Jani and P. Malkaj, "Simulation and implementation fo the Chua's chaotic oscilator," in Conference International Conference Research and Education In Natural Sciences, 2013, pp. 164–168.

Abstract: This wind speed meter design is based on the working principle of two major components namely; a tiny motor savaged from a computer hard disk and the frequency-to-voltage converter IC (LM2917), whose voltage output is linear with frequency input. This paper presents how the varying frequency output from the hard disk motor was passed through a frequency-to-voltage converter(LM2917). The output voltage of the IC is then read off as wind speed after the calibration process. This wind speed meter measures wind speed from 10km/hrs to 25km/hrs due to the mechanical properties of the hard disk motor bearing used.
Keywords: Anemometer, Calibration, frequency, galvanometer, speed,

[1]. My anemometers [online]. Available: www.sysameri.com/marcelo/anemometer
[2]. LM2917 data sheet [online]. Available: www.datasheetarchive.com
[3]. Vincent A. Edwards, Design and Fabrication of a Wind Turbine, A final year project, Dept. Mechanical Engineering, University of Port Harcourt, Nigeria , 2006).
[4]. Boylestad, R. L. and Nashelsky, L.,Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory ( 7th Edition, Prentice-Hall Publications, Inc., New Jersey 1999).
[5]. Gupta, J.B., A Course in Electronics and Electrical measurements and instrumentation (13th Edition, S.K.kataria &Son, inc, New Delhi, 2008)

Abstract: This paper presents an analysis and designing single patch microstrip antenna with proximity coupler fed technique at 2.4 GHz resonant frequency appropriate for wireless LAN (WLAN) application. The software used to simulate the patch antenna is Computer Simulation Tools (CST) Microwave Environment. This antenna is fed by a 50 Ω single microstrip line feeding based on quarter wave impedance matching technique with width 1.68 mm. In this paper, the effects of antenna parameters like the frequency, return loss, voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and gain (dB) are analyzed by using proximity coupler fed technique. The construction of the antenna consists of the microstrip feed line on a substrate proximity coupled to a single rectangular microstrip patch etched in top of surface. The dielectric constant of antenna is 3, the tangent loss 0.03 and thickness of the antenna is 0.76 mm.
Keywords: patch antenna, proximity coupler fed technique, return loss, VSWR, WLAN

[1]. David M. Pozar, "Microstrip Antennas" Proc. IEEE, Vol 80, 1992.
[2]. Kai-Fong Lee, and Kin-Fai Tong, "Microstrip Patch Antenna-Basic Characteristics and some recent advances", Proc. IEEE, Vol. 100, 2012,2169-2180.
[3]. S. Maci and G.BGentili, "Dual-Frequency Patch Antennas" IEEE Antennas and Propagation Magazine, Vol.39, 1997.
[4]. Dau-Chyrh Chang and Cheng-Nan Hu, "Smart Antennas for Advance Communication System", Proc. IEEE, Vol.100, 2012,2233-2249.
[5]. Indrasen Singh, Dr. V. S Tripathi "Microstrip Patch Antenna and its Application: a Survey" Int. J. Cmp. Tech. Appl., Vol 2 (5), 1595-1599.
[6]. Fan Yang, Xue Xia Zhang, Xiaoning Ye,Yahya Rahmat –Samii "Wide-Band E-Shaped Patch Antennas for Wireless Communications" IEEE Transaction on Antenna and propagation, Vol. 49, 2001.

Abstract: This paper presents performance of the STTC based MIMO-OFDM system. The goal was to reach 10-5 Bit error rate & achieve high Signal to noise ratio (SNR) to evaluate the performances of the system. The results of this dissertation are based on PSK modulation technique over fast Channel Estimation. We have simulated the proposed approach for 2-PSK, 4-PSK, 8-PSK, 16-PSK and the number of OFDM subcarriers. In our result we have considered that is transmitter and receiver so that maximum illustrates the noise reduction in balanced STTC for OFDM based MIMO channel with 2-PSK, 4-PSK, 8-PSK and 16-PSK modulation schemes in terms of Bits error rate and signal to noise ratio(SNR) gain. We simulate the result with 2 x 2 antennas and decoding of the signal STTC codes are simulated by using three different techniques, these are MMES(minimum mean square error), ZF(zero forcing), and ML(maximum likelihood) with viterbi algorithm.

Keywords: Channel Estimation, STTC, OFDM, MIMO, MATLAB, PSK Modulation.

