iosr-JECE   Volume-10 ~ Issue-6 ~ Nov-Dec 2015

Abstract: As technology is growing very rapidly, Micro scale devices are playing a vital role in the electronic, mechanical and other application areas due to their integrability with CMOS IC technology, low power consumption, low cost Fabrication and Large frequency-Quality factor product. As there is a much demand for small and portable devices the applications of micro devices like MEMS based Bulk Acoustic Wave (BAW) resonators are rapidly increasing. In this paper we will present the analysis of thin-film BAW resonator designed in 2D using eigenfrequency by using Zinc oxide and Lead Zirconate Titanate (PZT-8) materials and try to achieve a high quality ( Q) factor .

[1] Joydeep Basu and Tarun Kanti Bhattacharyya, " Microelectromechanical Resonators for Radio Frequency Communication Applications" , Microsystem Technologies, Oct 2011, vol. 17(10–11), pp. 1557–1580.

[2] Vikram Kumar Singh, Abhilash Amsanpally and Dr.K.C.James Raju , "Self Aligned MEMS Based High-Q Disk Resonator", 2012

[3] Pourkamali S, Hao Z, Ayazi F (2004) VHF single crystal silicon capacitive elliptic bulk-mode disk resonators–part II: implementation and characterization. J Microelectromech Syst 13(6):1054–1062.

[4] Lee JEY, Seshia AA (2009) 5.4-MHz single-crystal silicon wine glass mode disk resonator with quality factor of 2 million. Sens Actuators A 156:28–35.

[5] R. Clark, W.-T. Hsu and C. T.-C. Nguyen, "High-Q VHF Micromechanical Contour-mode Disk Resonator," Technical Digest, IEEE Int. Electron Devices Meeting, San Francisco, California, Dec. I 1-13, 2000, pp. 493-496.

[6] High-Q HF Micro electromechanical Filters, Frank D. Bann on, III, Student Member, IEEE, John R. Clark, Student Member, IEEE and Clark T.-C. Nguyen, Member, IEEE JOURNAL OF SOLID-STATE CIRCUITS, VOL. 35, NO. 4, APRIL 2000.

Abstract: This sensor based system can compute the speed of vehicle. It also computes the momentum of vehicles and the traffic density on the approach road. This system will also detect any vehicular problems such as brake failure, accidents on the roads and also detect the section which is affected or will be affected. The system can be easily rectified in case there is a failure in the sensors. The system can also be used for estimating any obstruction in between two ends of the road.

Keywords: Traffic Density Measurement; Accident Detection; Vehicular Speed Computation; Road Acceleration

[1]. Modulation, Wikipedia, en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modulation
[2]. A. S. Sedra and K.C. Smith, Microelectronic Circuits, Oxford University Press, India, 2013
[3]. D. Roy Choudhury and Shail B. Jain, Linear Integrated Circuits, New Age Techno Press, India, 2013
[4]. B.L. Theraja, A Textbook of Electrical Technology, S.Chand & Company Pvt. Ltd. India, 2013
[5]. Mathew N.O. Sadiku, Principle of Electromagnetics, Oxford University Press, India, 2013

Abstract: Microprocessor is a program controlled semiconductor device (IC), which fetches, decode and executes instructions. It is versatile in application and is flexible to some extent. Nowadays, modern microprocessors can perform extremely sophisticated operations in areas such as meteorology, aviation, nuclear physics and engineering, and take up much less space as well as delivering superior performance Here is a brief review of microprocessor and its various application

Key words: Semi Conductor, Integrated Circuits, CPU, NMOS ,PMOS, VLSI

[1]. Kaushik D.K; An Introduction to Microprocessor 8085,Dhanpat Rai Publishing Company.2010
[2]. Durga Devi R, Uma S, Mirunalinie S. A survey on Embedded System; International Journal of Engineering Research 3 (2), 2015, 5 - 8
[3]. SenSK;Understanding 8085/8086 Microprocessor And Peripheral Ics Through Questions And Answers; New Age International (P) Ltd. 2nd Edition, 2010
[4]. http://scanftree.com/microprocessor/Evolution-and-Classification-of-Microprocessors
[5]. http://www.intel.com/pressroom/kits/quickrefyr.htm#1976
[6]. Yadav J, Bhatia K &Kaushil K; Microprocessor, IJRIT International Journal of Research in Information Technology, Volume 2, Issue 10, October 2014, Pg. 14-18

