iosr-JECE   Volume-10 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov-Dec 2015

Abstract: Indus Complex at Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology (RRCAT) has two synchrotron radiation sources, Indus-1 and Indus-2. Microtron is injector to both the machines which sends electron pulses to the Booster. A new, microcontroller based, distributed mains monitoring and switching system is developed for Indus complex. It facilitates remote monitoring and switching of AC power switches to various subsystems. It includes interfacing with power switches/Miniature Circuit Breakers (MCBs) of Indus machine subsystems. This work involves development of hardware, firmware for microcontroller, implementation of communication protocol; LabVIEW based server and client application. The developed system allows remote monitoring and switching of MCBs from main control room. Keywords: Microcontroller, LabVIEW, Protocol, MCB, Power

[1] X. Zhang, "Reversible data hiding in encrypted image", IEEE Signal Process, vol. 18, no. 4, Apr 2011,pp. 255-778.
[2] Xiaolong Li, Weiming Zhang, Xinlu Gui, and Bin Yang, "A Novel Reversible Data Hiding Scheme Based on Two-Dimensional Difference-Histogram Modification", IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, VOL. 8, NO. 7,July 2013.
[3] J. M. Barton, "Method and Apparatus for Embedding Authentication Information Within Digital Data", U.S. Patent 5 646 997, 1997.
[4] B. Macq, "Lossless multi resolution transform for image authenticating watermarking, in Proc. EUSIPCO", Sept. 2000, pp. 533536.
[5] M. U. Celik, G. Sharma, A. M. Tekalp, and E. Saber, "Reversible data hiding, in Proc. Int. Conf. Image Processing", vol. II, Sept. 2002, pp. 157160.
[6] S. Lian, Z. Liu, Z. Ren, and H. Wang, "Commutative encryption and watermarking in video compression", IEEE Trans. Circuits Syst. Video Technol, vol. 17, no. 6, Jun 2007, pp.774-778.

Abstract: In this paper, the implementation and analysis of RTS/CTS mechanism for data transfer in wireless network is being studied. The Request-To-Send (RTS) and Clear-To-Send (CTS) mechanism is widely used in wireless networks to avoid collisions due to hidden nodes by reserving the channel for transmitting data from source to destination. The collisions caused by the hidden nodes reduce the network throughput and efficiency. In RTS/CTS mechanism, RTS/CTS packets set the timer for the neighboring nodes so that these nodes defer their transmission for the entire data packet transmission period. But there may be the case when the intended transmission completes before the expiration of this timer, so a kind of delay has been developed. To reduce this delay, the proposed methodology in this paper provides RTR (Ready-To-Receive) packets along with RTS/CTS packets.

[1] Vivek Jain and Dr. Dharma P. Agrawal, Enhancing Throughput of Multihop Wireless Networks using Multiple Beam Smart Antennas, doctoral diss., University of Cincinnati, USA, 2002
[2] Priyadarshini Sabut, A Mechanism Improve the Performance of IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol, M.Tech thesis, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 2011
[3] Huang Lu, Jie Li, Zhongping Dong, Yusheng Ji, CRDMAC: An Effective Circular RTR Directional MAC Protocol for Wireless Ad Hoc Networks, IEEE Conference on Mobile Ad-hoc and Sensor Networks, 2011, 231-237.
[4] Huei-Jiun Ju, Izhak Rubin, and Yen-Cheng Kua, An Adaptive RTS/CTS Control Mechanism for IEEE 802.11 MAC Protocol, IEEE conference on Vehicular Technology, 2, 2003, 1469-1473.
[5] P.Srivalli, N.Nagakumari, G.Anupama, V.Srujana, Avoidance of Collision and Overhearing in Wireless Sensor Networks, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technologies, 2 (5), 2011, 2300-2303.

