iosr-JECE   Volume-10 ~ Issue-2 ~ March-April 2015

Abstract: The design of a Broadband psi shaped anteena for multiple band coverage i.e for Bluetooth,Wifi,WiMax and satellite communication applications is presented in this paper. The Antenna designed in this paper is used for Bluetooth operating at 2.4Ghz band and Wifi operates at frequency of 5Ghz and WiMax operates at frequency of2.5/3.5-Ghz.The antenna design proposed in this paper is of FR4 epoxy substrate whose dimensions are 48.5mm and 26mm with thickness of 6mm.The rectangular substrate is now cut into a psi shape of required dimensions. The rectangular substrate is now cut into split rings at four positions on the substrate ,and another split ring is employed in first split ring for the better gain and low refection coefficient by edge feeding. The dimensions of the patch, the ground, and the three slots are optimized to obtain these desired functional frequency ranges.

Keywords: Broadband rectangular microstrip antenna , Edge feeding Ψ -shaped microstrip antenna.

[1]. K. F. Lee, K. M. Tong, K. F. Shum, S. M. Huynh and R.Q. Lee, "Experimental and Simulation Studies of the Coaxially Fed U-Slot Rectangular Patch Antenna," IEE Proceedings –Microwave Antennas and Propagation, 144, 5, 1997, pp. 354-358.
[2]. K. F. Tong, K. M. Luk, K. F. Lee and R. Q. Lee, "A Broadband U-slot rectangular Patch Antenna on a Microwave Substrate," IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-48, 6, 2000, pp. 954-960.
[3]. R. Chair, K. F. Lee, C. L. Mak, K. M. Luk and A. A. Kishk,"Miniature Wideband Half U-Slot and Half E Patch Antennas,"IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-52, 8,August 2005, pp. 2645-2652.
[4]. Krishna, D. D., M. Gopikrishna, and C. K. Aanandan, "A CPW-fed triple band monopole antenna for WiMAX/WLAN applications," Proceedings of the 38th Eur. Microwave.
[5]. Sai Ho Yeung,AlejandroGaicoa- Lamperez,Tapankumar Sarkar and Magdalena Salazar-palma,"Comparision of the performance between parasitically coupled and direct coupled feed for a microstrip antenna array" IEEE transactions antenna and propagation, Vol 62,No 5,May 2014

Abstract: In this paper we had simulated capacity based optimal antenna selection for 8X8 MIMO, the highest capacity is of 44bps is obtained for the selection factor 8, the capacity remains constant up to 18dB, 16dB and 12dB for L= 7,6 and 5 respectively and then increases, for L=1 to 4 the capacity increases as the SNR increases, for fading channels the selection of four antennas is enough to authorize the channel capacity as much as the use of all eight antennas in 8X8 MIMO systems.

Index Terms: MIMO, Antenna Selection, optimal antenna selection, channel capacity

[1]. Beng soon, kwok Hung Li,and Kah ChanTen, "Transmit Antenna selection system", IEEE vehicular technology magazine .pp.104-141,Sep.2004
[2]. Xiang Nian Zeng and Ali Ghrayeb, "Performance Bounds for combined channel coding and Space-Time block coding with Receiver antenna selection",IEEE transactions On vehicular technology,VOL.55.NO-4, pp.1441-1446 July 2006
[3]. Xiang Nian Zeng and Ali Ghrayeb,"Performance Bounds for Space-Time block coding with Receiver antenna selection",IEEE transactions on vehiculartechnology,VOL.50.NO-9, pp.2130-2137 Sep.2004
[4]. Ming Ding,Shi Liu, Hanwen Luo,and Wen Chendy,"MMSE based greedy antenna selection cheme for AF MIMO Relay Systems",IEEE Signal processing letters,vol.17,NO,5, pp.433- 436 May 2010
[5]. Yohan Kim, Student Member, Sungyoon Cho, and Dong Ku Kim, "Low Complexity AntennaSelection Based MIMO Scheduling Algorithms for Uplink Multiuser MIMO/FDD System" IEEE Publication (2007)
[6]. Dhananjay A.Gore,Robert W. Heath, Jr., and Argogyaswami J.Paulraj, "transmit selection in Spatial Multiplexing System", IEEE communications letters, vol.6, NO.11. pp.491- 493,Nov.2002

