iosr-JECE   Volume-12 ~ Issue-5 ~ Sep-Oct 2017

Abstract: The energy demand and power consumption is going on increase day by day . The concept of harvesting new sources of energy is the need of hour . One of the ways of developing electricity can be with the use of piezoelectric materials .Piezoelectric material are electromechanical elements .When a mechanical stress is applied to piezoelectric material a voltage is developed across its ends. The voltage generated depends directly on mechanical pressure. Our project focuses on utilizing the generated potential from piezoelectric material into electrical energy which can glow street lights . A circuit containg piezoelectric disks is designed and inserted beneath the speed breakers. Speed breakers consist of mechanicals spring which are directly in contact with piezoelectric disks elements. PZT can be used as.............

Keywords: piezoelectricity , mechanical pressure , strain ..

[1] Nelson W (2010) Piezoelectric Materials: Structure, Properties and Applications. New York: Nova Science Publishers.
[2] Kalyanaraman K, Babu J (2010) Power Harvesting System in Mobile Phones and Laptops using Piezoelectric Charge Generation. Proceedings of the World Congress on Engineering and computer science 2: 879-882.
[3] Kumar P (2013) Piezo-Smart Roads. International Journal of Enhanced Research in Science Technology and Engineering 2: 65-70.
[4] Arjun M, Sampath A, Thiyagarajan S, Arvind V (2011) A Novel Approach to Recycle Energy Using Piezoelectric Crystals. International Journal of Environmental Science and Development 2: 488-492.
[5] Hill D, Agarwal A, Tong N (2014) Assessment of Piezoelectric Materials for Roadway Energy Harvesting. DNV Kema

Abstract: This paper presents an idyllic method for controlling the traffic in metro cities without disturbing the surviving system. Conventional traffic systems can be installed for a non-dynamic number of intersections with fixed counts of signal durations and are typically microcontroller based. The proposed system pattern is implemented on FPGA which offers many advantages over microcontroller such fast speed, number of input/output ports and enhanced performance coupled with low than ASIC design. The system not only provides the protection but also saves the time, money and provides the polluted free environment. This paper designed of intelligent transportation of system (ITS) using VHDL.........

Keywords: ITLC, FPGA, IR Sensors,VHDL,FSM,Model Sim.

[1] S. Nath "Design Design of a FPGA based Intelligent Traffic Light Controller with VHDL", Radar Communication and Computing (ICRCC) 2012 International conference pp- 92-97
[2] Traffic light, wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Available: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/traffic_light
[3] Jose E. Ortiz and Robert H. Klenke "Simple Traffic Light controller : A digital system design project", IEEE Southeast conference 2010 (Southeast conference), Concord, NC, March 2010, pp 85-88
[4] L. Zhenggang, X. Jiaolong, Z. Mingyun and D. Hongweis "FPGA based Dual mode Traffic Light System Design", Information Science and Engineering (ICISE) 2009 First International Conference, Dec. 2009, pp. 558-561.
[5] W.M. El- Medany "FPGA based Advanced Real Traffic light controller system design", Technology and Applications 2007. IDAACS 2007 , 4th IEEE workshop, pp. 100.

Abstract: Watermarking is a process of inserting a secret message into a digital data for copyright protection. The digital data may be image, audio, video etc. Here, we have done invisible digital audio watermarking using a gray scale image as watermark. To provide security of original audio and for ownership protection such invisible digital watermarking technique is used. Here, the audio watermarking is based on DWT-DCT based Transform. To improve the performance of the audio the cyclic code is used as error correcting code and the Arnold Transform is also used. Hence, when the audio signal is copied then the hidden information is also carried in the copy. The performance of watermarked audio is calculated using Bit Error Rate (BER).

Keywords: DWT-DCT based transform, Arnold Transform, Error Correcting code, BER (Bit Error Rate).

