iosr-JECE   Volume-11 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep-Oct 2016

Abstract: Biomedical images are the core of medical science. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) scans produce detailed images of the internal structure of human brain and other parts of the body. Brain tumor segmentation from brain MRI data is a very significant task but it is done manually by medical experts which is very cumbersome and time-consuming. A large number of techniques have been proposed for the automatic brain tumor detection and segmentation from the brain MRI images. In this paper, the existing brain tumor detection and segmentation techniques for brain MRI images have been discussed.

Keywords: Brain MRI images, FCM, Region growing, Thresholding, Tumor segmentation

[1]. Gordillo, Nelly, Eduard Montseny, and Pilar Sobrevilla, "State of the art survey on MRI brain tumor segmentation", Magnetic resonance imaging, Elsevier, vol. 31, no. 8, pp. 1426-1438, 2013.
[2]. Aswathy, S. U., G. Glan Deva Dhas, and S. S. Kumar, "A survey on detection of brain tumor from MRI brain images", In Control, Instrumentation, Communication and Computational Technologies (ICCICCT), International Conference on, pp. 871-877, IEEE, 2014.
[3]. Aslam, Asra, Ekram Khan, and MM Sufyan Beg, "Improved Edge Detection Algorithm for Brain Tumor Segmentation", Procedia Computer Science, vol. 58, pp. 430-437, 2015.
[4]. Roy, Sudipta, and Samir K. Bandyopadhyay, "Detection and Quantification of Brain Tumor from MRI of Brain and its Symmetric Analysis", International Journal of Information and Communication Technology Research, vol. 2, no. 6, 2012.

Abstract: ELV stands for Extra Low Voltage Systems, Low Current Systems , Electronic Systems or as Telecommunication Systems. ICT components can also be known as ELV Systems. The myths over the use of A.C. or D.C. for power distribution are deep-rooted, perhaps dating back to Edison. With increasing D.C. powered loads in building services (for example, in LED lighting circuits, portable device charging, access and security systems, or environmental control) often extremely inefficient, transformer/rectifier units (contributing to localized heating of the working space through I2R losses)...........

Keywords: ELV systems, applications, SELV, PELV , FELV

[1] Stand-alone Power Systems Components.,Renewable Energy Centre Edition 1 (Dec 2002) Resource Book.
[2] Afazuddin Ahamed http://resources.intenseschool.com/smart-building-technology-how-ict-engineers-can-change-the-community/
[3] Blane Judd – Chair of the IET Standards Technical Committee 2.4 DC Power Systems
[4] http://www.cisco.com/web/strategy/education/connected_real_estate_for_schools.html

[5] http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Building_services_engineering

Abstract:We have theoretically and numerically investigated the self-healing peculiarity of Airy beams truncated by different decay factors. The self-healing dynamic processes of truncated Airy beams are different from that of blocked Airy beams. The wing with large truncation of Airy beam can propagate much longer distance than that of small truncated wing. When one of the wings is complete truncated, the Airy beam propagates along a straight line and neither self-bending nor self-reconstruction can be observed. The Poynting
vector and energy flow are conducted to gain an insight into the physical mechanism

Keywords: (350.5500) Propagation; (050.1940) Diffraction; (260.1960) Diffraction theory; (260.2110) Electronmagnetic optics.

[1] Migule A. Bandres, Ido Kaminer, Matthew S. Mills, B. M. Rodríguez-Lara, Elad Geenfield, Morderchai Segev and Demetrios N.
Christodoulides. ―Accelerating optics beams‖, Optics & Photonic News 2013, 30-37.
[2] Miguel A Bandres and B M Rodríguez-Lara, ―Nondiffracting accelerating waves: Weber waves and parabolic momentum‖, New
Journal of Physics 15, 2013, 013054.
[3] M. Clerici, D. Faccio, A. Lotti, E. Rubino, O. Jedrkiewicz, J. Biegert, P. Di Trapani, ―Finite-energy, accelerating Bessel pulses‖,
Optics Express 2008, 16(24), 19807-19811.
[4] Gil Porat, Ido Dolev, Omri Barlev, and Ady Arie, ―Airy beam laser‖, Optics Letters 2011; 36: 4119–4121.
[5] Pavel Polynkin, Miroslav Kolesik, Jerome V. Moloney, Georgios A. Siviloglou, Demetrios N. Christodoulides, ―Curved Plasma
Channel Generation Using Ultraintense Airy Beams‖ Science 2009, 324, 229-232