Abstract: Steganography is often outlined as the study of invisible communication that typically deals with the ways in which of hiding the existence of the communicated message.Steganography is nowadays extra vital due to demand of secure communication during this era of vulnerable computer users. The main concept of APPM is to use the pixel pair as a reference coordinate and find a coordinate inside the newly and specially projected compact area set of this pixel pair according to a given message digit.Then that pixel pair gets substituted by the searched coordinate to obscure the digit. It additionally provide adjustable payload and permits users to select digits in any notational arrangement for data embedding, and therefore achieves a larger picture quality. A good data-hiding method ought to be capable of evading discernible and statistical detection as bestowing an adjustable payload.

[1]. Wien Hong and Tung-Shou Chen, "A Novel DataEmbedding Method Using Adaptive Pixel Pair Matching", IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, Vol. 7, No. 1, February 2012.
[2]. J. Mielikainen, "LSB matching revisited," IEEE Signal Process. Lett. vol. 13, no. 5, pp. 285–287, May2006.
[3]. C. K. Chan and L. M. Cheng, "Hiding data in images by simple LSB substitution," Pattern Recognit. vol. 37, no. 3, pp. 469–474, 2004.
[4]. X. Zhang and S. Wang, "Efficient steganographic embedding by exploiting modification direction,"IEEE Commun. Lett. vol. 10, no. 11,pp. 781–783,Nov. 2006.
[5]. A. D. Ker, "Steganalysis of LSB matching in grayscale images," IEEE Signal Process. Lett. Vol.12, no. 6, pp. 441–444, Jun. 2005.

Abstract: It is difficult to analyze the performance of OFDM-CDMA systems. To accomplish this task, we need to characterize the correlation matrix among spreading sequences, because the system performance dependent on the choices of signature sequences. Al-though the performance is not sensitive to the choices of spreading sequences when long random spreading codes are employed , it is still mathematically demanding to evaluate the performance by large random matrix theory. OFDM-IDMA does not involve signature sequences, which greatly simplifies the problem. This research paper reviews the basic ideas of OFDM-IDMA and several ways in which this concept has been implemented.

Keywords: OFDM, OFDM-IDMA, frame interleave, fast Fourier transform, wavelet transform, BER

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Abstract: The presence of noise in images is unavoidable.It may be formed by image formation process,image recording,image transmission etc.These random distortions make it difficult to perform any required image processing task.High quality noise free remote sensing images are necessary for various applications.Therefore, removal of noise is necessary. The purpose of image denoising is to preserve edges as far as possible while removing noise, making the resulting images approximate the ideal image.This paper proposes a method for denoising remote sensing images using a combination of second order and fourth order partial differential equations.The advantages of both second order and fourth order partial differential equations are utilized here.The image is denoised using second order partial differential equations , fourth order partial differential equations and the combination of both.A comparison of the three methods is also presented.The proposed algorithm smooth out more noise and conserve more detail in the denoising process. Keywords: Image denoising; Partial differential equation (PDE); Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR); Smoothing.

[1]. Guy Gilboa, Nir Sochen, and Yehoshua Y. Zeevi" Estimation of Optimal PDE - Based Denoising In the SNR Sense " IEEE Transactions on image processing, vol.15, no. 8, August 2006.
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[5]. J. Portilla,V. Strela, M. J. Wainwright, and E. P. Simoncelli,"Image den-oising using scale mixtures of gaussians in the wavelet domain ," IEEE Trans. Image Process., vol. 12, no. 11, pp. 1338–1351, Nov. 2003.
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Abstract: Image compression is the application of data compression on digital images. Image compression can be lossy or lossless. Raw data from an image sensor obviously contains information about a scene, but it is not intrinsically recognizable to the human eye. This thesis proposes a new shape-adaptive (SA) transform, shape-adaptive reversible integer lapped transform (SA-RLT) method. Region-of interest (ROI) coding algorithms have also been proposed, since observers are always more concerned about some special areas, i.e, ROI than the background (BG) area. Based on SA-RLT and object-based set partitioned embedded block coder (OBSPECK), a new ROI compression scheme can be designed for 2D remote sensing images. A new ROI segmentation algorithm is used here to segment out ROI other than hand segmentation. Keywords: Image Compression;Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT); Discrete Cosine Transform (DCT); Region of interest (ROI); Shape Adaptive Reversible Lapped Transform (SARLT).