Abstract: Increased demand for competitive advantages and effectiveness in electronic systems has affected almost all operational activities that an organization deals with on a regular basis. It also results in the need for different control systems that can be of assistance in any industrial efficiency. In the past, manufacturing and process plants were controlled mechanically, whether by manual or full power hydraulic systems, which facilitated an increase in the need for discrete and private electronic devices and control loops. These loops can comprise different electronic circuits that include hard-wired relay transduced systems. However, they are characterized by their large size and utilization of large spaces. In addition, single digital controllers may need many kilometers of wires that are used for the field.

[1]. Mukherjee and A. Adas, ―An MPEG2 Traffic Library and its Properties,‖ (http://www.knoltex.com/aboutKnoltex/people/amarnath/papers/mpeg2Library.htm), 1998.
[2]. Cerpa, J. Elson, D. Estrin, L. Girod, M. Hamilton, and J. Zhao, ―Habitat Monitoring:Application Driver for Wireless Communications Technology,‖ Computer Communications Review, Supplement issue, pp. 20-41, 2001.
[3]. Chandramohan and K. Christensen, ―A First Look at Wired Sensor Networks for Video Surveillance Systems,‖ proceedings of the High Speed Local Networks Workshop at the 27th IEEE Conference on Local Computer Networks (LCN), pp. 728-729, November 2002.
[4]. Anderson, ―FireWire System Architecture (Second Edition),‖ MindShare, Inc., 1999.
[5]. Detect and Photograph Intruders with a Portable, Motion-Sensing Camera! SMARTHOME, Inc., 2002. URL: http://www.smarthome.com/764801.html.

Abstract: Shielding effectiveness analysis of double shields with conductors using plane-wave theory are carried out as a function of angle of incidence. The plane wave shielding effectiveness of new combination of these materials is evaluated for the double shields. Stable highly conductive materials , with characteristics of light-weight, mechanically strong materials are considered for shielding the EMI. The analysis is done at a particular frequency for double shields of aluminum and copper polymers.
Keywords: Shielding effectiveness; double shields, Oblique incidence, Electromagnetic Interference; EMI

[1]. Kiang, J.-F., "Shielding effectiveness of single and double plates with slits," IEEE Transactions on Electromagnetic Compatibility,
Vol. 39, No. 3, 260-264, August 1997.
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Abstract: As number of modules per chip is increasing, number of transistors in a chip increases resulting in increase in area and power dissipation. Area and power dissipation problems can be most effectively addressed if the basic building blocks of the circuit are designed for lower power dissipation and occupy less space. Flip-Flop, which is basic building block, plays a major role in design of complex systems. From the open literature, Semi Dynamic Flip-Flop (SDFF) and Dual Dynamic Flip-Flops (DDFF) are classic structures which are efficient for incorporating complex logic functions.

[1]. V. Stojanovic and V. Oklobdzija, "Comparative analysis of master-slave latches and flip-flops for high-performance and low-power systems," IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 536–548, Apr. 1999.
[2]. Kalarikkal Absel, Lijo Manuel, and R. K. Kavitha, "Low-Power Dual Dynamic Node Pulsed Hybrid Flip-Flop Featuring Efficient Embedded Logic'', IEEE Tans. VLSI, Syst., vol.21, no.9, pp. 12-29, Sep. 2013.
[3]. H. Patrovi, R. Burd, U. Salim, F. Weber, L. DiGregorio, and D. Draper, "Flow-through latch and edge-triggered flip-flop hybrid elements," in Proc. IEEE ISSCC Dig. Tech. Papers, Feb. 1996, pp. 138–139.
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[5]. O. Sarbishei and M. Maymandi-Nejad, "A novel overlap-based logic cell: An efficient implementation of flip–flops with embedded logic," IEEE Trans. Very Large Scale Integr. (VLSI) Syst. , vol. 18, no. 2, pp. 222–231, Feb. 2010.