Abstract: We find difficult to detect and diagnosis the disease in olden times ,our human body is sensitive and there are lot of obstacles in which we fail to understand the disease as well as the activities that are going inside our body, so recently scientists have found out how ultrasound can be useful in medical field .In this paper we discuss about the beam former technology using VLSI architecture and FPGA implementation. Index terms:- FPGA(field programmable gate array),ultrasound, disease, obstacles, VLSI(very large scale integration)

[1]. Evolution Of Ultrasound Beamformers Kai E. Thomenius .
[2]. Adaptive Beamforming Using Lms Algorithm. - Revati Joshi , Ashwinikumar Dhal .
[3]. FPGA Implementation of Adaptive Weight Calculation Core Using QRD-RLS AlgorithmAdaptive.
[4]. VLSI Architecture: Past, Present, and Future William J. Dally and Steve Lac Computer Systems Laboratory Stanford University
[5]. VLSI Circuits for Adaptive Digital Beamforming in Ultrasound Imaging Mustafa Karaman, Abdullah Atalar, and Hayrettin Koymen
[6]. DCD Algorithm: Architectures, FPGA Implementation and Applications –Jie Liu.

Abstract:The aim of this work is to miniaturize microstrip patch antenna array resonating at 3.8 GHz suitable for WiMax application using defected ground structure (DGS).The DGS has been employed to shift the resonance frequency of an initial microstrip antenna array from 5.2 GHz to 3.8 GHz by disturbing the antenna's current distribution. The proposed DGS is integrated in the ground plane under the patch antenna array for size reduction. Finally, the miniaturization up to 45% with respect to the conventional microstrip antenna is successfully accomplished. A prototype of the antenna was fabricated with the RT-Duriod substrate. This technique has been validated experimentally and measured results were found to be in good agreement with simulated results.

[1]. Balanis, C.A., Antenna Theory: Analysis and Design, John Wiley & Sons, Inc, 1997.
[2]. Nashaat, D., H. Elsadek, and H. Ghali, "Multiband miniaturized PIFA for compact wireless communication applications," Microwave and Optical Technology Letters, Vol. 42, No. 3, 230– 235, August 2004.
[3]. L. H. Weng, Y. C. Guo, X. W. Shi, and X. Q. Chen "An Overview on Defected Ground Structure," Progress In Electromagnetics Research B, Vol. 7, 173–189, 2008
[4]. Lo, T.K. and Y. Hwang, "Microstrip antennas of high permittivity for personal communication,"1997 Asia Pacific Microwave Conference, 253-256, 1997.
[5]. Tirado-Mendez, J. A., M. A. Peyrot-Solis, H. Jardon-Aguilar, E. A. Andrade-Gonzalez, and M. Reyes-Ayala, "Applications of novel defected microstrip structure (DMS) in planar passive circuits," Proceedings of the 10th WSEAS International Conference on CIRCUITS, 336–369, Vouliagmeni, Athens, Greece, Jul. 10–12, 2006.

Abstract:A dual band electromagnetic band gap structure is designed, simulated and measured. This is carried out using CST microwave studio software, the design is carried out on FR-4 substrate by Method of Suspended Transmission Line. The structure posses a dual band gap that effectively suppress surface wave at the dual frequencies. The result from the simulation gives dual band gaps that resonate at 1.8GHz and 4.0GHz and the measured result resonate at 1.8GHz and 4.3GHz, this show there is a good agreement between the two results. The structure is simple and easily incorporated with microwave and wireless devices.

Keywords: Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) Structure, Dual Band, Mushroom Shaped EBG and Symmetrically Distribution.

[1] Alam, M. S., Misran, N., Yatim, B., & Islam, M. T. (2013). Development of electromagnetic band gap structures in the perspective of microstrip antenna design. International Journal of Antennas and Propagation, 2013.

[2] Ayop, O., Rahim, M. K. A., Kamarudin, M. R., Aziz, M., & Abu, M. (2010, April). Dual band electromagnetic band gap structure incorporated with ultra-wideband antenna. In Antennas and Propagation (EuCAP), 2010 Proceedings of the Fourth European Conference on (pp. 1-4). IEEE

. [3] Rahim, M. K. A. (2008). Electromagnetic Band Gap (EBG) Structure in Microwave Device Design. Electrical Engineering.

[4] Rahmat-Samii, Y., & Mosallaei, H. (2001). Electromagnetic band-gap structures: Classification, characterization, and applications. In Antennas and Propagation, 2001. Eleventh International Conference on (IEE Conf. Publ. No. 480) (Vol. 2, pp. 560-564). IET.

[5] Zhang, D., Jiang, T., & Kong, Y. (2014). A novel compact EBG structure for multiband wireless communication.