Abstract: This paper addresses the issues concerned with the provision of scalable video services over heterogeneous networks particularly with regards to dynamic adaptation and user's acceptable quality of service. In order to provide and sustain an adaptive and network friendly multimedia communication service, a suite of techniques that achieved automatic scalability and adaptation are developed using H.264/AVC Extension codec platform. The objective, subjective and real time performances of the techniques are evaluated to assess the Quality of Service (QoS) provided to diverse users with variable constraints and dynamic resources..........

Keywords: Adaptation, Dynamic-Scalability, H.264/AVC, Heterogeneous-Networks, Scalability.

[1]. H. Schwarz, D. Marpe and T. Wiegand, Overview of the scalable video coding extension of the H. 264/AVC standard, Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 17, pp. 1103-1120, 2007.
[2]. M. Ghanbari, Standard codecs: Image compression to advanced video coding, in 2003.
[3]. X. Li, P. Amon, A. Hutter and A. Kaup, "One-pass multi-layer rate-distortion optimization for quality scalable video coding: in Acoustics, Speech and Signal Processing, 2009. ICASSP 2009. IEEE International Conference on, 2009, pp. 637-640.
[4]. S. F. Chang and A. Vetro, "Video adaptation: concepts, technologies, and open issues," Proc IEEE, vol. 93, pp. 148-158, 2005.
[5]. S. Muhammad, Scalable and Network Aware Video Coding for advanced Communications Over Heterogeneous Networks., Brunel University London, School of Engineering, 2013.

Abstract: Authentication and recognition can be achieved using biometric methods such as fingerprint, DNA, Iris etc. Human iris is the most reliable biometric because of its uniqueness, stability and noninvasive nature. The iris recognition system includes image acquisition, pre-processing (normalization and segmentation), feature extraction and recognition. For feature extraction, different methods considered are DWT, CT and HoG. 2D DWT, used to create a feature vector is decompose up to its 8th level and the approximate coefficients are retained to represent the feature vector............

Keywords: Discrete Wavelet Transform (DWT), Contourlet Transform (CT), Histogram of Oriented Gradients (HoG), False Acceptance Rate (FAR), False Rejection Rate (FRR).

[1]. Ameya Deshpande, Sumitkumar Dubey, Hrushikesh Shaligram, Aditya Potnis and Satishkumar Chavan "Iris Recognition System using Block Based Approach with DWT and DCT," IEEE India Conference (INDICON), 2014.
[2]. D. Monro, S. Rakshit, and D. Zhang, "DCT-based iris recognition," IEEE Trans. Pattern Anal. Mach. Intell., vol. 29, no. 4, pp. 586–595, 2007.

[3]. Daugman J., "New methods in iris recognition", IEEE Trans. Syst., Man, Cybern. Part B: Cybern., vol. 37, no. 5, pp. 1167–1175, 2007.
[4]. LiYu, David Zhang and Kuanquan Wang, "The Relative Distance Of Key Point Based Iris Recognition," Pattern Recognit., vol. 40, pp.423-430, 2007.
[5]. J. Daugman, "How iris recognition works," IEEE Trans. Circuits and Systems for Video Technology, Vol.14, No.1, pp. 21-30, 2004.

Abstract: Ofdm Is A Multicarrier Transmission System Which Is Used In Many Modern And Emerging Communication Standards Such As Dvb, Wireless Local Area Networks Etc. The Conventional Ofdm System Uses Fft As Their Basic Building Block. The Disadvantages Of Fft Ofdm Are The Addition Of Cyclic Prefixes Between The Carriers Which Consumes More Bandwidth. Our Proposed Work Makes Use Of The Dwt Principle To Generate Ofdm Which Improves The Bandwidth Without Cyclic Prefix. The System Is Designed, Especially Under The Presence Of Phase Noise To Study Its Effect. Ldpc Encoding Technique Is Used To Reduce The Phase Noise Of The Proposed System. Different Wavelet Transforms Performance Is Compared With Fft Ofdm. The Results Clearly Show That Dwt Excels Fft.