Abstract: Decimator is an important sampling device used for multi-rate signal processing in wireless communication systems. Multirate systems have traditionally played the important role in compression for contemporary communication application.In this paper it demonstrated that a multistage implementation of sampling rate conversion often provides for a more efficient realization, especially when filter specifications are very tight (e.g., a narrow pass band and narrow transition band) and there are a audio-band of 4kHz bandwidth and compression by decimator to isolate the frequency component 80Hz.The LPF used by the decimator are acquire by two different approaches: first is the window method and other is frequency sampling method,Multistages implementations are used to further reduce the computational load.

[1] Wen Jin, Michael S. Scordilis, Alexander Iliev ―Comparison and Implementation of a 16-bit Fixed-point Audio Resampler‖, IEEE Conference Publications, Vol.2, DOI: 10.1109/ACSSC.2004.1399472 PP: 1798 – 1800,2004

[2] Rajesh Mehra, Swapna Devi, ― Optimized Design of Decimator for Alias Removal in Multirate DSP Applications‖, ISSN: 1790-2769, ISBN: 978-960-474-189-2, PP:100-103 ,2010

[3] John G.Proakis,Dimitris G. Manolakis , ―Digital Signal Processing ―,4th Edition,PP PEARSON Prentice Hall An imprint of Pearson Education. PP: 750 – 822, 2007.

[4] S. K. Mitra, ―Digital Signal Processing‖ A Computer-Based Approach, McGraw-Hill, NY, PP: 655 – 738,1998.

[5] Mathworks, ― Users Guide Filter Design Toolbox-4‖, March-2007.

[6] S salivahanan.A Vallavaraj.C Gnanapriya, ―Digital Signal Processing ‖,Twenintieth reprint 2006,Tata McGraw -Hall, New Delhi,PP:555-565,1993.

Abstract: The paper represents the overall design and implementation of DSP based speech recognition and text conversion system. Speech is usually taken as a preferred mode of operation for human being, This paper represent voice oriented command for converting into text. We intended to compute the entire speech processing in real time. This involves simultaneously accepting the input from the user and using software filters to analyse the data. The comparison was then to be established by using correlation and μ law companding techniques. In this paper, voice recognition is carried out using MATLAB. The voice command is a person independent. The voice command is stored in the data base with the help of the function keys.

[1] Poonam.S.Shetake, "Review of text to speech conversion methods" International Journal of Industrial Electronics and Electrical Engineering, ISSN: 2347-6982 Volume-2, Issue-8, pp. 28-32, Aug.-2014 [2] R. Gadalla, "Voice Recognition System for Massey University Smarthouse," M. Eng thesis, Massey University, Auckland, New Zealand, 2006.

[3] Kyung-Saeng Kim and Kwyro Lee, "Low-power and area efficient FIR filter implementation suitable for multiple taps", IEEE Transaction on Very Large Scale Integration, Vol. 11, no. 1, pp.150-153, 2003. [4] L. R. Rabiner and R. W. Schafer, Digital Processing of Speech Signals, New Jersey, US: Prentice Hall Inc, 1978.

[5] Devendra Kumar Somwanshi, Image Acquisition, Recognition & Speech conversion, Thapar University, Patiala,M.E, july-2009

[6] Xiaohua Zeng ,Fapojuwo, A. ; Davies, R.J., Design and performance evaluation of voice activated wireless home devices, Research in Motion, Ottawa, Ont.

Abstract: This paper gives the feasibility analysis of PV- Battery system for an off-grid power station in Sohag city. Hybrid PV-battery system was used for supplying a combined pumping and residential load. A simple cost effective method for sizing stand-alone PV hybrid systems was introduced. The aim of sizing hybrid system is to determine the cost effective PV configuration and to meet the estimated load at minimum cost. This requires assessing the climate conditions which determine the temporal variation of the insolation in Sohag city. Sizing of the hybrid system components was investigated using RETscreen and HOMER programs. The sizing software tools require a set of data on energy resource demand and system specifications. The energy cost values of the hybrid system agrees reasonably with those published before.