[1]. Navid daryasafar, Aboozar lashkari, Babak ehyaee, "Channel estimation in MIMO-OFDM systems based on comparative methods by LMS algorithm", IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 9, Issue 3, No 3, May 2012,pp. 188-192.
[2]. Jitendra Kumar Daksh, Ravi Mohan, Sumit Sharma, " Performance Analysis with Space-Time coding in MIMO-OFDM Systes with Multiple Antennas", International Journal of Advanced Computer Research, Vol. 3, No. 2, June 2013, pp 2249-7277.
[3]. A. v. Z. a. T. C. W. Schenk, "Implementation of MIMO OFDM –based Wireless Lan System," IEEE transmission on signal processing, vol. 52, februray 2004.
[4]. Baoguo Yang, Khaled Ben Letaief, Roger S. Cheng And Zhigang Cao, "Channel Estimation For OFDM Transmission In Multipath Fading Channels Based On Parametric Channel Modeling", IEEE Transactions On Communications, Vol. 49, No. 3, March 2001.
[5]. V. Tarokh, H. Jafarkhami, and A.R, Calderbank, "Space-time block codes from orthogonal designs", IEEE Transactions on information theory, Vol. 45, No. 5, July 1999, pp 1456-1467.
[6]. Zimran Rafique and Boon-Chong Seet, "Energy Efficient MIMO-OFDM Systems", handbook on green information and coomunication.

Abstract: This paper focuses on simple,low cost fingerprint based electronic voting machine using ARM9 microcontroller. An electronic voting system is a voting system in which the voters' and voting data is recorded,stored and processed digitally. The proposed systemconsistsofcontroller hardware and software. The hardware is implemented with ARM9 microcontroller along with KY-M6 finger-print module. The software code is developed in WINCE6 development environment for interfacing the ARM processor with finger-print module. The proposed system gives the best solution for minimizing the time taken for identifying the voter. The design implemented in the FP-EVM is portable,flexible and with minimum power consumption. The designed system is user-friendly,easily adaptableand cost-effective. Further,the designed system has simple architecture,fast response time and scope for further expansion. Index Terms: KY-M6 Fingerprint sensor,ARM9(mini2440).

[1]. http://www.rspublications.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htmIssue 2,vol6,september2012 ISSN 2249-6149
[2]. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Indian_voting_machines
[3]. IJCSI International Journal of Computer Science Issues, Vol. 10, Issue 4, No 1, July 2013ISSN (Print): 1694-0814 | ISSN (Online): 1694-0784www.IJCSI.org
[4]. fig:1https://www.google.co.in/search?q=electronic+voting+machine&biw=1366&bih=657&tbm=isch&tbo=u&source=univ&sa=X&ei=r12QVIufDdG7uASWrIK4CA&sqi=2&ved=0CDYQsAQ
[5]. secugen fingerprint reader guide

Abstract: The current inter-domain routing protocol, Border Gateway Protocol (BGP4), has evolved over the past decade and now constitutes a critical part of the Internet infrastructure. Despite impressive progress in characterizing the various ills of the Border Gateway Protocol (BGP), many problems remain unsolved, and the behavior of the routing system is still poorly understood. The BGP routing protocol is used to interconnect the various Internet operators together. BGP enables ASes to make local decisions based on private routing policies, and forms global routes from these local decisions. At a very high level, the execution of BGP requires ASes to continuously make independent greedy route selections, based on their local preferences over routes, and announce these choices to all neighboring ASes. The inconsistencies of these policies can cause route instabilities also called oscillations. In this article, we discuss the different theoretical models of bgp protocol fighting against inter-domain routes oscillations (between ASes).

Keywords: Autonomous System, BGP, Internet, Path, inter-domain oscillations..

[1]. REKHTER,Y.,LI,T.,AND HARES, S. A Border Gateway Protocol 4 (BGP-4). Internet Draft draft-ietf-idr-bgp4-25.txt, September 2004.
[2]. Timothy G. Griffin, F. Bruce Sherpherd, and Gordon Wilfong. Policy disputes in pathvector protocols. Proc. 7th Int. Conf. Network Protocols (ICNP'99), pages pp. 21–30,1999.
[3]. Kannan Varadhan,Ramesh Govindan and Deborah Estrin. Persistent route oscillations in inter-domain routing. Elsevier Science B.V., 2000. [http://research.cens.ucla.edu/people/estrin/resources/journals/2000jan-Varadhan-Govindan-Persistent.pdf]
[4]. Jerome BARBOU, Alpha Amadou DIALLO, Greg´ ori FABRE, Damien FONTAINE, Intissar GALL -Universite Paris VI - M2-Rout - Routage Interdomaines : Limites et solutions http://tounkan.free.fr/Web/presentations/rout_pres01.pdf
[5]. T. G. Griffin, F, B. Shepherd, and G. Wilfong, "The stable paths problem and interdomain routing,"IEEE/ACM Trans. Networking, vol. 10 no. 2,pp. 232-243,2002
[6]. R. Musunuri Texas Univ., Dallas, TX, USA, "An overview of solutions to avoid persistent BGP divergence", in IEEE Network: The Magazine of Global Internetworking vol 19, 2005,pp28-34 [http://www.utdallas.edu/~jcobb/PublishedPapers/Journals/IEEE-Network-BGP/musunuri_final.pdf]

Abstract: Automatic Guided Vehicle (AGV) nothing but vehicle guideline provided by capturing images of the road. In this paper we have design an embedded surveillance and safety systems. The system also provides full driver assistance by determining the distance between two vehicles. The lane departure is an improved technique in which lane boundaries are analyzed continuously and will also report to the user as soon as vehicle is try move outside the lane or road. So this system not only helps to provide safety but also helps in reducing the cost which is further considered to be most important factor.