Keywords: Ofdm, Fft, Dwt. Phase Noise, Ber, Ldpc.

[1] N. Hariprasad and G. Sundari,"Comparative Analysis of the BER Performance of DWT OFDM over that of FFT OFDM in Presence of Phase Noise", International Conference on Robotics, Automation, Control and Embedded Systems – RACE 2015 18-20 February 2015, Hindustan University, Chennai, India.
[2] Amara Graps, "An Introduction to Wavelets" IEEE Computational Science and Engineering, Summer 1995, vol. 2, num. 2, published by the IEEE Computer Society, 10662 Los Vaqueros Circle, Los Alamitos, CA 90720, USA.
[3] Bernhard M.J. Leiner, "LDPC Codes – a brief Tutorial‟, 2005.
[4] ]Khaizuran Abdullah and Zahir M. Hussain, "Studies on DWT-OFDM and FFT-OFDM Systems" International conference Muscut Feb 15-19, 2009 (ICCCP‟09) PP 383-386.
[5] Wu S. & Bar-Ness. Y. (2004). OFDM systems in the presence of phase noise: Consequences and solutions. IEEE Transactions on communications 52. 1988-1996.

Abstract: Reversible data hiding (RDH) is utilized to embed secret message into a cover image by somewhat adjusting its pixel values. Embedded message and the spread image are totally recuperated from the checked substance. RDH underpins data hiding with the lossless compressibility of normal images. Lossless pressure, distinction expansion, histogram change, predection error expansion and whole number change systems are utilized for RDH process. Histogram based RDH method is isolated into two stages histogram era and histogram change. Histogram development is performed with the pixel pair's arrangements and their diverse qualities......

Keywords: Reversible data hiding, prediction-error expansion, multiple histograms modification, adaptive embedding, Zhicheng's Method.

[1]. Zhenxing Qian, Xinpeng Zhang and ShuozhongWang, "Reversible Data Hiding in Encrypted JPEG Bitstream." IEEE Trans. on Multimedia, VOL. 16, NO.5, Apr. 2014.
[2]. W. Hong, T. S. Chen, and C. W. Shiu, " Reversible Data Hiding Based on Histogram Shifting of Prediction Errors," in Intelligent Onformation Technology Application Workshops, pp. 292-295, 2008.
[3]. J.M. Barton, "Method and Apparatus for Embedding Authentication Information Within Digital Data," U. S. Patent 5646997, 1997.
[4]. A. M. Alattar, " Reversible Watermark Using the Difference Expansion of a generalized Integer Transform, IEEE Transaction Image processing, VOL. 13, no. 8 pp. 1147-1156, 2004.
[5]. H. J. Kim, V. Sachnev, Y. Q. Shi, J. Nam, and H. G. Choo, A Novel Difference Expansion Transform for Reversible Data Embedding, IEEE Transaction Information Forensics and Security, vol. 3, no. 3, pp. 456-465, 2008.

Abstract: The presented paper describes the studies and experimental results conducted about the various aspects of power quality indices measurement as part of the project "the conception and development of a DSPIC based poly phase energy metering and power quality analyzer". The system is developed based on dsPIC30F2023 processor and the ADE7880 Polyphase Multifunction Energy Metering IC with Harmonic Monitoring. Studies are done on the interfacing of the system through UART with the PC using terminal software, interfacing the LCD module, configuring the ADE7880 IC and SPI interface to processor.......

Keywords:Energy metering IC, power factor, power quality analyzer, power quality, SPI, voltage sag.