Key-words: Renewable energy source, energy cost, PV, battery, HOMER, RETscreen

[1] Md. Alam Hossain Mondal and A.K.M. Sadrul Islam,"Potential and viability of grid-connected solar PV system in Bangladesh", journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/rser, pp.1869-1874, 2010.
[2] Arnab Bhattacharya and Jeffrey P. Kharoufeh, "Optimal Microgrid Energy Storage Strategies in the Presence of Renewables", Industrial and Systems Engineering Research Conference, 2014.
[3] M. H. Albadi, R. S. Al Abri, M. I. Masoud, K. H. Al Saidi, A. S. Al Busaidi, A. Al Lawati, K. Al Ajmi,and I. Al Farsi,"Design of a 50 kW solar PV rooftop system", International Journal of Smart Grid and Clean Energy, vol. 3, No. 4, pp. 402_409, October 2014.
[4] Socrates Kaplanis, Nikolaos Papanastasiou,and Antonis Spiroianoulous, "A combined sizing and LCC analysis to obtain the most cost effective PV-configuration", University of Patra, Greece, pp. 362-370.
[5] K. Burman, J. Keller, and B. Kroposki, "Renewable Power Options for Electrical Generation on Kaua'i: Economics and Performance Modeling", National Renewable Energy Laboratory (Technical Report), pp. v-38, November 2011.
[6] S.E. Sadique, Ahad Ali, and D. Wang, "Virtual Optimization of a Wireless, Solar PV/Wind Hybrid System Controller for Street-Lighting Applications based on Environmental Conditions in Greater Toronto Area", International Conference on Industrial Engineering and Operations Management, pp. 2286-2295, 2012.

Abstract: An intelligent mobility management scheme for mobile communication systems was studied. From the result obtained, it was discovered that mobile to mobile call setup times showed a better performance as compared to fixed network to mobile call setup and mobile to fixed call setup times. Moreover, increasing the number of location areas within the switch does not affect inter-MSC handover and location updates since the size of the switch coverage area remains the same. And when the location areas within the switch is increased, intra-MSC location updates and handover also increases. Finally, user mobility directly affects the signaling traffic for handover, location management, radio resource allocation and routing.

Keyword: GSM, user mobility, handover, subscriber, SMS, mobile phone, mobility management, signaling.

[1]. William C. Y. L. (2006). Wireless & Cellular Telecommunication. McGraw-Hill Publisher, Singapore
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[6]. Markoulidakis J. G., Lyheropoulos G. I., Tsirkas D. F. and Sykas E. D. (1997). Mobility modeling in third generation mobile telecommunication system. IEEE pers. Comm. pp 41-56
[7]. Pollini G. P. and Goodman D. J. (1996). Signaling system performance evaluation for personnel communication. IEEE transaction on vehicular technology Vol 45, No. 1

Abstract: In this paper an accurate analysis of two-dimensional (2D) coupled ring resonators based on high-index-contrast is carried out. The normalized transmission spectra for single-ring and double-ring configuration have been investigated by using a robust and accurate Multiresolution Time Domain (MRTD) technique with conjunction with uniaxial perfectly matched layer (UPML) absorbing boundary condition that rigorously terminate the computational window. The resonant-mode quality factors (Q), free spectral range (FSR) are numerically investigated. The variation of the structure parameters such as the symmetric and asymmetric gap size (g) lead to dramatic changes of Q and the extinction ratio of the device. Studies of the transmission characteristics for the ring diameter of 3.4 μm shows the possibility for achieving Q's in several thousands and FSR of 9 THZ (80nm) in the 1.55 μm wavelength range.

Keywords:- multiresolution time domain, microcavity, numerical analysis ring resonators,, time domain methods.

[1]. Taflove A., Hagness S. C.: 'Computationsl electrodynamics: The finite-Difference Time-Domain Method' (Artech House, Norwood, Inc, 2005)
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Abstract: One of the important classes of sparse signals isthe non-negative signals. Many algorithms have alreadybeenproposed to recover such non-negative representations, whereveravaricious and convex relaxed algorithms are among the mostpopular methods. The covetous techniques have been changedto incorporate the non-negativity of the depictions. Onesuch modification has been proposed for Extranious EquivalentDetection (EED), which first chooses positive constants and usesa non-negative optimization technique as a replacement for theorthogonal projection onto the nominated support..

[1] S. Mallat and Z. Zhang, "Matching pursuits with time-frequency dictionaries," IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing, vol. 41, no. 12, pp. 3397–3415, 1993.

