iosr-JECE   Volume-12 ~ Issue-1 ~ Jan-Feb 2017

Abstract: In modern radar applications, it is frequently required to produce sum and difference patterns sequentially. The sum pattern amplitude coefficients are obtained by using Dolph-Chebyshev synthesis method where as the difference pattern excitation coefficients will be optimized in this present work. For this purpose optimal group weights will be introduced to the different array elements to obtain any type of beam depending on the application. Optimization of excitation to the array elements is the main objective so in this process a subarray configuration is adopted........

Keywords: Antenna Arrays, Sum and Difference, Pattern Synthesis, Subarray weighting configuration, Ultra Sidelobe level suppression, Differential Evolution Method.

[1]. R. S. Elliot, "Antenna Theory and Design," Prentice-Hall, New York, 1981.
[2]. D. A. MC Namara, "synthesis of Sub-Arrayed Monopulse Linear Arrays through Matching of Independently Optimum Sum and Differences Excitations," Proc. IEE Microwave Antennas Propagation., Vol. 135, No. 5, PP. 371-374, October 1988.
[3]. C.A. Balanis, "Antenna Theory Analysis and Design," John Wiley and Sons, INC., United States of America, 1982.
[4]. G.S.N. Raju, Antennas and Wave Propagation, Pearson Education, 2005.
[5]. P. Lopez, F. Ares, J.A. Rodriguez and E. Moreno, "Subarray weighting for the difference patterns of monopulse antennas: joint optimization of subarray configurations and weights," IEEE Trans. Antennas and Propagation, Vol.49, No. 11, PP. 1606-1608, Nov. 2001.

Abstract: LTE (Long Term Evolution) is a 3GPP (Third Generation Partnership Project) wireless standards which uses the standard OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access) modulation, MU-MIMO (Multiuser Multiple Input Multiple Output) technology and different multipath fading models. LTE uses the spectrum more efficiently to deliver high speed data. This paper characterizes the downlink performance of LTE. The MIMO technology which provides high data rate applications to the users made a breakthrough in wireless communication and is defined in the LTE standard........

Keywords: 3GPP, LTE, MIMO, PHY, BER, SNR

[1] Dr Houman Zarrinkoub, Understanding LTE with Matlab® From Mathematical Modeling to Simulation and Prototyping Wiley, 2014.
[2] B. Sklar, Digital Communication Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ, Second Edition, 2008.
[3] S. Haykin, Communications Systems Second Edition, Wiley, 1983.
[4] J. Proakis, Digital Communication 5th Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2007.
[5] A. Goldsmith, Wireless Communication Cambridge University Press, 2005.

Abstract: Electromagnetic energy or RF energy will play a pivotal role in wireless technology and wireless communication in the impending future. The paper proposes a concept for a patch antenna based system that can harness RF energy upon triggering and can convert the harnessed RF to DC from the radio frequency of 1 GHz to 3 GHz, the design frequency is 2.4GHz. The patch antenna system contains a high gain patch antenna along with a wireless communicating module and a conversion circuit. The return loss of the antenna is approximately 27.1dB. The power gain is 30.1 dBm........

Keywords: Cooja, HFSS (High Frequency Structural Simulator), Multi-Sim, Patch antenna

[1]. Balanis, Constantine A. Antenna theory: analysis and design. John Wiley & Sons, 2016.

[2]. Fatthi Alsager, Ahmed. "Design and Analysis of Microstrip Patch Antenna Arrays." (2011).

[3]. Prasad, K. D., and Deepak Handa. Antenna and wave propagation. Satya Prakashan, 2003.

[4]. Kraus, John D., and Ronald J. Marhefka. "Antenna for all applications." Upper Saddle River, NJ: McGraw Hill (2002).

[5]. Reddy, M. Venkateswara, K. Sai Hemanth, and CH Venkat Mohan. "Microwave Power Transmission–A Next Generation Power Transmission System." IOSR Journal of Electrical and Electronics Engineering (IOSRJEEE), e-ISSN (2013): 2278-1676.

Abstract: Wireless Sensor Networks (WSN) is best suited for applications where continuous and long term data acquisition is required. Forest fire monitoring is one of such application where continuous monitoring of temperature and humidity is essential to detect the wildfire. Monitoring forest for wildfire detection is very much necessary to protect environment and to conserve forest wealth and habitats of biodiversity and livelihood of human. This paper presents an algorithm to detect the wildfire based on the changes occurring in humidity and temperature during fire and presents methodology based on ZigBee and GPRS wireless sensor network which provides low cost solution with long life time.............

Keywords: WSN, ZigBee, GPRS, temperature and humidity sensors, Arduino board.