[1]. Nageswara Rao Thota, Srinivasa Kumar Devireddy, " Image compression using DCT", IEEE Trans. Signal Process, vol. 52,no 6,may 2007
[2]. Ryszard Stasinski and Hoegskolen Narvik,"Shape Adaptive Discrete Fourier Transform for coding of irregular image segments"
[3]. Xiongwen Li, Eran Edirisinghe, Helmut Bez, "Shape adaptive integer transform for coding arbitrarily shaped objects in H.264/AVC
[4]. Lei Wangn, Licheng Jiao,Jiaji Wu,Guang ming Shi,Yanjun Gong,"Lossy-to- lossless image compression based on multiplier-less reversible integer time do-main lapped transform",Signal Processing: Image Communication 2010,622632.
[5]. Rafael Galvao de Oliveira, Beatrice Pesquet-Popescu, Maria Trocan, Inter prediction using lapped transforms for advanced video coding,18th IEEE International Conference on Image Processing 2011.
[6]. Gilbert Strang,"The Discrete Cosine Transform",SIAM REVIEW Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics Vol.41, No.1,1999.

Abstract: OFDM technology promises to be a key technique for achieving the high data capacity and spectral efficiency requirements for wireless communication systems in future. Fast Fourier transform (FFT) processing is one of the key procedures in popular orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication systems. A parallel and pipelined Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) processor for use in the Orthogonal Frequency division Multiplexer (OFDM) . Unlike being stored in the ROM, the twiddle factors in our pipelined FFT processor can be accessed directly. The radix 4 FFT is proposed. Finally, the pipelined 64-point FFT processor can be completely implemented using Xilinx 13.2 software.
Keywords: OFDM, radix- 4,DIT-FFT,DIF-FFT,Twiddle factor.

[1]. Chu yu, Mao-Hsu Yen ― A Low power 64-point FFT Processor" IEEE Transactions on Consumer Electronics,Vol. 57, Feb 2011
[2]. N.Kirubanandasarathy, Dr.K.Karthikeyan,‖ VLSI Design of Mixed Radix FFT Processor for MIMIOFDM in Wireless Communication‖, 2011 IEEE Proceedings.
[3]. Fahad Qureshi and Oscar Gustafson,‖Twiddle Factor Memory Switching Activity Analysis of Radix-22 and Equivalent.
[4]. Jianing Su, Zhenghao Lu, ―Low cost VLSI design of a flexible FFT processor‖, IEEE Proceedings, April 2010
[5]. Asmitha Haveliya, "Design and Simulation of 32-point FFT Using Radix-2 Algorithm for FPGA Implementation", IEEE Computer society, 2012

Abstract: Compression of audio signal is one of the basic technologies in multimedia. This paper describes about Daubechie wavelet based audio compression. This method uses optimal wavelet selection and wavelet coefficients quantization procedure together with different Companding methods like A-law and U-law Compandings. This paper presents a technique to incorporate psychoacoustic models into an adaptive wavelet packet scheme to achieve perceptually transparent compression of high-quality audio signals [1]. Keywords: A-law companding, U-law companding, Daubechie wavelet, Bior Wavelet, Symlet Wavelet.

[1]. High-Quality Audio Compression Using an Adaptive Wavelet Packet Decomposition and Psychoacoustic Modeling. IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON SIGNAL PROCESSING, VOL. 46, NO. 4, APRIL 1998.
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[4]. M.V.PatilAudio and Speech Compression Using DCT and DWT Techniques.International Journal of Innovative Research in Science, Engineering and Technology Vol. 2, Issue 5, May 2013
[5]. CiprianDoruGiurc˘aneanu ,IoanT˘abus¸ and JaakkoAstola.Integerwavelet Transform Based Lossless Audio Compression.