[2] M. Aharon, M. Elad, and A. Bruckstein, "K-svd: An algorithm for designing overcomplete dictionaries for sparse representation," Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on [see also Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing, IEEE Transactions on], vol. 54, no. 11, pp. 4311–4322, 2006.

[3] H. Abut, R. Gray, and G. Rebolledo, "Vector quantization of speech and speech-like waveforms," Acoustics, Speech, and Signal Processing [see also IEEE Transactions on Signal Processing], IEEE Transactions on, vol. 30, no. 3, pp. 423–435, Jun 1982.

[4] Stephen Boyd and LievenVandenberghe, Convex Optimization, Cambridge University Press, March 2004. [5] K. Wang, C.-H. Lee, and B.-H. Juang, "Maximum likelihood learning of auditoryfeature maps for stationary vowels," Spoken Language, 1996. ICSLP 96. Proceedings., Fourth International Conference on, vol. 2, pp. 1265–1268 vol.2, 3-6 Oct 1996. [6] G.Z. Karabulut, L. Moura, D. Panario, and A. Yongacoglu, "Integrating flexibletree searches to orthogonal matching pursuit algorithm," Vision, Image and Signal Processing, IEE Proceedings -, vol. 153, no. 5, pp. 538–548, Oct. 2006.

[7] F. Bergeaud and S. Mallat, "Matching pursuit of images," in ICIP, 1995, pp. 53–56 [8] P.K. Bharadwaj, P.R. Runkle, and L. Carin, "Target identification with wave-based matched pursuits and hidden markov models," Antennas and Propagation, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 47, no. 10, pp. 1543–1554, Oct 1999.

Abstract: Safety is the most vital part of any type of industry. Negligence in the safety part may cause damaging of high quality equipment or may cause loss of human life. In industry safety and security is a fundamental aspect. To avoid unwanted phenomena all industries follows some basic precaution [1]. Communication is the most vital key factor today, to monitor different parameters continuously and to take necessary actions to avoid any types of hazards related to production and security. To avoid loss of material and human health, security and safety system and reliable continuous faithful communication system is essential. To improve security, safety and productivity a reliable communication system must be established.

[1] Purnima and S.R.N. Reddy., "Design of Remote Monitoring and Control System with Automatic Irrigation System using GSM- Bluetooth,"International Journal of Computer Application, June 2012. [2] N. Baker, "Zigbee and bluetooth strengths and weaknesses for industrial applications," Computing & Control Engineering Journal, vol. 16, pp. 20–25, Apr./May 2005. [3] N. M. Z. Hashim, M. S. Sizali, "Wireless Patient Monitoring System", International Journal of Science and Research (IJSR) Volume 2 Issue 8, pp 250-255, 2013. [4] Zigbee Development Kit Users Guide (2008), MeshNetics Doc. S-ZDK-451-01 v.1.10. [5] K.F.Tsang,H.Y.Tung,K.L.Lam,(2009)"Zigbee:From Basics to Designs and Applications", Prentice Hall. [6] N. M. Z. Hashim, N. A. Ali, A. S. Jaafar , N. R. Mohamad, L. Salahuddin, N. A. Ishak, "Smart Ordering System via Bluetooth", International Journal of Computer Trends and Technology (IJCTT) – volume 4 Issue 7, pp. 2253 2256, 2013.

Abstract: Metamaterial is a composite material that is artificially designed by arranging its unit cell in a periodic manner that provides it with unusual electromagnetic properties. In addition these materials have broad frequency range coverage making it further beneficial It is due to these reason; metamaterial have gained popularity in the recent past.. In the last few years, compact and improved performance antennas are designed using metamaterials for microwave frequency range. Patch antenna is one such type and is very much suitable
for modern applications in microwave range. Therefore, in this paper we provide a comprehensive study of metamaterial inspired patch antennas used in the last decade. Also, there pros and cons are discussed in this paper. At the last we provide open issues and challenges that may help researchers working in this direction.
Keywords: Metamaterial, Patch antenna, Performance enhancement, SRR(Split Ring Resonator)

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Abstract: H-Plane Tee junctions are commonly used for power division and as a radiator with vertical polarization. The coupled arm is fed with a rectangular slot either longitudinal or inclined. The slot between the feed waveguide and coupled guide , couples power. Shunt Tee is used as array element. Array antennas are popular in different radar and communications applications. They are preferred for both scan and non-scan applications. Such a junction is found to resonate and susceptance changes from positive to negative at resonant frequency. However, conductance peak occurs at a frequency slightly less than the resonant frequency. It is evident from literature that the resonant frequency is controlled by slot parameters. In order to provide additional parameters to control resonant frequency, some investigations are carried to find the variation of admittance characteristics with frequency. From these variations, the resonant frequency is identified from the cross over point of susceptance.