[1] Subir, Dr. Amit M. Joshi, "DWT-DCT based blind audio watermarking using Arnold Scrambling and Cyclic Codes‟, International Conference on Signal Processing and Integrated Networks (SPIN), 978-1-4673-9197-9 © 2016 IEEE.
[2] Prof. Sujit M. Deokar, Bhaveek DhaigudeSubir, "Blind Audio watermarking based on Discrete Wavelet and Cosine Transform‟, 2015 International Conference on Industrial Instrumentation and Control (ICIC) College of Engineering Pune, India, May 28-30, 2015, 978-1-4799-7165-7/15 © 2015 IEEE.
[3] Mohammad Ibrahim Khan, Md. Iqbal Hasan Sarker, Kaushik Deb, Md. Hasan Furhad, "A New Audio watermarking method based on Discrete Cosine Transform with a gray image‟, International Journal of Computer Science and Information Technology (IJCSIT), Vol 4, No. 4, August 2012.
[4] Yugandhara H. Wankhede, Prof. Samadhan D. Mali "Data hiding technique using Audio watermarking‟, International Journal of Engineering and Computer Science, Volume 4, Issue 3, March 2015, Page No. 11109-11112.
[5] Krishna rao kakkirala, Srinivasa Rao Chalamala, Bala Mallikarjuna Rao G TCS Innovation Labs, TATA Consultancy Services, Hyderabad, India, "DWT-SVD based blind Audio watermarking scheme for copyright protection‟, 978-1-4799-3903-9/14 © 2014 IEEE.

Abstract: In this paper, we introduce an architecture of pre-encoded multipliers for Digital Signal Processing applications based on off-line encoding of coefficients. To this extend, the Non-Redundant radix-4 Signed-Digit (NR4SD) encoding technique, which uses the digit values {1; 0; +1; +2} or {-2; -1; 0; +1}, is proposed leading to a multiplier design with less complex partial products implementation. Extensive experimental analysis verifies that the proposed pre-encoded NR4SD multipliers, including the coefficients memory, are more area and power efficient than the conventional Modified Booth scheme.

Keywords: Multiplying circuits, Modified Booth encoding, Pre-Encoded multipliers, VLSI implementation

[1] G. W. Reitwiesner, "Binary arithmetic," Advances in Computers, vol. 1, pp. 231–308, 1960.
[2] K. K. Parhi, VLSI Digital Signal Processing Systems: Design and Implementation. John Wiley & Sons, 2007.
[3] K. Yong-Eun, C. Kyung-Ju, J.-G. Chung, and X. Huang, "Csd-based programmable multiplier design for predetermined coefficient groups," IEICE Trans. Fundam. Electron. Commun. Comput. Sci., vol. 93, no. 1, pp. 324–326, 2010.
[4] O. Macsorley, "High-speed arithmetic in binary computers," Proc. IRE, vol. 49, no. 1, pp. 67–91, Jan. 1961.
[5] W.-C. Yeh and C.-W. Jen, "High-speed booth encoded parallel multiplier design," IEEE Trans. Comput., vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 692– 701, Jul. 2000.

Abstract: The Federal Communication Commission (FCC) officially assigned an unlicensed frequency range of 3.1–10.6 GHz bandwidth with a very low radiated power levels for commercial applications. But the UWB system faces the problems of signal fading and multipath environments, suitable for short distances only .The solution for this challenges are MIMO (Multi- inputs and Multi- outputs ). MIMO Technology provides high data rates and increases in range and reliability.UWB – MIMO combined together extending the communication range and link reliability. The UWB-MIMO technology elimininates Multipath problems and signal fading. Apart from benefits, UWB-MIMO also facing challenges............

Keywords: Décor relation, Isolation between the elements, Multipath, Signal fading, UWB-MIMO

[1] C.-T. Chuang, T.-J. Lin, S.-J. Chung, "A Band-Notched UWB Monopole Antenna With High Notch-Band-Edge Selectivity," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 60, no. 10, pp. 4492—4 99, Oct. 2012.

[2] S. K. Mishra, R. K. Gupta, A. Vaidya, and J. Mukherjee, ―A Compact Dual-Band Fork-Shaped Monopole Antenna for Bluetooth and UWB Applications,‖ IEEE Antennas Wireless Propag. Lett., vol. 10, pp. 627– 630, 2011.