Abstract: This project is all about to control the electric power consumptions Street Lights and eliminating manpower. The project is designed to detect vehicle movement on street to switch ON only a block of street lights ahead of it (vehicle), and to switch OFF the trailing lights to save energy. During night all the lights on the street remains ON for the vehicles, but lots of energy is wasted when there is no vehicle movement. For auto power consumption when there is no vehicle on the Street Light this includes controlling a circuit of street lights with NE555P, specific IR Sensors & Light Dependent Resistor (LDR) is a type of sensor which actually does this work and senses the light as our eyes does. As soon as the sunlight comes, visible to our eyes it automatically switches OFF lights .Total process operation in Solar Power.
Key Words: Detect Vehicle Movement, LDR, NE555P, Solar Power, Specific IR Sensors

[1] "Energy Saving Using LED Automatic Street Light Control System" ,Mitsu Shah1, Charmi Shah2, Hardik Shah3, Riddhi Shah4,J. M. Rathod5 T. D. Pawar6, V. N. Kamat7 .IJREAT International Journal of Research in Engineering & Advanced Technology, Volume 2, Issue 2, Apr-May, 2014
[2] "Street Light Glow On Detecting Vechile Movement Using Sensor" ,S. Suganya1, R. Sinduja2, T. Sowmiya3 & S. Senthilkumar4, International Journal For Advance Research In Engineering And Technology, ISSN 2320-6802, ICIRET-2014
[3] "Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory", Robert Boylestad & Louis Nashelsky.10th Edition.
[4] "Solar at a Glance-2008",Secondary Energy Infobook, Page:40-43

Abstract: In RADAR systems, a signal is transmitted, it bounces off an object and it is later received by some type of receiver. Once the RADAR receives the returned signal, it calculates useful information. Any received signals from the receiver must be pre-processed before sending it to the signal Processing stages, DDC helps in front-end processing or pre-processing the received signal before transferring the data to signal processing units. A fundamental part of many communications systems is Digital Down Conversion (DDC). To optimize the conventional DDC (Single stage FIR filter) with respect to hardware Complexity, Speed, Power dissipation, Multi stage FIR filter approach is used which is more efficient.

[1]. MerillSkolnik, "Introduction to radar systems", McGraw Hill, 2000
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[3]. Galati, "Advanced radar techniques and systems, IEE Press, Londen,
[4]. UK, 1993, Ch. 6
[5]. Woods,R. McAllister J. Lightbody G. Yi Y. ,"FPGA-based Implementation of Signal Processing Systems". John Wiley & Sons Ltd. U.K. 2008:111-125.
[6]. Christopher John Harris, "A thesis on A Parallel Model for the Heterogeneous Computation of Radio Astronomy Signal Correlation",
[7]. Jayaram N. Chengalur, Yashwant Gupta, K. S. Dwarakanath, "Low Frequency Radio
[8]. Astronomy".

Abstract: The performance of a fingerprint feature extraction and matching algorithm depend heavily upon the quality of the input fingerprint image. While the 'quality' of a fingerprint image cannot be objectively measured, it roughly corresponds to the the clarity of the ridge structure in the fingerprint image. A 'good' quality fingerprint image has high contrast and well defined ridges and valleys. A 'poor' quality fingerprint is marked by low contrast and ill-defined boundaries between the ridges and valleys. There are several reasons that may degrade the quality of the fingerprint image.

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Abstract: Now days, DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory) has become the most popular class of memory used in computers due to its high speed, burst access and pipeline feature. For high speed applications like image/video processing, signal processing, networking etc. DDR SDRAM is widely used. The basic operations of DDR SDRAM controller are similar to that of SDR (Single Data Rate) SDRAM; however there is a difference in the circuit design; DDR simply use sophisticated circuit techniques to achieve high speed. To perform more operations per clock cycle DDR SDRAM uses double data rate architecture. DDR SDRAM (also known as DDR) transfers data on both the rising and falling edge of the clock. The DDR controller is designed with objective of proper commands for SDRAM initialization, read/write accesses, regular refresh operation, proper active and precharge command etc. DDR SDRAM controller is implemented using Verilog HDL and simulation and synthesis is done by using Modelsim and Xilinx ISE accordingly.