Abstract: This paper presents home office and industrial security system using sensor based surveillance camera which consumes less amount of electricity & memory. It also increases product lifetime and ensure better performance.

Index Item: Introduction, Methodology, Block Diagram, Circuit Description

[1]. http://www.cctvcamerapros.com/security-camera-systems-s/21.htm
[2]. http://www.cctvcamerapros.com/Motion-Detector-Surveillance-Camera-p/pir-600dn.htm
[3]. http://www.tenbestreview.com/electronics-gadgets/top-10-best-wireless-security-cameras-in-2015/
[4]. https://www.sparkfun.com/products/12642
[5]. https://lowvoltage.wordpress.com/2011/05/15/lm386-mic-amp/

Abstract: Network congestion is one of the major problems of GSM service providers as the number of subscribers increase and new services are introduced. All the proposed techniques in literatures for controlling congestion are centered on two principles which are either to reject excessive traffic to prevent over-utilization of network resources or diverting excess load if overload occurs. These techniques do not specify how network resource can be provided to absorb rejected or diverted traffic so that revenue will not be lost during congestion and hence, they do not really address congestion during busy hour.

[1]. Adegoke, A., Babalola I., and Balogun, W. (2008) "Performance Evaluation of GSM Mobile System in Nigeria," Pacific Journal of Science and Technology, pp. 436-441, 2008
[2]. Alarape, M.A., Akinwale, A.T. and Folorunso, O.,(2011), A Combined Scheme for Controlling GSM Network Calls Congestion. International Journal of Computer Application (0975-8887), Vol.14 No. 3
[3]. Allen, K., Fitzpatrick, P. and Ivanovich, M., (2003), Joint Traffic Signaling Capacity Analysis in GSM
[4]. Biebuma, J.J.,Orakwe, S.I and Igbekele, O.J., (2010), Traffic Modeling for Capacity Analysis of GSM Networks in Nigeria, Continental Journal of Information Technology, 4: 78 – 79.
[5]. Boulmalf, M., Abrache, J., Aouam, T., and Horroud, H. (2009) ,"Traffic Analysis of GSM Networks," IEEE Journal, pp. 498-503, 2009.
[6]. Boulmalf M. and Akhtar S., (2003), Performance Evaluation of Operational GSM's Air-Interface (Um), in Proc. of Applied Telecommunication Symposium," Orlando, Florida, pages 62-65, March 2003.

Abstract:Now a day's highly integrated multi layer board with IC's is virtually impossible to be accessed physically for testing. The major problem detected during testing a circuit includes test generation and gate to I/O pin problems. In design of any circuit, consuming low power and less hardware utilization is an important design parameter. Therefore reliable testing methods are introduced which reduces the cost of the hardware required and also power consumed by the device. In this project a new fault coverage test pattern generator is generated using a linear feedback shift register called FC-LFSR which can perform fault analysis and reduces the total power of the circuit.

[1] Afzali.A, Alisaface.M, Atoofian.E, Hatami.S and Navabi.Z,A New Low-Power Scan-Path Architecture,‟‟ IEEE International
Symposium, Vol.5, pp.5278 - 5281, 23-26 May 2005.
[2] Crouch.A, Design-for-Test for Digital IC's and Embedded Core Systems,‟‟ Prentice Hall, 1999.
[3] M.Aubertin,Member,IEEE, J. M. Pierre Langlois, Member, IEEE, Munshin,Member,IEEE "A New Approach to Design Fault
Coverage Circuit with Efficient Hardware Utilization for Testing Applications" IEEE transactions on very large scale integration
(vlsi) systems, vol. 21, no. 5, may 2013
[4] Mehrdad Nourani, Mohammad Tehranipoor, Nisar Ahmed,""Low- Transition LFSR for BIST-Based Applications,‟‟14th Asian
Test Symposium, pp. 138- 143, 18-21 Dec. 2005.176
[5] M. ElShoukry, C. P. Ravikumar, and M. Tehranipoor, "Partial gating optimization for power reduction during test application," in
Proceedings of the 14th Asian Test Symposium (ATS '05), pp. 242– 245, ind, December 2005.