Keywords: Automatic guided vehicle, embedded surveillance and Safety system, lane departure.

[1]. Ying-Wen Bai, Chen-Chien Cheng and Zi-Li Xie "‟Use of Ultrasonic Signal Coding and PIR Sensors to Enhance the Sensing Reliability of an Embedded Surveillance System "International Jthisnal of Computer Applications Volume 95– No.16, June 2014.
[2]. Minakshee M.Patil and Narayan Pandharinath Pawar, "Driver Assistance System based on Raspberry Pi", International Jthisnal of Computer Applications Volume 95– No.16, June 2014.
[3]. Florian Janda, Sebastian Pangerl, Andreas Schindler, "A Road Edge Detection Approach for Marked and Unmarked Lanes Based on Video and Radar‟‟, 16th International Conference on Information Fusion Istanbul, Turkey, July 9-12, 2013.
[4]. "Dynamic Vehicle Full-view Driver Assistance System in Vehicular Networks", Second International Conference on Robot, Vision and Signal Processing, 2013.
[5]. John golias, george yannis and constantinos Antoniou, "Classification of driver-assistance systems according to their impact on road safety and traffic efficiency", transport reviews, vol. 22, no. 2, 179±196, 2002.
[6]. Hf. Bennamoun, "edge detection: problems and solutions",0-7SO3-4053-1/97/$10.OQ@1997 IEEE, 3164-3169, 1997.Choon-Young Lee, Ho-Gun Choi, Jun-Sik Park, "Collision Avoidance by the Fusion of Different Beam-width Ultrasonic Sensors" 0-7SO3-4053-1/97/$10.OQ @ 1997 IEEE.

Abstract: Today's recent medical imaging research faces the challenge of detecting brain tumor through Magnetic Resonance Images (MRI). Broadly, to produce images of soft tissue of human body, MRI images are used by experts. For brain tumor detection, image segmentation is required. Mechanizing this process is a tricky task because of the high diversity in the appearance of tumor tissues among different patients and in many cases similarity with the usual tissues.Physical segmentation of medical image by the radiologist is a monotonous and prolonged process. MRI is a highly developed medical imaging method providing rich information about the person soft-tissue structure. There are varied brain tumor recognition and segmentation methods to detect and segment a brain tumor from MRI images. This is well thought-out to be one of the most significant but tricky part of the process of detecting brain tumor. A variety of algorithms were developed for segmentation of MRI images by using different tools and methods. Alternatively this paper presents a comprehensive review of the methods and techniques used to detect brain tumor through MRI image.

Keywords: Brain Tumor, Magnetic Resonance Image (MRI), Segmentation, Clustering

[1]. Rastgarpour M., And Shanbehzadeh J., Application Of Ai Techniques In Medical Image Segmentation And Novel Categorization Of Available Methods And Tools, Proceedings Of The International Multiconference Of Engineers And Computer Scientists 2011 Vol I, Imecs 2011, March 16-18, 2011, Hongkong.
[2]. Zhang, Y. J, An Overview Of Image And Video Segmentation In The Last 40 Years, Proceedings Of The 6th International Symposium On Signal Processing And Its Applications, Pp. 144-151, 2001.
[3]. Wahba Marian, An Automated Modified Region Growing Technique For Prostate Segmentation In Trans-Rectal Ultrasound Images, Master‟s Thesis, Department Of Electrical And Computer Engineering, University Of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 2008.
[4]. W. X. Kang, Q. Q. Yang, R. R. Liang,"The Comparative Research On Image Segmentation Algorithms", Ieee Conference On Etcs, Pp. 703-707, 2009.
[5]. N. R. Pal, S. K. Pal,"A Review On Image Segmentation Techniques", Pattern Recognition, Vol. 26, No. 9,Pp.1277- 1294, 1993.
[6]. H. Zhang, J. E. Fritts, S. A. Goldman,"Image Segmentation Evaluation: A Survey Of Unsupervised Methods", Computer Vision And Image Understanding, Pp. 260-280, 2008.

Abstract: This paper present on-chip open loop resonators 60GHz bandpass filters fabricated with the complementary metal-oxide semiconductor (CMOS) 0.18μm technology. Both filters have different ground shield placed at the lowest metal, M1. The first filter is designed with patterned ground shield below while the other filter with complementary split ring resonators (CSRR) as ground shield. The purpose of this research is to examine the best ground shield that can be used and employed to enhance the performance of the filter. Design simulation is conducted with electromagnetic simulator tools. It shows that, filter with CSRR as ground shield produce better results with S21= -2.682dB, 3-dB bandwidth = 10.8GHz compare to patterned ground shield with S21= -2.77dB, 3-dB bandwidth = 14GHz with both have good return loss.

Keywords: bandpass filter, CMOS, CSRRs, open loop resonators

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[2]. C. Y. Hsu, C. Y. Chen, and H. R. Chang, "A 60GHz Millimeter-Wave Bandpass Filter Using 0.18μm CMOS Technology," IEEE Electron Device Lett., vol. 29, no. 3, Mar.2008, pp. 246-248.
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