[1] Roger. C. Dugan, Mark. F. Mc Granagham, Surya Santos, H. Wayne Beaty, 'Electrical Power Systems Quality' McGraw Hill.
[2] S.Khalid and B. Dwivedi, Power quality issues, problems, standards & their effects in industry with corrective Means, International
Journal of Advances in Engineering & Technology,1(2),2011,1-11.
[3] B. Vural, A. Kizil and M. Uzuno˘Glu, A power quality monitoring system based on MATLAB server pages, Turk J Elec Eng &
Comp Sci, 18(2), 2010
[4] Z. Kokolanski, M. Srbinovska, A. Simevski, C. Gavrovski and V. Dimcev, Power Quality Monitoring and Power Measurements by
Using Virtual Instrumentation, ELECTRONICS, VOL. 13(1), 2009, 70-76.
[5] P. Yadav and V. N. Chavda, Development of power monitoring and analysis system based on web server, International Journal of
Engineering Development and Research,2(2), 2014,1840-1843

Abstract: Compressive sensing is a technique for data acquisition that promises sampling a sparse signal from a far fewer measurements than its dimension. In this paper for speech signal "Hello" of length "n=16000" is reconstructed using Orthogonal Matching Pursuit. For better reconstruction an effort is made to fix the size of sensing matrix φ. Factors such as mean square error (MSR), signal to noise ratio (SNR) and peak signal to noise ratio (PSNR) are taken into considerations to measure the performance of the reconstructed signal......

Keywords: Compressive sensing, Sensing matrix, Sparse signal, OMP, Discrete Cosine Transform.

[1] David L. Donoho. 2004. Compressive sensing. Department of statistics, Stanford University.
[2] Emmanuel J. Candes and Michael B. Wakin, ― "An Introduction to Compressive sampling." IEEE signal Processing Magazine, Vol.25, Issue.2, pp.21-30, 2008.
[3] Heung-No lee. 2011. Introduction to compressive sensing. Lecture notes. 26-29.
[4] Ahmed Sabir. 2011. Compressive sensing for speech signals in mobile system. M.S. Thesis. The University of Texas.
[5] Compressive Sensing in speech processing: "A survey based on sparsity and sensing matrix". IJETAE vol. 3 issue 12. December- 2013.

Abstract: The advantages of CMOS sensors over conventional CCD sensors are the possibility in integration of all functions required for timing, exposure control, color processing, image enhancement, image compression, analog-to-digital (ADC) conversion on the same chip and low-power operation. However, although CMOS sensors naturally provide low-power dissipation, their wide utilization in various portable battery-operated devices generates an increased demand for more aggressive power reduction.......

Keywords: CMOS, CCD, micro-photodiodes, Photo-detectors, Light Emitting diodes.

[1]. O. Yadid-Pecht, A. Belenky " In-Pixel Autoexposure CMOS APS "IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 38, No. 8, 1425-1428, August 2003.
[2]. A. Fish, A. Belenky and O. Yadid-Pecht, "Wide Dynamic Range Snapshot APS for Ultra Low-Power Applications, IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II, vol. 52, no. 11, pp. 729-733, November, 2005.
[3]. M. Clapp and R. Etienne-Cummings, "Dual Pixel Array for Imaging, Motion Detection and Centroid Tracking," IEEE Sensors Journal, Vol, 2, No. 6, pp. 529-548, December 2002.
[4]. O. Yadid-Pecht, A. Belenky " In-Pixel Autoexposure CMOS APS " IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. 38, No. 8, 1425-1428, August 2003.
[5]. A. Fish, S. Hamami and O. Yadid-Pecht, "CMOS Image Sensors with Self-Powered Generation Capability", IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems II, vol. 53, no. 11, pp. 131-135, November 2006.

Abstract: This research aims to solve the problem selection to a decision. In the profile matching method, a parameter assessed on the difference between the target value with the value that is owned by an individual. There are two important parameters in this method such as core factors and secondary factors. These values are converted into a percentage of weight so as to produce the final decision as a determinant of the data which will be closer to the predetermined targets. By doing this method, sorting the data against specific criteria that are dynamicallyperformed.