Abstract: The constraint to satisfy the need of increased bandwidth requirement for high speed applications with higher performance has been a motivation to work on Optical Orthogonal Frequency division multiplexing (OOFDM) technique with coherent detection. We implement the coherent optical OFDM (CO-OOFDM) technique and investigate the effect of the number of sub-carriers on performance over single mode fiber (SMF) links. To explore improvement in performance adaptive subcarriers has been selected by assigning subcarriers to user according to the conditions of channel. An adaptive subcarrier allocation has been investigated and performance comparison for proportional and equal allocation has been carried over.

Keywords: OOFDM, BER, SNR, Subcarriers.

[1]. W. Shieh, H. Bao, and Y. Tang, 2008, "Coherent Optical OFDM: Theory and Design", Opt. Express, 16, pp.842-859.
[2]. M. Ergen, S. Coleri, and P. Varaiya, 2003, "QoS aware adaptive resource allocation technique for fair scheduling in OFDMA based broadband wireless access systems", IEEE Trans. Broadcast., 49(4), pp. 362–370.
[3]. Z. Han, Z. Ji, and K. J. R. Liu, 2005, "Fair multiuser channel allocation for OFDMA networks using nash bargaining solutions and coalitions", IEEE Trans. Commun., 53(8), pp.1306–1376.
[4]. W. Shieh, H. Bao, and Y. Tang, 2008, "Coherent Optical OFDM: Theory and Design, Opt. Express", 16, pp.842-859.
[5]. M. Cavallari, C. R. S. Fludger, and P. J. Anslow, 2004, " Electronic signal processing for differential phase modulation formats", Presented at the Optical Fiber Communication Conference. OFC, pp. 422-425.
[6]. W. Shieh and I. Djordjevic, 2010, "OFDM for Optical Communications", Elsevier.
[7]. H. Sun, K.-T. Wu, and K. Roberts, 2008, "Real-time measurements of a 40 Gb/s coherent System", Opt.Express, 16, pp. 873-879.

Abstract: To develop an electronic stethoscope to amplify the sound of the heart and reduce any background ambient noise thereby producing a perfect heart beat sound for hearing, and to verify the ability of the electronic stethoscope in performing a better function than the medical acoustic type without any side effect on the people, is the aim of this work. The device is developed and consists of two microphones whose signals are sent through a quad amp which implements an initial gain of three and filters the input via a five pole Sallen-Key low pass filter. The two filtered signals are sent to a mixer, which allows the user to select which input microphone they would like to use and adjust the bass and treble characteristics of the signal. Following the mixer, the signal is sent to another switch, which allows the user to choose between headphone or speaker output.

[1]. J. Leyden, (2001): The Chance Invention that Changed Medicine. Saturday Evening Post, pp. 46-73.
[2]. Standris Medical Supply, Inc. (2011):History of Stethoscopes. Retrieved October 23, 2011, from Standris Medical Supply, Inc.
[3]. M. Lambe, (2009):How Does the Stethoscope Work. Retrieved November 15, 2011, from Livestrong.com: http://www.livestrong.com/article/30071
[4]. M.C. Grenier, K. Gagnon, J. Genest, J. Durand, L.G. Durand, (1998): Clinical Comparison of Acoustic and Electronic Stethoscopes and Design of a New Electronic Stethoscope. The American Journal of Cardiology, pp. 653-656.
[5]. D.J. Griffiths,(2008):Development of Ionic Polymer Metallic Composites as Sensors. Retrieved October 23, 2011, from .doctor:
[6]. D. Birrenkott, B. Wendorff, J. Ness and C, Durante,(2011): Heart & Breath Sounds Amplifier. Madison: University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Biomedical Engineering.

Abstract:Images are often corrupted by impulse noise in the procedures of image acquisition and transmission. In this paper we proposes a method for effective detection of noisy pixel based on median value and an efficient algorithm for the estimation and replacement of noisy pixel, the replacement of noisy pixel is carried out twicewhich provides better preservation of image details. The presence of high performing detection stage for the detection noisy pixel makes the proposed method suitable in the case of noiselevels as high as 60% to 90% random valued impulse noise; the proposed method yields better image quality.
Index Terms: Mean square error, Peak signal to noise ratio, Median filter, Random valued impulse noise.