[3] M. Ojaroudi, G. Kohneshahri, and J. Noory, ―A small modified monopole antenna for UWB application,‖ Microw., Antennas Propag., vol. 3, no. 5, pp. 863–869, Aug. 2009.

[4] M. Abdollahvand, H. R. Hassani, and G. R. Dadashzadeh, ―Novel modified monopole antenna with band-notch characteristic for UWB application,‖ IIEICE Electron. Express, vol. 7, no. 16, pp. 1207–1213, Aug.2010.

[5] C. H See, R. A. Abd-Alhameed, Z. Z. Abidin, N. J. McEwan, and P. S. Excell, "Wideband Printed MIMO/Diversity Monopole Antenna for WiFi/WiMAX Applications," IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 60, no. 4, pp. 2028–2035, April 2012.

Abstract: This paper comprehends the analysis of Bandwidth saving on ABIS interface when the DTX feature is enable. This paper comprehends the analysis of RTP packets on Wireshark, when DTX is enable. As Global System of Mobile (GSM) with its feature DTX (Discontinuous Transmission) have recently commanded the attention of many researchers. Discontinuous transmission (DTX) is a method of momentarily powering-down, or muting, a mobile or portable wireless telephone set when there is no voice input to the set. This optimizes the overall efficiency of a wireless voice communications system and save Bandwidth on Abis Interface. In a typical two-way conversation, each individual speaks slightly less than half of the time. If the transmitter signal is switched on only during periods of voice input, the duty cycle of the telephone set can be cut to less than 50 percent. This conserves battery power, eases the workload of the components in the transmitter amplifier's, and frees the channel so that time-division multiplexing (TDM) can take advantage of the available bandwidth by sharing the channel with other signals

Keywords: Discontinuous Transmission (DTX), Global System of Mobile (GSM), Wireshark.

[1]. 3GPP TS 06.93 v 7.5.0; "Discontinuous Transmission (DTX), for Adaptive Multi-Rate (AMR) speech traffic channels".
[2]. 3GPP TS 06.101; "AMR speech codec frame structure"
[3]. GSM TS 45.03; "Digital Cellular telecommunication system (phase 2+); channel coding"
[4]. 3GPP TS Divya Choudhary, Abhinav Kumar, "Study and Performance of AMR Codecs for GSM", International Journal of Advanced Research in Computer and Communication Enginnering, Volume 3, Issue 10, Oct 2014, ISBN: 2278-1021.
[5]. Amit Dixit, and Aanchal Garg, "A Study of Cellular GSM & CDMA –Based for New Generation Mobile Radio System", IJCAT - International Journal of Computing and Technology, Volume 1, Issue 8, September 2014, ISSN: 2348 - 6090.

Abstract: Development of safety features to prevent drowsy driving is one of the major technical challenges in the automobile industry. Driving while in drowsy state is a major reason behind road accidents especially in the modern age. Driving when drowsy leads to a higher crash risk than being in alert state. Therefore, by using assistive systems to monitor driver's level of alertness can be significant to help prevention of accidents. This paper aims towards detection of drivers drowsiness using visual features approach.Driver drowsiness is detected in real time by detecting drivers face and eyes using HAAR-Cascade Classifier and Yawn detection based on Template matching. The system will provide an alert to the driver if the driver is found to be in drowsy state with help of an alarm.

Keywords: Alert system,Driver drowsiness, Driver safety, HAAR-Cascade Classifier, Template Matching, Visual features.