Keywords: Profile Matching, Support System, Rank Problem

[1]. Jogiyanto, Analisis dan Desain Sistem Informasi : Pendekatan Terstruktur, Teori dan Praktek Aplikasi Bisnis, Yogyakarta: Andi Offset, 2005.
[2]. Kusrini, Konsep dan Aplikasi Sistem Pendukung Keputusan, Yogyakarta: Andi Offset, 2007.
[3]. D. J. Power, Decision Support Systems : Concepts and Resources For Managers, USA: Greenwood, 2002.
[4]. D. J. Power, "Evaluation: From Precision, Recall and F-Measure to ROC, Informedness, Markedness & Correlation," Journal of Machine Learning Technologies, pp. 37-63, 2011.
[5]. E. Turban, Decission Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, New Jersey: Pearson Education, 2005.

Abstract: Train has become a favoritetransportation in Indonesia, especially, in the near end of Ramadan. Thousands of people leaving fortheir home villages to meet and see their families and relatives. Therefore, a good and reliable railway communication system has to be considered as one of vital facilities in transportation business. This paper discussed about building telecommunication facilities for rail way communication system using Synchronous Digital Hierarchy ring network........

Keywords: Wi-Fi, TETRA, train dispatching, Ethernet, SDH.

[1]. ITU-T Oct 2000. Network Node Interface for the Synchronous Digital Hierarchy. Recommendation G.707/Y.1322.
[2]. ITU-T Dec 2003.Generic Framing Procedure (GFP). Recommendation 7041/Y.1303,
[3]. ITU-T Feb 2002. Link Capacity Adjustment Scheme (LCAS) for Virtual Concatenated Signal. Recommendation G.7042/Y.1305.
[4]. Ali, M, G. Chiruvolum2005.Traffic Engineering in Metro Ethernet.IEEE Network, pp.10 -17.
[5]. Brockners,F, N Finn,and S Pjilips.2003. MetroEthernet-deploying the extended campus using Ethernet technology. in Proceeding of
the 28th Annual IEEE International Conference on Local Computer Networks, pp. 594-604.

Abstract: Technology of School Environmental Safety Systems that currently using this day is not all right, especially at schools that are in remote areas. By looking at the current technological advances, the researchers created a device-based on monitoring using Webcam Raspberry whose function is to monitor the entire environment of the school. The results showed that the Software and Monitoring Tool created a good job and be able to monitor and secure the electrical devices that are in the school, both from a distance, or near, by using a Smartphone.

Keywords: device monitoring, school environment, raspberry, smartphone.

[1]. Alim .2012. Pengertian PHP dan MYSQL [online] (http://e-komputer.blogspot.Com /2012/10/ pengertian-php-mysql.html), diakses tanggal 06 Februari 2015
[2]. Budi Raharjo. 2011. Belajar Pemrograman Web. Bandung : Modula.
[3]. Christopher D.Celestial, and Arc E.P. Mercolesia. 2013. Smart Home Electricity Management System Using Cloud Computing (SHEMS). Journal of Advance in Computer Networks, Vol.1. No.1. March 2013.
[4]. Drajat, Iwan Setiawan. 2011. Aplikasi Smart Card sebagai Pengunci Elektronis pada Smart Home. Universitas Diponegoro Semarang.
[5]. Eisa Al Eisa, Imam Bakh .2012. Intelligent Home Monitoring Using RSSI in Wireless Sensor Networks. International Journal of Computer Networks and Communications (IJCNC) Vol.4. No.6. November 2012..

Abstract: In this paper we analyze the performance of B-spline filters, pre filtering and bit-plane coding for low bit rate image compression. The B-spline filters exhibit higher energy concentration in the lower frequency band than other known filters. This property can be exploited for very low bit rate image coding where the higher frequency bands might be very coarsely quantized. The relative information in the low frequency bands of the of the image can be increased by employ of the pre processing technique and bit-plane coding. Averaging technique is employed for image smoothening at low bit rates and bit-plane coding helps removing noise by discarding LSB. In this paper we analyze five techniques for image compression. It is found to be B-spline with one level of decomposition and preprocessing (along with bit-plane coding) gives the appropriate results as compared to the other techniques.