[1.] J. Bhabesh Deka and Dipranjan Baishnab "A Linear Prediction Based Switching Median Filter for the Removal of Salt and Pepper Noise from Highly Corrupted Image" in CISP2012 ©2012 IEEE.
[2.] Shanmugavadivu P & Eliahim Jeevaraj P, S, "Laplace Equation based Adaptive Median Filter for Highly Corrupted Images", International Conference on Computer Communication and Informatics (ICCCI -2012), 2012.
[3.] Dagao Duan, Yueliang Wan, "A Detail Preserving Filter for Impulse Noise Removal" in International Conference on Computer Application and System Modeling (ICCASM 2010).
[4.] V. Jayaraj and D. Ebenzer, "A new switching based median filtering scheme and algorithm for removal of high density salt and pepper noise in images," ERASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing, vol. 2010, pp. 50:1-50:11, 2010
[5.] Gonzalez R.C, Woods. R.E., Digital Image Processing, 3rd edition, Pearson Prentice Hall, 2009.
[6.] Y. Dong and S. Xu, "A new directional weighted median filter for removal of random-valued impulse noise," IEEE Signal Processing Letters, vol. 14, no.3, pp. 193-196, 2007.

Abstract: Les modèles de propagation sont des outils essentiels pour la planification et l'optimisation radio dans les réseaux mobiles. Ils permettent d'évaluer la puissance du signal reçu par un terminal mobile, d'évaluer les rayons de couvertures et d'en déduire le nombre de cellules nécessaires pour couvrir une zone donnée. Cet article prend en compte le modèle standard K facteur pour ensuite utiliser un algorithme de régression linéaire s'appuyant sur la méthode des moindres carrés ordinaires pour mettre sur pied un modèle de propagation adapté au milieu physique de la ville de Yaoundé au Cameroun. Les mesures radio ont été faites sur le réseau CDMA2000 1X-EVDO de l'opérateur CAMTEL. Le calcul de la racine carrée de l'erreur quadratique moyenne entre les données réelles issues des mesures radio et les données de prédiction issues du modèle mis en place permet de valider les résultats obtenus.

[1]. Chhaya Dalela, et all « tuning of Cost231 Hata modle for radio wave propagation prediction », Academy & Industry Research Collaboration Center, May 2012.
[2]. Medeisis et Kajackas « the tuned Okumura Hata model in urban and rural zones at Lituania at 160, 450, 900 and 1800 MHz bands », Vehicular Technology Conference Proceedings, VTC 2000-Spring Tokyo. IEEE 51st Volume 3 Pages 1815 – 1818, 2000.
[3]. Prasad et al « tuning of COST-231Hata model based on various data sets generated over various regions of India »,
[4]. Mardeni &Priya et All, optimized COST-231 Hata model to predict path loss for suburban and open urban environments in the 2360-2390MHz, Progress In Electromagnetics Research C, Vol. 13, 91-106, 2010.
[5]. MingjingYang; et al « A Linear Least Square Method of Propagation Model Tuning for 3G Radio Network Planning », Natural Computation, 2008. ICNC '08. Fourth International Conference on Vol. 5, pages 150 – 154, 2008.
[6]. Chen, Y.H. et Hsieh, K.L « A Dual Least-Square Approach of Tuning Optimal Propagation Model for existing 3G Radio Network »,Vehicular Technology Conference, 2006. VTC 2006-Spring. IEEE 63rd Vol. 6, pages 2942 – 2946, 2006.

Abstract: UART is used for serial data communication. UART is a piece of computer hardware that translates between parallel bits of data and serial bits. UART is usually an integrated circuit used for serial communications over a computer or peripheral device serial port. Bits have to be moved from one place to another using wires or some other medium. Over many miles, the expense of the wires becomes large. To reduce the expense of long communication links carrying several bits in parallel, data bits are sent sequentially. Errors may occur either internally or externally while we transmit information from source to destination. The errors generated during the transmission would affect the performance of the overall system. In order to reduce the errors we should incorporate any error detecting schemes like hamming decoder, check parity systems etc. Different serial communication devices are available.