[1] Sinan Kaplan, Mehmet AmacGuvensan, Member, IEEE, Ali GokhanYavuz, and YasinKaralurt, Driver Behavior Analysis for Safe Driving: A Survey, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Vol. 16, No. 6, December 2015.
[2] Ralph Oyini Mbouna, Seong G. Kong, Senior Member, IEEE, and Myung-Geun Chun, Visual Analysis of Eye State and Head Pose for Driver Alertness Monitoring, IEEE Transactions on Intelligent Transportation Systems, Vol. 14, No. 3, September 2013.
[3] Mario I. Chacon-Murguia and Claudia Prieto-Resendiz, Detecting Driver Drowsiness: A survey of system designs and technology, IEEE Consumer Electronics Magazine, October 2015.
[4] Mona Omidyeganeh, Member, IEEE, Shervin Shirmohammadi, Senior Member, IEEE, ShabnamAbtahi, AasimKhurshid, Muhammad Farhan, Jacob Scharcanski, Senior Member, IEEE, Behnoosh Hariri, Daniel Laroche, and Luc Martel, Yawning Detection Using Embedded Smart Cameras, IEEE Transactions on Instrumentation and Measurement, Vol. 65, No. 3, March 2016.
[5] Jun-Juh Yan, Hang-Hong Kuo, Ying-Fan Lin, Teh-Lu Liao, Real-time Driver Drowsiness Detection System Based on PERCLOS and Grayscale Image Processing, International Symposium on Computer, Consumer and Control, 2016.

Abstract: The Space Time Coding has proven to be an evolved research area in wireless communications. Recently, Space-Time Block Coding (STBC) has been trying to incorporate in the forthcoming generation of mobile communication standard with aims to deliver true media capability. This paper presents the Space-Time Block Codes (STBC) for wireless networks that uses multiple number of antennas at both transmitter and receiver to transmit and receive data over various channels (Rayleigh and Rician). The simulations have been done in SIMULINK. Different modulation schemes (DPSK and BPSK) have been adopted to check the performance of the system via Bit Error Rate Vs Signal to Noise Ratio.

Keywords: Alamouti scheme, BER Vs SNR, BPSK, DPSK, Rayleigh, Rician..

[1] M. Jankiraman, Space time Codes and MIMO systems, published b Artech House, 2004.

[2] B.Vucetic&J.Yuan, 'SpaceTime Coding', published by JohnWiley &Sons Inc., 2003.

[3] Tarokh, Vahid, Nambi Seshadri, and A. Robert Calderbank. "Space-time codes for high data rate wireless communication: Performance criterion and code construction." IEEE transactions on information theory 44.2 (1998): 744-765.

[4] G. J. Foschini and M. J. Gans, ―On limits of wireless communications in a fading environment Vol. 6, No. 3, March 1998, pp 311-335.

[5] G. G. Raleigh and J. M. Cioffi, ―Spatio- temporal coding for wireless communication," IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 357- 366, 1998..

Abstract:This paper presentsQoSaware seamless vertical handover system for video streaming over wireless network. When the user is moving, the signal strength varies which may resultin buffering of the video. Various modulation techniques are used for continuous streaming of video and to resolve this issue. OFDM technique is used for multi carrier transmission with modulation formats such as BPSK and 16QAM.The system modulator switches between the two modulation schemes depending upon the Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR).In order toachieve continuous streaming of video the video is compressed at the time of handover. Experimental results shows that the performance of the system is better.

Keywords: QoSHandover; Video Streaming; OFDM; Wireless Networks; Signal to Noise Ratio.

[1] Dr.P.Vetrivelan, S.Siva Maharajan, Dr.P.Narayanasamy, C.P.Koushik, R.Ratheesh,T.S.Pradeep Kumar,"Vertical Handover and
Video StreamingOver Cloud in 4G Heterogeneous OverlayWireless Networks", International Journal of Engineering and
Technology (IJET), Vol 7 No 5 Oct-Nov 2015
[2] S.Arun Singh M.E., A.Amutha Ganga, "DASN: A Robust Handover Scheme for Video Streaming in MIMO Wireless Networks
withMultiple Helpers" ,International Journal of Innovative Research in Science,Engineering and Technology,Vol. 6, Issue 5, May
2017.
[3] Chandan Gupta, "Comparative Study of Various Handover Scenarios in WiMAX Network", International Journal of Advanced
Research in Electrical, Electronics and Instrumentation Engineering Vol. 1, Issue 2, August 2012.
[4] Jaipreet Kaur ,Hardeep Kaur , Sukhdeep Kaur, "Implementation of Adaptive Modulation in OFDM System", International Journal
of Advance Engineering and Research Development, Volume 3, Issue 3, March -2016.
[5] Gunjal Pooja Raosaheb, R.R. Bhambare ,"Adaptive ofdm modulation used for sdr", international journal of technology
enhancements and emerging engineering research, vol 2, issue 8,2014