[1]. Mihai T. Lazarescu, "Design of a WSN Platform for Long-Term Environmental Monitoring for IoT Apllication",IEEE journal on engineering and selected topics in circuits and systems, volume 3, no 1, march 2013.
[2]. Arnoldo Díaz-Ramírez,,LuisA.Tafoya, Jorge A. Atempa,PedroMejía- Alvarezb," Wireless Sensor Networks and Fusion Information Methods for Forest Fire Detection",Elsevier journals on The 2012 Iberoamerican Conference on Electronics Engineering and Computer Science
[3]. Junguo ZHANG, Wenbin LI, Ning HAN, Jiangming KAN, "Forest fire detection system based on a ZigBee wireless sensor network", published in Higher Education Press and Springer-Verlag 2008
[4]. K.Romer and F. Mattern, "The Design space of wireless sensor networks", IEEE wireless communication, vol.11,no.6,pp.54-61,Dec2004
[5]. http://learnline.cdu.edu.au/units/env207/fundamentals/weather.html

Abstract: Adiabatic describe the thermodynamic processes in which there is no energy exchange with the environment, and therefore very less dissipated energy loss. These circuits are low power circuits which use reversible logic to conserve energy. Adiabatic logic works with the concept of switching activities which reduces the power by giving stored energy back to the supply. The main design changes are focused on power clock which plays the vital role in the principle of operation. This has been used because many adiabaticcircuits use a combined power supply and clock, or a power clock (Four Phase)............

Keywords: Adiabatic Switching, Four Phase Power Clock, Recovery, Thermodynamic Process, Efficient charge recovery logic

[1]. W.C Athas L. Svensson, J.G. Koller, N.Tzartzanis and E.Y.Chou (1994) "Low-power Digital Systems Based on Adiabtic-switching Principles," IEEE Transactions on VLSI Systems Vol.2, No. 4, pp. 398-407.
[2]. A. Chandrakasan, S. Sheng and R. Brodersen, (1992) "Low-power Cmos Digital Design," IEEE journal of Solid State Circuits, Vol. 27,No 4, pp. 473-484
[3]. S. Kang and Y. Leblebici (2003), Cmos Digital Integrated Circuits – Analysis and Design, McGraw-Hill
[4]. Sung-Mo Kung and Yusuf Leblebici, CMOS Digital Integrated Circuits, Tata MaGraw Hill Edition, 2003, ISBN# 0-07-053077-7
[5]. M. Alioto and G. Palumbo, (2001) "Power Estimation in Adiabatic Circuit: A Simple and Accurate Model", IEEE Trans on VLSI Systems, Vol. 9, No. 5, pp 608-615.

Abstract: In this paper, dispersion characteristics of Photonic crystal fiber with four cusped hypocycloidal air-hole in cladding (FCH-PCF) are investigated by using fully vectorial effective index method. Computed results show that the dispersion dependence on geometric parameters such as the hole pitch and size parameter. We find the flattened dispersion and zero dispersion wavelengths.

Keywords: Dispersion, FCH Photinic crystal fiber, fundamental space filling mode, fully Vectorial effective index method

[1] E. Yablonovitch, Photonic band gap structures, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B., 10, 1993, 283-295.
[2] Ekmel Ozbay, Irfan Bulu, Koray Aydin, Humeya Calgayan, Kean Guven, Physics and Applications of Photonic Crystals, Photonics and Nanostructures Fundamentals and Applications, 2, 2004, 87-95.
[3] J. Broeng, D. Mogilevstev, S. E. Barkou and A. Bjakle, Photonic Crystal Fibers: a new class of optical waveguides, Opt. Fiber
Tech., 5, 1999, 305-330.
[4] P. St. J. Russel, Photonic-Crystal Fibers, J of Lightwave Tech., 24, 2004, 4729-4749.
[5] T. A. Birks, J. C. Knight, and P. St. J. Russell, Endlessly single-mode photonic crystal fiber, Opt. let., 22, 1997, 961-963

Abstract: In this paper, we present the Implementation of the Binary Multiplier on CPLD using Reversible logic gates. These circuits have been simulated on Active HDL and synthesised on Xilinx web pack 5.1 software.

[1]. A. De Vos, "Proposal for an implementation of reversible gates in CMOS", International Journal of Electronics, 76, pp. 293-302, 1994.
[2]. C.H.Bennett, "Logical Reversibility of Computation", IBM J. Research and Development, pp. 525-532, November 1993.
[3]. Thapliyal, M.B Srinivas and Hamid R. Arabnia, "A Reversible Version of 4 x 4-bit array multiplier with minimum gates and garbage Outputs ", 2005 International Conference on Embedded System and Applications (ESA'05), Las Vegas, U.S.A, June 2005, pp-106-114.
[4]. P. Kerntopf," A Comparison of Logical Efficiency of Reversible and Conventional Gates", Notes of 9th IEEE Workshop on Logic Synthesis,2000, pp. 261-269.
[5]. T. Sasao and K. Kinoshita, "Conservative logic elements and their logic designs", Synthesis and optimisation of logic system, IEEE, London, 1994.