Index Terms: Baurd rate, Universal asynchronous receiver transmitter

[1] J.D.Lee,P.S Bhojwani and R.N Mahapatra, "A safety Analysis FrameWork for COTS Microprocessors In Sfety Critical Applications" Proc. Of the 10th IEEE High Assurance System Engineering Symposium,pp.407-408,2007. [2] M.Razmkhah,S.G Miremedi& A.Ejlali,"A Micro-FT-UART for safety Critical SoC Based Applications";In Proc. ARES,2009,pp.316-321.
[3] Zhou Yi; Zhou Zhonghua; Hou Ligang; Wu Wuchen," Design and optimization of Serial communication system interface module" Computer Engineering and Technology (ICCET), 2010 2nd International Conference on Year: 2010, Volume: 7.
[4] Kumar, U.K.; Umashankar, B.S."Improved Hamming Code for Error Detection and Correction" Wireless Pervasive Computing, 2007. ISWPC '07. 2nd International Symposium on Year: 2007.
[5] Yuanyuan Cui; Xunying Zhang"Research and implemention of interleaving grouping Hamming code algorithm" Signal Processing, Communication and Computing (ICSPCC), 2013 IEEE International Conference on Year: 2013.

Abstract: Wireless mesh network (WMN) is a new wireless networking concept. Unlike traditional wireless networks, Wireless Mesh Networks do not rely on any fixed communications. As an alternative, hosts rely on each other to keep the network connected. Wireless Internet service providers are choosing WMNs to offer Internet connectivity, as it allows a fast, simple and inexpensive network use. One major challenge in design of these networks is their vulnerability to security attacks. In this paper, principal contemporary security issues for wireless mesh networks have been investigated. Identification of the threats a Wireless mesh network faces and the security goals to be realized are described. The new challenges and opportunities posed by this new networking environment are dealt with and explored approaches to secure its communication.

Key Words: WLAN, WMN, MANET, WPA, MAC Layer.

[1] "Firetide website." http://www.firetide.com.
[2] "MeshNetworks website." http://www.meshnetworks.com.
[3] J. Sen, "Secure and privacy-preserving authentication protocols for wireless mesh networks", bookchapter in: Applied
Cryptography and Network Security, J. Sen (ed.), pp. 3 - 34, INTECH, Croatia,2012.
[4] J. Sen, "Secure routing in wireless mesh networks", book chapter in: Wireless Mesh Networks, N.Funabiki (ed.), pp. 237-280,
INTECH, Croatia, 2011.
[5] E. Shi and A. Perrig, "Designing secure sensor networks", IEEE Wireless Communication Magazine,vol 11, no 6, pp. 38-43, 2004.
[6] W. Xu, W. Trappe, Y. Zhang, and T. Wood, "The feasibility of launching and detecting jammingattacks in wireless networks", in
Proceedings of the 6th ACM International Symposium on Mobile AdHoc Networking and Computing (MobiHoc'05), Urbana-
Champaign, IL, USA, pp. 46-47, May 2005,ACM Press.

Abstract:Many pulse radar applications, target detection becomes very difficult when the echo consists of high background noise due to clutter. In this paper to overcome this limitation and to enhance detection performance a novel Radial basis neural network (RBNN) filter based on radial basis function neural network is developed.
The RBNN filter is optimized by using computer search with poly-semantic codes as input. The filter is implemented by replacing the matched filters in the digital phase coded pulse compression system.

Key Words: Target detection, Radial basis neural network, Poly-semantic codes, Signal-to-sidelobe ratio, Integrated-sidelobe level.

[1]. Haykin S, "Neural Networks: A Comprehensive Foundation", Macmillan College Publishing Company, Inc., New York, 1994
[2]. Khairnar D.G., Merchant S.N. and Desai U.B., "Radial basis neural network for pulse radar detection", Radar, Sonar & Navigation,
IET, Vol.1, no.1, Feb 2007, pp.8-17.
[3]. Demuth H. and Beale M., "MATLAB neural network toolbox, Users guide", ver.2, The Math Works Inc., Natick, 1997.
[4]. Haygan M.T., Demuth H.B. and Beale M., "Neural Network Design", Thomson Asia Pte. Ltd, Singapore, 2002.
[5]. Duh F-B. and Juang C-F., "Radar Pulse Compression for Point Target and Distributed Target Using Neural Network", Journal of
Information Science and Engineering, Vol.23, 2007, pp.183-201.