Abstract: An Energy Efficient and high speed 10 Transistor with lector technique of full adder is proposed. The full adder consists of 10 transistors with only one type of logic style i.e., pass transistor logic style. The Low power and high speed full adder circuits are mostly used in portable applications. In comparing with the existing designs, the proposed design gives low power. The designs presented in this paper were simulated in CMOS 180nm and 45nm technology using Cadence tool, observed to have superior characteristics such as power consumption, power-delay-product(PDP) and layout area when compared to existing adders.

Keywords: Full adder, LECTOR technique, Pass Transistor logic.

[1] C.-K. Tung, Y.-C. Hung, S.-H. Shieh, and G.-S. Huang: A low-power high-speed hybrid CMOS full adder for embedded system, in Proc.IEEE Conf.Design Diagnostics Electron. Circuits Syst., vol. 13, pp. 1–4, Apr. 2007.
[2] S. Wairya, G. Singh, R. K. Nagaria, and S. Tiwari: Design analysis of XOR (4T) based low voltage CMOS full adder circuit, in Proc. IEEENirma Univ. Int. Conf. Eng. pp. 1–7, Dec. 2011.

[3] R. Zimmermann and W. Fichtner: Low-power logic styles: CMOS versus pass-transistor logic, IEEE J. Solid-State Circuits, vol. 32, no. 7, pp. 1079–1090, Jul. 1997.
[4] P. Prashanth and P. Swamy: Architecture of adders based on speed, area and power dissipation, in Proc. World Conf. Inf. Commun.Technol. (WICT), pp. 240–244, Dec. 2011.
[5] M. J. Zavarei, M. R. Baghbanmanesh, E. Kargaran, H. Nabovati, and A. Golmakani: Design of new full adder cell using hybrid-CMOS logic style, in Proc. 18th IEEE Int. Conf. Electron., Circuits Syst. (ICECS), pp. 451–454,Dec. 2011.

Abstract: Audio files are capable of hiding the data and identity of the owner which is called Watermark. We present a watermarking procedure to embed for copyright protection into digital audio by directly modifying the audio samples then audio signals are divided into no. of samples each sample is decomposed adaptively by the method of Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD).those samples called as a Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs).The watermark and the synchronization codes are embedded into the extrema of the last IMF, a low frequency mode stable under different attacks and preserving audio perceptual quality of the host. We show the robustness of the hidden watermark for Time-scale modification attack. TSM is a challenging attack and can be used for watermarking. TSM is the process of either compressing or expanding the time-scale between two extrema (successive maximum and minimum pair) of the audio signal. The comparison analysis shows that audio watermarking on no attack and TSM attack watermarking.

Keywords: Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD), Intrinsic Mode Functions (IMFs), audio watermarking, Time-scale modification (TSM), synchronization code.

[1] KAIS KHALDI AND ABDEL-OUAHAB BOUDRAA "AUDIO WATERMARKING VIA EMD" IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON AUDIO, SPEECH, AND LANGUAGE PROCESSING, VOL. 21, NO. 3, MARCH 2013.
[2] I. J. Cox and M. L. Miller, "The first 50 years of electronic watermarking," J. Appl. Signal Process., vol. 2, pp. 126–132, 2002.
[3] M. D. Swanson, B. Zhu, and A. H. Tewfik, "Robust audio watermarking using perceptual masking," Signal Process., vol. 66, no. 3, pp. 337–355, 1998.
[4] S. Wu, J. Huang, D. Huang, and Y. Q. Shi, "Efficiently self-synchronized audio watermarking for assured audio data transmission," IEEE Trans. Broadcasting, vol. 51, no. 1, pp. 69–76, Mar. 2005.
[5] V. Bhat, K. I. Sengupta, and A. Das, "An adaptive audio watermarking based on the singular value decomposition in the wavelet domain," Digital Signal Process., vol. 2010, no. 20, pp. 1547–1558, 2010