Keywords: B- Spline filters, filter banks, sub band coding, Pre processing, Image Averaging.

[1]. R. E. Crochiere and L. R. Rabiner, Multirate Digital Signal Processing. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall, 1983.
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[3]. P. P. Vaidyanthan, "Quadrature mirror filter banks, M-band extensions and perfect reconstruction Techniques," IEEE ASSP Magazine, pp. 4-20, July 1987.
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[5]. D. Le Gall and A. Tabatabai, "Sub-band coding of digital images using symmetric short kernel filters and arithmetic coding techniques," in Proceedings of the ICASSP 88 Conference, (New York), pp. 761-764, Ap april 1988..

Abstract: In the vision of 4G wireless communications, it is requisite to provide seamless mobility support across heterogeneous access networks. The benefit of heterogeneous network is that, devices can connect to different wireless networks without interruption of service while the network is being switched. The problem in heterogeneous environments is that transition between diverse types of access technologies can lead to reduced performance, mainly due to incompatibility problems. Seamless mobility can be achieved by enabling mobile terminals to conduct seamless handovers across diverse access networks, that is, seamlessly transfer and continue their ongoing sessions from one access network to another.........

Keywords: 4G, Vertical Handover decision (VHD), ARM, AI.

[1]. A. Bhuvaneswari, " An Overview of Vertical Handoff Decision Making Algorithms" I. J. Computer Network and Information Security, 2012, 9, 55-62 Published Online August 2012 in MECS DOI: 10.5815/ijcnis.2012.09.07
[2]. A. J. Onumanyi and E. N. Onwuka , "Techniques for vertical handoff decision across wireless heterogeneous networks: A survey" Scientific Research and Essays Vol. 6(4), pp. 683-687, 18 February, 2011
[3]. A.Ferdinand Christopher, Dr.M.K.Jeyakumar ,"User Data Rate Based Vertical Handoff in 4g Wireless Networks", Journal of Theoretical and Applied Information Technology, ISSN: 1992-8645,2013
[4]. Abdelhaleem Saeed, Hafizal Mohamad, Mazlan Abbas, Borhanuddin Mohd Ali, " WiFi/WiMAX Seamless Convergence with Adaptive Vertical Handover for Continuity of Internet Access" Advances in Internet of Things, 2011, 1, 32-37 doi:10.4236/ait.2011.12005 Published Online July 2011.

Abstract: We consider Rayleigh fading SIMO multicasting wireless network. At first, we characterize the channel capacity. Then the closed form expressions of Probability Density Function (PDF), Cumulative Distribution Function (CDF) and Complementary Cumulative Distribution Function (CCDF) of the capacity are derived by applying two diversity combining techniques, such as Selection Combining (SC) and Maximal Ratio Combining (MRC). Finally, we present a comparison between these two types of diversity combining techniques.

Keywords: CCDF, CDF, diversity combining techniques, MRC, multicasting wireless network, outage probability, SC.

[1]. Andrea Goldsmith, WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS, 7th Edition, New York, Cambridge University Press, 2005.
[2]. D. G. Brennan, Linear Diversity Combining Techniques, Proc. IEEE, Vol. 91, Pages: 331-356, 29th April, 2003.
[3]. Luu Pham Tuyen, Vo Nguyen Quoc Bau, Comparison of Diversity Combining Techniques for MIMO Systems, Proc. 17th Asia
Pacific Conference on Communications, 2-5 October, 2011.

[4]. Jorg Nuchell, Hendrick Hoffmann, Moritz Schack, Thomas kurner, Linear Diversity Combining Techniques Employed Car-to-X Communication Systems, Proc. 73rd IEEE Vehicular Technology Conference (VTC Spring), 15-18 May, 2011.
[5]. A. Arokiamarie Johnsi, V. Saminadan, Performance for Diversity Combining Techniques for FSO MIMO System, Proc. International Conference on Communications and Signal Processing (ICCSP), 3-5 April, 2013..