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Abstract: This report describes the simulation model of Erbium doped fiber amplifier (EDFA) with different pump power (250mw,300mw,up to 500mw) with optimized gain and maintained noise figure is obtained by using single pumping (backward pumping) with the wavelength 980nm and 1480nm pumping wavelength and the results are plotted with various fiber length and pump power. The performance of the EDFA based WDM system has been evaluated in terms of different parameter such as gain, gain flatness, and noise figure. The system has a wide variety of research in next generation networks. The EDFA optical amplifier system is require less input power so such systems are easy to evaluate and provide high gain and less noise figure. Many factors i.e. gain flatness, noise figure and bit error rate (BER) may influence the performance of such systems.

[1] M.M.Ismail et al, "EDFA-WDM Optical Network Design System", In SciVerse Science Direct, Malaysian Technical Universities Conference on Engineering And Technology 2012, MUCET 2012. [2] Farah Diana Binti Mahad et al, "EDFA Gain Optimization for WDM System", In ELEKTRIKA Department of Optic and Telematics Engineering, Vol.11,No.1,-2009. [3] S.Semmalar et al, "Optimized Gain EDFA of different lengths with an influence of pumping power", In Engineering college, puducherry,India. [4] B.Nagaraju et al, "Design and fabrication of an asymmetric twin-core fiber directional coupler for gain- flattened EDFA", In physics department, India institute of technology delhi, CNRS 6622 parc valrose, F 06108 NICE cedex2, France. [5] Hirotaka Ono, "Wide-Range Variable Gain Fiber Amplifier With Erbium-Doped Fiber Switching", in journal of light wave technology, vol. 13, No.12, june15, 2013. [6] Liu Liying, Ma Yu, Yang Jiuru "Performance Optimization based Spectrum Analysis on OFRA and EDFA Devices" P.R. China TELKOMNIKA, Vol. 11, No. 7, July 2013, pp. 3742~3749 e-ISSN: 2087- 278X.

Abstract: The main objective of this paper is to discuss a design of planar monopole printed antenna for Wi-MAX applications. Proposed antenna consists of a circular radiating patch on the top surface of the FR-4 substrate with isosceles triangular slot in the middle. This design is having a multi-structural defected ground plane for better performance. Proposed design is resonating at 3.5GHz and 5.3GHz of Wi-MAX bands with very less return losses. Proposed antenna also offers suitable impedance bandwidth with stable gain at both the upper and middle bands of IEEE 802.16 standard for Wi-MAX applications. Since, this design is operated as linearly polarized antenna so; it also handles problems associated with dual band antennas, such as cross polarization and spurious radiation. This antenna shows approximate omnidirectional radiation pattern in x-y plane. The proposed antenna is a good candidate for short range wireless communication because of its advantages. In this work, Ansoft HFSS is used for design and simulation of the proposed antenna. The detailed design steps with parameters and measured results are discussed in this paper.

Keywords: bandwidth; dual band; gain; high frequency Structure Simulator; isosceles triangular slot; return loss.

[1] Wenkuan Chen, Yuanxin Li, Hongyan Jiang and Yunliang Long, Design of novel tri-frequency microstrip patch antenna with arc slots, Electronics Letters, 24th May 2012, Vol. 48, No. 11.
[2] H. F. AbuTarboush, H. S. Al-Raweshidy and R. Nilavalan, Triple Band Double U-Slots Patch Antenna for Wi-MAX Mobile Applications, Proceedings of APCC2008 copyright © 2008 IEICE 08 SB0083.
[3] Pichet Moeikham, Prayoot Akkaraekthalin, A Pentagonal Slot Antenna with Two-Circle Stack Patch for WLAN/Wi-MAX, International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and Communication Systems (lSPACS) December 7-9, 2011.
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