Abstract: It is mainly focused today to transfer the messages secretly between two communication parties. The message from the sender to receiver should be kept secret so that the information should not known by anyone. Secret is the important thing today. The technique that is used for secure communication is called as steganography and it means that to hide secret information into innocent data. Digital images are ideal for hiding secret information. An image containing a secret message is called a cover image. In this paper will discuss about secret transformation of audio messages. The audio messages are hidden inside a cover image so no one can hack the audio but the audio should be encrypted before hidden inside the image.

Keywords: Steganography/ Cryptography/ Audio message/ image hiding/ least-significant bit (LSB) method

[1]. William Stallings, Cryptography and Network Security, Principles and Practice, Third edition, Pearson Education, Singapore, 2003.
[2]. R.J. Anderson and F. A. P. Petitcolas (2001) On the limits of the Stegnography, IEEE Journal Selected Areas in Communications, 16(4), pp.474-481.
[3]. Johnson, Neil F., and SushilJajodia. "Exploring Steganography: Seeing the Unseen". IEEE Computer Feb. 1998: 26-34.
[4]. A. Ker, "Improved detection of LSB steganography in grayscale images," in Proc. Information Hiding Workshop, vol. 3200, Springer LNCS, pp. 97-115, 2004.
[5]. C. C. Lin, and W. H. Tsai, "Secret Image Sharing with Steganography and Authentication," Journal of Systems and Software, 73(3): 405-414, December 2004.

Abstract:An appraisal of orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) accredited for IMT-Advanced has been well thought-out in this letter. Derivation of the power spectral density (PSD) produce new model which easily assess the interfering signal power that appears in the band of a victim system without a spectrum emission mask. Furthermore, the broad-spectrum investigative model (BIM) can assess the interference from the 4G systems into FSS systems, when transmit power is unallocated to some sub-carriers overlapping the band of the victim system. Closed form is derived to create the model.

Keywords: IMT-Advanced; Fixed satellite services; coexistence; OFDM; spectrum.

[1]. "A comparison of the minimum coupling loss method, enhanced minimum coupling loss method, and the monte-carlo simulation," CEPT ERC Report 101, May 1999.
[2]. W.-G. Chung, H.-S. Jo, H.-G. Yoon, J.-W. Lim, J.-G. Yook and H.-K. Park. "Advanced MCL method for sharing analysis of IMT-advanced systems", ELECTRONICS LETTERS 12th October 2006 Vol. 42 No. 21.
[3]. CEPT ECC Report 68, Compatibility Studies In The Band 5725 – 5875MHz Between Fixed Wireless Access (FWA) Systems And Other Systems, 2005.
[4]. "Adjacent band compatibility between UMTS and other services in the 2GHz band," CEPT ERC Report 65, May 1999.
[5]. Han-Shin Jo, Hyun-Goo Yoon, JaeWoo Lim and Jong-Gwan Yook "An Advanced MCL Method for Assessing Interference Potential of OFDM-Based Systems beyond 3G with Dynamic Power Allocation" Proceedings of the 9th European Conference on Wireless Technology, UK 2006.

Abstract: In this research paper, we have proposed a new type of capacitive shunt RF-MEMS switch. Micro-Electro-Mechanical System (MEMS) is a combination of mechanical and electromagnetics properties at micro level unit. This MEMS switch can be used for switching purpose at RF and microwave frequencies, called RF-MEMS switch. The RF-MEMS switch has a potential characteristics and superior performances at radio frequency. The MEMS switch has excellent advantages such as zero power consumption, high power handling capacity, high performance, and low inter-modulation distortion............

Keywords: Capacitive shunt, RF-MEMS, Substrate, CPW, Dielectric, FEM, Return loss, Insertion loss, Isolation

[1] Hsu, T.-R., MEMS &Microsystems Design and Manufacture. 2002: McGraw Hill.
[2] Rebeiz, G.M., RF MEMS Theory, Design, and Technology. 2003: A John Wiley & Sons Publication.
[3] Anil Kumar Sahu and B K Sarkar, "A Novel Low Actuation Voltage RF MEMS Shunt Capacitive Switch", 978-1-4244-4819, IEEE 2009.
[4] Preeti Sharma, Shiban K Koul* & Sudhir Chandra, "Studies on RF MEMS shunt switch", Indian Journal of Pure & Applied Physics, Vol. 45, April 2007, pp. 387-394
[5] Balachandran, S., et al. "High power nanocrystalline diamond RF MEMS- A combined look at mechanical and microwave. properties. in Microwaves, Communications, Antennas and Electronic Systems" , 2008. COMCAS 2008. IEEE International. Conference on. 2008.