Abstract: This project includes the basic electronic concepts, programming language and compliers, and the use of microcontrollers. The main concepts of this project are the uses of microcontrollers and the programming language. In this project, paper colour detection system detects the different colours and display on LCD. C language is used to assign the function of internal processing of PIC. The source data table in the program had to be displayed the different colours displayed on the LCD screen.......

Keywords: PIC, LCD, Detection System, LDR, ADC.

[1]. Predko, M. 2001. Programming and Customizing PIC Microcontrollers, 2nd ed. Printed by Prentice-Hall, Inc.
[2]. Penfold, R. A. 1997. An Introduction to PIC Microcontrollers. 1st ed. Printed by BERNARD BABANI (publishing) LDT.
[3]. Bolyestand, R. Electronic Devices and Circuit Theory. 5th ed. Printed by Prentice-Hall, Inc.
[4]. Iovine, J. 2002. PIC Microcontroller Project Book. Printed by Mc Graw-Hill.
[5]. Win Htet Win,PIC Microcontroller projects in C ..

Abstract: The navigation signals being used in present and future Navigation Satellite System are studied in this paper. Traditional Global Position System (GPS) is using Binary Phase shift keying (BPSK) modulation with conventional rectangular (non return to zero) spreading symbols. Modernized GPS system will be making use of new modulation technique called Binary Offset Carrier (BOC) modulation that is better modulation design for next-generation radio navigation systems...........

Keywords: Binary Offset Carrier (BOC), BPSK, GPS, Modulation, Navigation Satellite System, MATLAB, power spectral density (PSD).

[1]. "Binary Offset Carrier Modulations for Radio navigation", JOHN W. BETZ, The MITRE Corporation, Bedford, Massachusetts.
[2]. "Galileo Signal Generation Simulation Analysis", Roger Canalda Pedrós, Department of Computer and Electronic Engineering, University of Limerick.
[3]. "Galileo Open Service, Signal In Space, Interface Control Document OS SIS ICD, Draft 1", European Space Agency/European GNSS Supervisory Authority.
[4]. "Galileo signal design: State of Art", Umberto Robustelli, Salvatore Gaglione,Raffaele Santamaria ,Mario Vultaggio.
[5]. "Performance of Galileo L1 Signal Candidates", Gunter W. Hein, Markus Irsigler, Jose Angel Avila Rodriguez and Thomas Pany..

Abstract: This paper comprehends the analysis of frequency of spoken Devnagari script and Numerals from the primitive speech signals. Devnagari vowels and numerals play essential role in pronunciation of any word or counting. Particular vowel & number is dividing as starting, middle and end according to the time of occurrences in the word. The Devnagari script contains 12-vowels and 34-consonants and they are pre-owned in some Indian language like Hindi and 10 numerals (0-9) are worn in mathematics. Sound samples from multiple speakers were applied to obtain different features. Starting processing of data, that is normalizing and time-slicing was done using an amalgamation of Simulink and MATLAB.........

Keywords: Frequency Analysis Devnagari script, Fourier transforms Correlation, Feature extraction..

[1]. D. O‟Shaughnessy, "Interacting with Computers by Voice-Automatic Speech Recognitions and Synthesis", (Invited Paper),
Proceedings of the IEEE, Vol. 91, No. 9, 2003, pp. 1272-1305.
[2]. Jun Cai, Ghazi Bouselmi, Yves Laprie, and Jean- Paul Haton, "Efficient Likelihood Evaluation and Dynamic Gaussian Selection for
HMM-Based Speech Recognition", Computer Speech and Language, Vol.23, 2009, pp.147–164
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[5]. Richard Salomon (2014), Indian Epigraphy, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0195356663, page 71.

Abstract: In this paper, the modified hamming scan algorithm called Hamming Backtrack algorithm is employed by taking figure of merit as the measure of goodness. The two quantitative measures are used to evaluate the detection capabilities of the radar signal in presence of high density additive noise and Doppler shift. The simulation results based on this design algorithm gives the multiple target detection.

Keywords— Hamming backtrack algorithm, Figure of merit, Doppler shift, Target detection

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