Keywords: DDR, SDRAM, burst access, pipeline, Verilog HDL.

[1]. Sonali, AshokKumar Patel, SantoshKrishna M., Design of DDR SDRAM controller for embedded system, Journal of Information, Knowledge and Research in Electronics and Communication Engineering, Nov 12 to oct13, volume-02, Issue-02.
[2]. Deepali Sharma, Shruti Bhargava, Mahendra Vucha, Design and VLSI Implementation of DDR SDRAM Controller for high speed applications, International Journal of computer Science and Information Technologies, Vol.2 (4), 2011.
[3]. ALTERA, DDR SDRAM Controller White Paper, Ver1.1, 2002, 8.
[4]. www.xilinx.com
[5]. http://www.latticesemi.com/products/intellectualproperty/referencedesign/ddrsdramcontroller.cfm.

Abstract: C-Mantec is a new neural network algorithm that adds competition between neurons with thermal perceptron learning rule. The neuron learning is ruled by the thermal perceptron rule that guarantees the stability of the learnt information while the architecture increases and while the neurons involve in competition for newly incoming data. Competing makes it possible that even after new neurons have been added to the architecture, existing neurons can still learn if the incoming data is similar to that of the stored information, and this sets up a major difference with the existing constructive neural network algorithms. The new algorithm is tested with diabetes, a well-studied and needed real world problem. It has been used to analyze the size of the neural architecture and the generalization ability in order to compare it with those of other neural classification algorithms. The problem of underfitting/overfitting is also analyzed, and a new method to remove noisy samples is also created. Therefore, it has been shown that the new algorithm generates very small neural architectures with very good generalization capabilities.

Keywords: Competition, constructing, generalization capability, overfitting

[1]. Francisco Ortega-Zamorano,Jose M.Jerez,and Leonardo Franco,Senior Member,IEEE(MAY 2014} FPGA Implementation of the C-Mantec Neural Network Constructive Algorithm.
[2]. Jose L.subirats,Leonardo Franco*,Jose M.Jerez,ELSEVIER neural networks 26(2012)130-140.C-Mantec:A novel constructive neural network algorithm incorporating competition between neurons.
[3]. Daniel Urda, Jos´e Luis Subirats, Leo Franco, and Jos´e Manuel Jerez , Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2010, Constructive Neural Networks to Predict Breast Cancer Outcome by Using Gene Expression Profiles.
[4]. Jose ´ L. Subirats • Jose ´ M. Jerez • Ivan Gomez • Leonardo Franco, Cogn Comput (2010), Multiclass Pattern Recognition Extension for the New C-Mantec Constructive Neural Network Algorithm.

Abstract: The spectral contents of a frequency response curve can be modified by the system which is called as filter. To design a filter, the specifications must be used and the calculation of filter coefficients leads to approximate the desired frequency response. When a causal structure and non-recursive in nature with linear phase characteristics is used, the filter will be called as Finite Impulse Response (FIR).The FIR filter can be formed using Fourier Series Expansion Method. The Impulse Response of the filter is designed in discrete time (DT) domain with period equal to 2π considering the response between –π to +π in Fourier Series Expansion Method. So the length of the response is fixed and finite. The value π corresponds to the Nyquist Frequency (FN) which is equal to FS/2 where FS is the sampling frequency of the impulse response of the filter. In this paper the response curves for Low Pass, High Pass and Band Pass FIR Filter are observed and compared for different sampling frequency using Fourier Series Expansion Method. The main lobe and side lobe from the characteristics curves are also compared fordifferent types of filters.
Keywords: Finite Impulse Response, Fourier Series Expansion, Frequency Response Curve, Main Lobe, Sampling frequency, Side Lobe

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[5]. Gopal S. Gawande, Dr. K.B.Khanchandani, T.P. Marode, Performance Analysis of FIR digital Filter Design Techniques, International Journal of Computing and Corporate Research, Volume 2, Issue 1, January 2012.